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Topic: Ethnic cleansing of East Prussia

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	Anne Applebaum -- Between East and West Intro
		East of Poland, West of Russia, their lack of mountains, seas, deserts and canyons has always made the borderlands easy to conquer.
		The Germans disliked the strip of Poland which lay between East Prussia and Germany proper; the Lithuanians were furious that the Poles had claimed Wilno, their Vilnius.
		Call it ethnic cleansing, to use a phrase coined later in another context, on a massive scale - or call it cultural genocide.
	www.anneapplebaum.com /eastwest/intro.html (3756 words)

	Prussia
		Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia Frederick William I of Prussia (in Prussia (1713 - 1740).
		Heinrich, Prince of Prussia Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1726-1802) Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (1862-1929) This is a di...
		Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia Prince Friedrich Karl Nicholas of Prussia (1885) was the son of Karl of Prussia (1801-1...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/prussia.html (677 words)

	Ethnic cleansing article - Ethnic cleansing ethnic group spectrum population transfer deportation genocide - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The widespread ethnic cleansing accompanying the Yugoslav wars from 1991 to 1999, of which the most significant examples occurred in eastern Croatia and Krajina (1991-1995), in most of Bosnia (1992-1995), and in the Albanian-dominated breakaway province of Serbia called Kosovo (1999).
		Ethnic cleansing is often also accompanied by efforts to eradicate all physical traces of the expelled ethnic group, such as by the destruction of cultural artifacts, religious sites and physical records.
		Ethnic cleansing is designated a crime against humanity in international treaties, such as that which created the International Criminal Court (ICC).
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Ethnic_cleansing (2554 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Ethnic cleansing
		The term "ethnic cleansing" entered the English lexicon as a loan translation of the Serbian/Croatian phrase etničko čišćenje (IPA) (notice that literal translation of the phrase is "ethnic cleaning").
		It is possible that the revival of nationalism in the 1980s reintroduced ethnic cleansing into Yugoslavia's political debate and language.
		Ethnic cleansing of the Jews in pre-state Israel by Arabs was as follows: March 1920: Jews driven from Tel Hai March 1921: Arabs tried unsuccessfully to cleanse Petah Tikvah, in the West Bank, of Jews who had lived there for 40 years.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Ethnic_cleansing (2887 words)

	ETHNIC CLEANSING AS AN INSTRUMENT OF NATION-STATE CREATION: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Moreover, ethnic cleansing may be equated with the "systematic purge of the civilian population based on ethnic criteria, with the view of forcing it to abandon the territories where it lives".
		Ethnic cleansing - or population transfer as it was then called - was viewed as a legitimate means of overcoming these national discrepancies (i.e., of improving the fit between national boundaries and the ethnic composition of the population within them).
		This normative shift in international attitudes towards ethnic cleansing is arguably evidence of a larger normative transformation in international society itself wherein the right conduct of states within their sovereign jurisdictions across an expanding range of issues has become a legitimate concern of international relations and not simply a matter of domestic politics.
	www.ippu.purdue.edu /failed_states/2000/papers/jacksonpreece.html (5831 words)

	Talk:Evacuation of East Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evacuation and Soviet ethnic cleansing of East Prussia?
		In Soviet historiography, Prussia was presented as the root of "Prussian militarism and reaction" (not with historical reasons).
		As a suggestion if the object is to recieve most hits, Soviet Advance on East Prussia may work, seeing "Evacuation" has more of a precautionary tone, and is often associated with the post-Potsdam Conferance deportations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Evacuation_of_East_Prussia (5688 words)

	Evacuation of East Prussia
		The Ethnic cleansing of East Prussia refers to the genocidal ethnic cleansing campaign of the Red Army on the German population of East Prussia and other Prussian lands in 1944 and 1945.
		When the Soviet army invaded the German province of East Prussia, a war crime is reported to happen in August 1944 in two East Prussian villages called Nemmersdorf (now Mayakovskoye, Kaliningrad) and Goldap.
		The Russians and Poles who were now sent to the German lands by Stalin were lied to, and told that all the nazis had originally come from East Prussia, which justified in their eyes the ethnic cleansing of the area and the subsequent annexation to Russia as the Kaliningrad Oblast.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/ev/evacuation_of_east_prussia.html (389 words)

	faq.posen including South and New East Prussia
		King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia annexed the remainder in the second partition of Poland in 1793 and renamed it South Prussia.
		The area was cleansed of its ethnic German population and returned to Poland in 1945.
		Prussia established three new provinces: South Prussia (Südpreussen), New East Prussia (Neu-Ostpreussen) and Neuschlesien In 1806 The province of South Prussia (Südpreussen) had 1,503,508 Einwohner with 3 districts (departements): Departement der Kriegs- und Domainen-Kammer zu Posen included the Kreise of Posen,Oborniki,Meseritz,Bomst,Fraustadt,Krebe,Schrim, Kosten,Krotoschin,Peisern,Schroda,Gnesen,Wangrowitz,Powitz, Brzesk, Radziejow, Kowal.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faqpos.html (4027 words)

	Ethnic Cleansing - Editorial
		The projected end result of the present ethnic cleansing program from the Sharon school is easier to predict than that of its predecessor.
		Thus the definition of ethnic cleansing, in its entirety, applies to the action, which Sharon and his government are plotting.
		Ethnic cleansing of Jews from Judea, Samaria, the Jordan Valley and the Golan Heights, 270,000 people, 80,000 households, a comprehensive industrial and agricultural configuration, will engender an economic crisis, which the state will be unable to bear.
	www.acpr.org.il /ENGLISH-NATIV/Ethnic-Cleansing.htm (3367 words)

	Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany. Who is Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany? What is Polish areas annexed by Nazi ...
		Katowice District (Regierungsbezirk Kattowitz) or unofficially Ost-Oberschlesien (East Upper Silesia); which included Sosnowiec, Będzin, Chryzanow, and Zawiercie counties and parts of Olkusz and Zywiec counties: The area was 94 000 km2 populated by 10 000 000 people.
		Bezirk Bialystok (district of Bialystok), which included the Bialystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Lomza, Sokolka, Volkovysk, and Grodno counties and was "attached" (not incorporated) to East Prussia;
		East Galicia, which was incorporated into the General-Government and became its fifth district.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany (348 words)

	Evacuation of East Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Evacuation of East Prussia refers to the events that took place in East Prussia, especially the evacuation of German population from that area as well as from other Prussian lands in 1944 and 1945.
		Some have claimed that it was a case of ethnic cleansing, or even genocide, and they use the term "Prussian Holocaust" to describe these events.
		Also, when Soviet troops moved into Prussia, a significant number of enslaved Ostarbeiter ("Eastern workers") were freed, and knowledge of those workers' suffering certainly didn't improve the attitude of Soviet soldiers towards Prussians.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/E/Evacuation-of-East-Prussia.htm (593 words)

	FAQ.ostpreußen - East Prussia
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
		The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1808 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
	users.foxvalley.net /~goertz/faqopr.html (3958 words)

	FAQ: Ostpreussen (East Prussia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		All monarchies in Germany were abolished in 1918, Prussia was declared defunct in 1947 by the Allied victors.
		In 1905 a third district of Allenstein was established from the southern parts of the districts of Königsberg and Gumbinnen comprising the Kreise of Allenstein (Stadt and Land), Johannisburg, Lötzen, Lyck, Neidenburg, Ortelsburg, Osterode, Rössel, and Sensburg.
		A21: The Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (GStAPK) in Berlin-Dahlem is the central archives of Prussia.
	www.mmhs.org /faq/faqostpr.htm (3763 words)

	ETHNIC CLEANSING: Applicable norms, emerging jurisprudence, implementable remedies
		The phenomenon of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and in the former Yugoslavia is not the first manifestation of forced population transfers in this century of refugees.
		"Ethnic cleansing" -- this dreadful new concept -- is but a new term to describe the old State practice of expelling minorities on racial or religious grounds.
		It is not difficult to consider "ethnic cleansing" and forced population transfers as falling within the scope of Article 2 of the Convention.
	www.alfreddezayas.com /Chapbooks/Ethn_clean.shtml (8058 words)

	Anna M
		Thus, the ethnic cleansing of Germans from Poland was the result of decisions taken by the three Great Powers: the US, the USSR and Britain.
		The number of Germans living in former East Prussia and the former east German territories given to Poland, bounded by the Oder-Neisse Line, is estimated at 7,500,000-8,250,000.
		A brutal ethnic cleansing took place in former S.E. Poland (Volhynia and East Galicia) in 1943-44.
	web.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect17.htm (16911 words)

	Germany, hotels, cars, information, tips
		It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea, to its east by Poland and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland and to its west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.
		The war resulted in large losses of territory; ethnic cleansing of 15 million Germans from Eastern Germany; occupation and 45 years of division, during which the remaining parts of the country were split up into West Germany and East Germany.
		The Federal Republic is bordered to the north by Denmark, to its east by Poland and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland and to its west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands.
	www.flights-and-hotels.com /germany (3214 words)

	Ostpreussen / East Prussia
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Aemter.
		In 1871 Germany as an empire with a Kaiser was re-established with Berlin as the capital of Germany and Prussia and with the Prussian king also having the title of German Kaiser.
		All monarchies in Germany were abolished in 1918 and Prussia was declared defunct in 1945 by the Allied victors.
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/OPRU/oprus.html (1722 words)

	Untitled Document
		We all have a stake in and a responsibility to remember the victims: the Armenians, the Assyrian-Christians, the Greeks of Pontos and Smyrna, the European Jews, the expelled Germans, the expelled Greeks from Northern Cyprus, the Cambonians, the Rwandans, the beleaguered women and children of Darfur.
		History is for historians, not for lawyers, and a historical view on the Armenian genocide on the Holocaust or on the ethnic cleansing of the Germans should not be allowed to become dogma.
		We deplore the Holocaust, as we deplore the Armenian genocide, as we deplore the ethnic cleansing of the East European Germans 1944-50.
	www.germanworldalliance.org /news/LetterToWolff.html (531 words)

	Final Solution: Organization of Camp System
		"The pogroms of 1938 and the intake of foreign prisoners from the conquered territories, especially from the East, led to catastrophic overcrowding of the camps and to disastrous conditions of accommodation for the prisoners" (Pingel 5).
		With an overcrowded population and a constant inflow of prisoners, "this state of affairs favored measures for mass extermination, which were put into practice soon after the beginning of the war" (Pingel 5).
		The largest of these were Dachau in Bavaria and Esterwegen in Prussia" (Pingel 9).
	cghs.dade.k12.fl.us /ib_holocaust2001/Final_Solution/organization/final_solution_organization.htm (1232 words)

	FAQ: Prussia (Preußssen)
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise of the Rittergutsbesitzer") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and expellees.
		A16: The ethnic cleansing was decided between Stalin and Roosevelt at the summit conference in Teheran in 1943 against the objection of Churchill.
	www.mennonitegenealogy.com /faq/faqpruss.htm (4658 words)

	IngentaConnect Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia 1950-89 and the Ennationalizing Polic... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		IngentaConnect Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia 1950-89 and the Ennationalizing Polic...
		Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia 1950-89 and the Ennationalizing Policies of Poland and Germany
		The emigration of 1950-89 was in fact an 'ethnic cleansing' as it was originally set off by discrimination on ethnic grounds; the growing disparity in living standards between West Germany and Poland was accompanied of a similar gap in the granting of civil and human rights.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/routledg/pop/1999/00000033/00000002/art00004 (415 words)

	Ethnic cleansing of a personal nature - [Sunday Herald]
		Instead of modern-day London we delve back into the fl days before the outbreak of the second world war, to Konigsberg in East Prussia, where Isaac Fabian, sensing the gathering storm, flees Germany for Britain with his Aryan wife and their baby daughter.
		The committed communist finds work in the kitchens of a Cambridge college but is later interned with thousands of other German Jews on the Isle of Man. Considered not German enough in the land of his birth, he now finds himself too German for the country that sheltered him.
		And perhaps that’s the problem: there’s a sense that Baddiel is undertaking a cleansing here and, while he displays great clarity of thought, that fact imbues his prose with a clunkiness.
	www.sundayherald.com /44060 (496 words)

	FAQ-J: German-Prussia
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise of the Rittergutsbesitzer") as well as the ImmediatstSdte and royal Domainen--mter.
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia The Western powers were silent on the ethnic cleansing of original Prussia and Eastern Germany resulting in 12 millions of German refugees and expellees.
		A5: There were 14 provinces in Prussia in 1895 with their respective capitals and Reg.Bezirke (districts): The head of the province was the OberprSsident who presided over the OberprSsidium office.
	thorin.adnc.com /~lynnd/gfaqj.html (2923 words)

	FAQ: Westpreussen - West Prussia
		The original (East and West) Prussia was cleansed of its ethnic German population and given to Poland and Russia.
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the Rittergut districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise").
		A22: The ethnic cleansing was decided between Stalin and Roosevelt at the summit conference in Teheran in 1943 against the objection of Churchill.
	www.mennonitegenealogy.com /faq/faqwestp.htm (4161 words)

	stork.html
		The population of counted storks in East Prussia was 9,035 in 1934.
		Although all of East Prussia was gravely injured during the two world wars and afterward,
		In East Prussia, there is an average of 44.5 pairs of Storks nest per one hundred square kilometers.
	www.exulanten.com /stork.html (1481 words)

	Westpreußen / West Prussia
		The concept of Kreis was different in pre-1806 Prussia and referred to the districts of the noble families ("Die Adeligen Kreise") as well as the Immediatstädte and royal Domainen-Ämter.
		There were 13,833 Mennonites in Prussia, mainly in the Danzig (7937) and Marienwerder (2137) districts.
		In 1772 King Friedrich II annexed western Prussia (Westpreussen), without the Danzig territory, from the Kingdom of Poland, and united it with the duchy of Prussia (it now taking the name East Prussia).
	www.genealogienetz.de /reg/WPRU/wprus.html (1731 words)

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