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Topic: Ethnic conflict in India

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	Ethnic war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ethnic war is a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism.
		There are a number of political scientists who refer to the concept of ethnic wars as a myth because they argue that the root causes of ethnic conflict do not involve ethnicity but rather institutional, political, and economic factors.
		These political scientists argue that the concept of ethnic war is misleading because it leads to the conclusion that certain groups are doomed to fight each other when in fact the wars between them are the result of political decisions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_war (347 words)

	Hardgrave article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For India, the state--now divided by a "line of control"--is fully a part of the Indian union; with its 65-percent Muslim population, it stands as a symbolic rebuttal to the "two nation" theory that underlay the founding of Pakistan.
		In India, in a political culture of mutual distrust and increasing violence, the dangers are legion.
		The growth of the BJP is reflected in its increase in seats in the Lok Sabha, India's lower house of Parliament--from 2 seats won in 1984 (7.4 percent of the vote) to 85 seats (11.4 percent) in 1989, and, contesting twice as many seats as in earlier elections, 119 seats (21 percent) in t991.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/india/Hardgrave.html (5865 words)

	Talk:Ethnic conflict in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		I do not think the problem is that these conflicts are technically between members of religious communities rather than ethnic groups; I think the problem is that in English the word "ethnicity" is really used very sloppily as a gloss for all sorts of ethnicities.
		Ed, rather than characterizing what is going on in India today as conflicts over "piddling little differences," even in jest, perhaps you should refrain from commenting on this issue until you know more about the history of these conflicts in India.
		Conflict between different ethnicities and religions in India, especially between the dominant Hindu and Muslim populations.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Ethnic_conflict_in_India (1555 words)

	Ethnic Conflict, Federalism, and Democracy in India
		India has witnessed ethnic conflicts in the process of its historical evolution, and the leadership of independent India was conscious that while India presents the picture of "unity and diversity," the possibility of conflict between the "unity" and the "diversity" could not be ruled out.
		India also bears witness to the fact that the precipitation and intensification of ethnic conflicts by cultural diversity is not a unilinear or irreversible process.
		The temple-mosque conflict in Ayodhya was a concrete manifestation of this.
	www.punjabilok.com /misc/terrorism/6.htm (5786 words)

	Ethnic conflict in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In spite of being a secular democracy with generally peaceful co-existence amongst its diverse ethnic and religious communities, India has witnessed occasional bouts of large-scale violence sparked by underlying tensions between sections of its majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities, and amongst different hierarchically structured casts within and outside the Hindu fold.
		The Moplah rebellion was a Hindu-Mulim and British-Muslim conflict in Kerala that happened in 1921.
		The conflict was linked to the Khilafat movement and was in reaction to british politics in Turkey.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_conflict_in_India (419 words)

	The Nationalism Project: Books by Author S-T
		By focusing on India's nation and state-building in the peripheral regions since 1947 and contemporary developments, it suggests that India should be considered as a form of ethnic democracy.
		Within India's ethnic democracy, hegemonic and violent control is exercised over minorities, especially religious communities constituting majorities in the federating units.
		As such it is a brave work that attempts to map the history of the Croat people from their arrival between 614 and 630 into the Roman provinces of Illyria, Pannonia and Dalmatia through to the formation of the contemporary Croatian state in the wake of the collapse of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
	www.nationalismproject.org /books/s_t.htm (1068 words)

	ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA AND REGIONAL SECURITY
		The history of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka is the history of emergence of consciousness among the majority community, the Sinhala, which defined the Sri Lanka society as Sinhala-Buddhist, thus denying its multi-ethnic character.
		India's intervention in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka began as a genuinely mediatory role.
		India has always opposed this view, maintaining that issues between any two countries of the region could best be settled on a bilateral basis and not be allowed to cloud issues of regional co-operation.
	www.infolanka.com /org/srilanka/issues/kumari.html (7505 words)

	Foreign Affairs - India's House Divided: Understanding Communal Violence - Radha Kumar
		India's democracy, now encompassing a billion people, may have been maddeningly slow to reform, but at least it was resilient.
		While India's parliament debated whether the Gujarat government should be dismissed for failing to restore the rule of law, even more disturbing reports emerged that some of the Hindu mob leaders were activist members of the ruling party or its allies in the wider "family" of Hindu nationalist organizations.
		India's three largest and most cosmopolitan cities are among the eight that top Varshney's list of "riot-prone" areas -- the nation's capital, New Delhi, and the influential state capitals Mumbai (Bombay) and Kolkata (Calcutta).
	www.foreignaffairs.org /20020701fareviewessay8530/radha-kumar/india-s-house-divided-understanding-communal-violence.html (2972 words)

	Ethnic Conflict & Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sooner or later, scholars of ethnic conflict are struck by a puzzling empirical regularity in their field.
		Defeat of an ethnic political party in an election or police brutality in a particular city are examples.
		India's associational civic order was born with the Gandhian movement in India's freedom movement when millions of people joined in the freedom struggle and built organizations, including, famously, the Congress Party, which developed mass cadres after 1920.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmID/143 (6254 words)

	Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As per the ‘conventional wisdom’ on the subject, much of India’s contemporary ethnic conflict was a consequence of “political perversion: that is, the decline of Nehruvian values identified in post-Nehruvian processes of centralisation, deinstitutionalisation, and political decay” (p 39).
		According to this ‘conventional wisdom’ (i) ethnic identities in India were not primordial but constructed, permeable and contingent, (ii) ethnic groups selectively emphasised particular dimensions of their identity as appropriate, (iii) ethnic groups lacked cohesion, and (iv) the Indian state was secular and sought to foster political integration alongside a multicultural society.
		He suggests that India be viewed as an ‘ethnic democracy’ as against the prevalent assumption of India being a secular, multinational and plural democracy.
	www.epw.org.in /showArticles.php?root=2001&leaf=04&filename=2409&filetype=html (7737 words)

	Conflict Of Caste System In India - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This is a good example of role conflict because it shows how the man struggles against his role...
		Eugene F Irshick, Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahman Movements and Tamil Separatism...
		Conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir and communal violence dominated human rights developments in India during the...
	conflict.fmqg.com /index.php?k=conflict-of-caste-system-in-india (1272 words)

	Ethnic conflict in India -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Over the last decade, the focal point of the communal tension has been the site of the disputed (Click link for more info and facts about Babri Mosque) Babri Mosque in (Click link for more info and facts about Ayodhya) Ayodhya which was destroyed in 1992.
		A series of 12 bomb blasts rocked (A city in western India just off the coast of the Arabian Sea; India's 2nd largest city (after Calcutta); has the only natural deep-water harbor in western India) Mumbai city.
		Curfews were ordered in thirty towns in (An industrialized state in western India that includes parts of Bombay) Gujarat.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/et/ethnic_conflict_in_india.htm (689 words)

	Ethnic conflict in India: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Ethnic conflict in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ethnic conflict in India: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Ethnic conflict in India
		Over the last decade, the focal point of Hindu-Muslim conflict has been the site of a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya which was destroyed in 1992.
		Definition / meaning of Ethnic conflict in India:
	www.encyclopedian.com /et/Ethnic-violence-in-India.html (405 words)

	Asean News Network: Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		India's involvement has been motivated by a mix of issues – its leaders' desire to project India as the regional power in the area, worries about India's own Tamils seeking independence, and a genuine concern for the Sri Lankan Tamils' plight.
		India promised military support if needed, and Sri Lanka agreed to concessions, including Constitutional changes to grant more local power (this was eventually enacted as the 13th Amendment).
		Rajiv Gandhi, India's Prime Minister during their involvement, was assassinated on May 21, 1991, by a presumedly LTTE operative.
	www.aseannewsnetwork.com /2002/02/ethnic-conflict-in-sri-lanka.html (2352 words)

	Radio Australia - Asia Pacific - Programs - INDIA: Ethnic conflict with Naga people in north-east may re-ignite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		India's battle to contain separatist fighters in the divided state of Kashmir often makes international headlines, but in the country's isolated northeast a longer running war is also festering and now looks set to re-ignite.
		Ethnic Naga people, who have been fighting against what they say are human rights abuses from the central government for over 50 years, now say they are ready to return to the battlefield.
		They say as India capitulated to the violent protesters in Manipur by rolling back the ceasefire, violence is the only language New Delhi understands.
	www.abc.net.au /ra/asiapac/programs/s337914.htm (803 words)

	Tribal Identity and Ethnic Conflicts in Northeast India
		Carmen Abubakar defines ethnonationalism as "Ethnic groups claiming to be [or to possess] nations and states in the past or that have the potential of becoming [nations or states and] are now demanding and asserting these claims as (historic) rights to self determination for local autonomy or independence."
		The multiethnic and multicultural setting of India and India's struggle to define its nationhood since the nationalist movement provided a fertile soil for the development of ethnonationalism and other forms of identity-quest.
		We may say that India is pulled asunder by regional and ethnonational feelings and movements in all parts of the country.
	www.martynmission.cam.ac.uk /CIdentitypage1.htm (998 words)

	ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan
		In Reply to: Re: Commission on Ethnic and Religious Conflicts posted by Alex Cole on November 19, 1997 at 17:16:29:
		Re: ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan Sherleen 11:54:44 5/11/103 (
	www.ngo.org /bboard/fvmessages/26.html (85 words)

	Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life - Hindus and Muslims in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the backdrop of the recent spade of ethnic violence in India, this volume is a timely and significant contribution towards investigating there factors that cause Hindu-Muslim riots.
		Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life is an outstanding work of social science, one of the most important studies of ethnic violence.
		Varhney's comparison of communal violence and tranquility in urban India is lucid, theoretically self-conscious, original, and empirically convincing.
	www.indiaclub.com /html/9607.htm (469 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Listserv
		Self-Determination Conflict Watch is an electronic journal sponsored by Foreign Policy In Focus (FPIF), a joint project of the Interhemispheric Resource Center and the Institute for Policy Studies.
		We encourage readers to respond to opinions expressed in Conflict Watch as well as to send in unsolicited commentaries (send to ) about self-determination issues.
		However, India's Hindu Nationalists have always resembled 1930s European fascists more than they do contemporary "fundamentalists." Members of the core organization of Hindu nationalism, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), founded in the 1920s, are given paramilitary instruction, not religious, and wear khaki uniforms reminiscent of Mussolini's brownshirts.
	selfdetermine.irc-online.org /listserv/020404_body.html (2237 words)

	Knowledge King - Ethnic conflict in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In India, a Child's Life Is Cheap Indeed, The New York Times, March 7, 2002
		India Death Toll Passes 300 in 4th Day of Religious Riots, The New York Times, March 3, 2002
		Hindu Rioters Kill 60 Muslims in India, The New York Times, March 1, 2002
	www.knowledgeking.net /encyclopedia/e/et/ethnic_conflict_in_india.html (482 words)

	Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life : Hindus and Muslims in India, Second Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This book draws on new research on Hindu- Muslim conflict in India to address this important question.
		Varshney breaks new ground in conducting indepth research into why some cities in India into fell into violence and some did not during times of high national tension.
		I have purchased 20 copies of Ethnic Conflict and Civic life and have circulated the work among my friends.
	494066.onlinesportdiscount.com /3439343036362d312d30333030313030313332.html (845 words)

	Re: ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Re: ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan
		In Reply to: ethnic and religious conflict in india and pakistan posted by k on October 15, 19101 at 21:28:07:
		"india pakistan religious conflict" to get some really great sites on the religious and ethnic conflicts.
	www.ngo.org /bboard/fvmessages/48.html (71 words)

	INCORE: Conflict Data Service: Internet Country Guides: India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Challenge of Ethnic Conflict, India: The Dilemmas Of Diversity
		It aims to analyse and contribute to the peaceful resolution of intra and inter-state conflict.
		This site provides information on India from their 'War and Armed Conflict' reports including information on the current situation; conflict background; nuclear weapons; arms and military connections; and human rights.
	www.incore.ulst.ac.uk /cds/countries/india.html (1699 words)

	Ethnic conflict (from New Zealand) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		More results on "Ethnic conflict (from New Zealand)" when you join.
		Relations between the Hutu and the Tutsi peoples in Rwanda and Burundi have long been plagued by extreme ethnic violence marked by large-scale massacres at the hands of both groups.
		Ethnic Conflict between the Hutu and the Tutsi Tribes in Burundi.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-43598 (809 words)

	Department of Politics and International Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		His research interests include politics of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh), nationalism and ethnicity in developing societies, the political management of social diversity, political corruption in South Asia, multiculturalism, and the South Asian diaspora in Europe and North America.
		Indian politics; nationalism, ethnicity and identity politics in South Asia; ethnic conflict management in developing societies; political corruption; South Asian diaspora.
		Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case-Study of Punjab (Macmillan/St.Martin's Press, 2000).
	www.hull.ac.uk /pas/gsingh.htm (351 words)

	Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab by Gurharpal Singh [ISBN: 0312228384] - Find Cheap Textbook Prices & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This important new book critically evaluates the conventional reading of ethnicity and ethnic conflict in contemporary Indian politics.
		By focusing on India's nation and state-building in the peripheral regions since 1947, in particular Punjab, it argues that there is a case for considering India as an ethnic democracy.
		The long-term development of ethno-nationalist separatist movements and the future character of Indian democracy is assessed in light of the challenge posed by the rise of Hindutva forces, the demise of the Nehruvian state, and the internal political and economic pressures towards regionalization.
	gettextbooks.com /isbn_0312228384.html (122 words)

	Ethnic Conflict
		Ethnic Violence in Central Asia: Perceptions and Misperceptions, Martha Brill Olcott
		Ethnic Conflict Resolution and U.S. Assistance, Nancy Lubin
		"Ethnic Conflict: The Perils of Military Intervention," WILLIAM A. STOFFT and GARY L. Parameters, Spring 1995, pp.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/ethnic.htm (685 words)

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