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Topic: Ethnic conflicts in western Poland

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	Poland
		Poland is bordered to the north by the Baltic Sea, to the northeast by Russia and Lithuania, and to the east by Belarus and Ukraine.
		Poland's relief was formed by the actions of Ice Age glaciers, which advanced and receded over the northern part of the country several times during the Pleistocene Epoch (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago).
		Poland: A Handbook (1977; originally published in Polish, 2nd ed., 1977), is a comprehensive reference source written by Polish authors and published in Poland for readership outside the country.
	www.nd.edu /~kielbasa/poland.htm (9198 words)

	Poland. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1697 the elector of Saxony was chosen king of Poland as Augustus II by a minority faction supported by Czar Peter I. Augustus allied himself with Russia and Denmark against Charles XII of Sweden.
		The western provinces of Poland were awarded to Prussia; Galicia was given to Austria; and Kraków and its environs were made a separate republic.
		The Sovietization of Poland was accelerated; in 1949, Soviet Marshall Konstantin Rokossovsky was made minister of defense and commander in chief of the Polish army.
	www.bartleby.com /65/po/Poland (4078 words)

	CWIS - The Fourth World Journal - Strategies in "Ethnic" Conflict by Gevork Ter-Gabrielian
		Ethnic conflicts in the territory of the former USSR were extinguished by force after the Bolshevik revolution and the imposition of the Soviet rule.
		Since the level of mobilization of ethnic groups in a violent conflict is high, their leadership is able to organize referenda and elections and to achieve the declaration of independence and creation of primary state institutions in a legitimate way (of course, this way is not legitimate from the perspective of states).
		Ethnic groups' demands to enhance their status are not merely a result of irrational proliferation of the ideology of nationalism; rather they are a reaction to the inability and inflexibility of the nation-states' framework in guaranteeing a fair distribution of power and rights among all the significant group actors within the states.
	www.cwis.org /fwj/41/ethnic.html (12683 words)

	UNESCO's actions for the Dialogue among Civilizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Poland is located at a European crossroads, where cultures and religions have historically overlapped.
		Poland blossomed during times of peaceful collaboration among the nations and suffered when it became the battlefield for the greatest wars in Europe.
		The representatives of the Moslem and Christian communities attending the conference agreed that current conflicts in the world could not be referred to as religious wars because this would be tantamount to the misuse of the authority of the holy books of both religions.
	www.unesco.org /dialogue/delhi/zaleski.html (875 words)

	Ethnic conflicts in western Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For quite some time, the western settlers were given complete freedom of religion, which was a major inducement to move, as Western Europe was engulfed in a series of protracted and violent religious wars, which did not extend to Poland.
		Poland was the unique example of tolerance, thanks to Warsaw Confederation, that guaranteed the religious freedom and internal peace.
		Starting with the reign of Sigismund I of Poland, the Swedish king, himself a fervent Catholic, the religious conflict emerged in the form of the Counter-Reformation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_western_Poland (1769 words)

	THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN POLAND
		Poland treats minorities as equal part of its society and respects their rights to preserve their own national and cultural identity, as well as their social and political aspirations.
		Due to the fact that all treaties binding upon Poland, which relate to the protection of national minorities has been ratified, the citizens may refer to norms contained therein, and the courts are obliged to apply them, and in case of a conflict of norms, giving precedence to an international norm over a statutory norm.
		Thus, for the first time in Poland's post-war history the question of national minorities was considered by the Sejm and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland as one of the major issues of the state policy.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/poland/poland_NGO.htm (13658 words)

	Steve Sailer: "A Better Way in Kosovo?" - National Post, 3/25/00
		But the ethnic troublemakers know that if they can provoke the government into repressing their entire group, they might convert their kinsmen to separatism (under their leadership, of course).
		In certain regions, ethnic strife is so endemic that the last resort of wise statesmen must be some form of partition followed by population transfers.
		Ethnic cleansings that leave the displaced feeling robbed and humiliated are likely to lead to future violence -- e.g., the Palestinians.
	www.isteve.com /kosovo.htm (2178 words)

	Poland
		The much-publicized conflicts arising from the crosses at Auschwitz (1998-9) and the war-time events at Jedwabne (2000-01)—both of which have received a great deal of international attention—show that mobilizing grassroots anti-Jewish prejudice as part of the nationalist project is still easily done.
		Poland now has a largely homogeneous population, its percentage of national or ethnic minorities being one of the lowest in Europe, officially estimated at between 2-3 per cent of the population by the Interior Ministry, and unofficially at between 3.5-4.5 per cent.
		The Lemkos (sometimes referred to as Ruthenians or Rusyns) are a distinct ethnic group that inhabited the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains for centuries (in the south-east, near the Ukrainian border).
	www.axt.org.uk /antisem/countries/poland/poland.htm (15245 words)

	Poland
		Poland is a multiparty parliamentary democracy in which executive power is shared by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers, and to a lesser extent, the President.
		The law prohibits trafficking in persons; however, Poland is a country of origin, transit, and destination for trafficked persons, primarily women and girls and to a lesser extent boys.
		Poland is a source, transit, and destination country for the trafficking of women and girls.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8321.htm (13342 words)

	Poland - Other Former Soviet Republics
		Poland provided important moral support during the economic blockade imposed by the Kremlin, and after the Soviet military crackdown in Vilnius in January 1991, Poland joined Scandinavian nations, the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, and Hungary in calling for a discussion of the action by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).
		The outcome of the Visegrád summit was the Declaration on the Cooperation of the Hungarian Republic, the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, and the Republic of Poland on the Road to European Integration.
		Poland subsequently signed bilateral military accords with the other triangle partners, again insisting that the agreements were designed to promote communication and understanding and posed no threat to any specific country.
	countrystudies.us /poland/90.htm (2012 words)

	Sarmatian Review XIX.1: PolandÕs Holocaust
		Besides the enmity of Germany and the Soviet Union, Poland was forced to contend with rising minority discontent.
		Continuing along the lines of his previous work on interwar Poland, Polish-Ukrainian relations and Ukrainian nationalism, Tadeusz Piotrowski presents a detailed examination of collaboration with the Soviet and Nazi occupation forces of the ethnic minorities living mainly in the eastern provinces of pre-World War II Poland.
		He reminds the reader that collaborators were only a small percentage of Poland's 35 million pre-war citizens, but because of their cooperation with Soviet or Nazi forces, over six million Polish citizens were murdered, both Jews and Christiansall of them, he reiterates, victims of Poland's Holocaust.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/199/glass.html (1702 words)

	Chinese Organized Crime in Western and Eastern Europe - US Department of State
		Because of certain issues caused especially by a language barrier and the completely different mentality between the ethnic groups, the information examined at respective cases was not "finalized" into implementation at a specific person.
		The Regional Court went on to state that the condition of reciprocity between Poland and China was not met as there was no treaty on extradition between Poland and China and that there had not been any case of extradition between these countries in recent years.
		Professor Plywaczewski is the director of the Department of Criminology and Organized Crime Issues of the School of Law at the University of Bialystok, Poland.
	usinfo.state.gov /eap/Archive_Index/Chinese_Organized_Crime_in_Western_and_Eastern_Europe.html (4400 words)

	Polish Poster and Western Films
		Westerns may have been entertainment to Americans, but to the Polish people they have presented a visual confirmation of the democratic ideal they were denied.
		The shipyard in Poland where the strike took place was festooned with signs and posters, most of them hand-made, and soon a veritable industry of poster-making developed as the streets of Poland came to resemble art galleries.
		Westerns remind Poles of their historical helplessness against enemies, yet serve as a release from the numbness that accompanies defenselessness.
	members.aol.com /katynphoto/AUTRYESS.html (19773 words)

	conflicts - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Example: "He noticed a conflict in the dates of the two meetings"
		Example: "He was immobilized by conflict and indecision"
		Phrases that include conflicts: conflicts of interest, domination conflicts, ethnic conflicts in western poland, horn of africa conflicts, identity conflicts, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=conflicts (277 words)

	Between Timisoara and Tirgu Mures
		In the time of the memorable autumn of nations in 1989 in a certain city in Banat that is called Timisoara by some people, and Temesvar by others, Romanians and Hungarians arm in arm stood up in protest against the regime of Ceausescu, which was the starting point of the upheaval in Romania.
		It was sometimes established with the help of an armed conflict, as it was in former Yugoslavia; sometimes through bloody but incidental and on a small scale local conflicts, as it was in Transylvania; and sometimes through minor but constant incidents in Silesia, Spisz, Bukovina, in Vilnius, Przemysl, Komarno.
		That was similar to the events from the beginning of the second world war when, being at variance with Poland, Lithuania opened its borders for Polish soldiers running away from Soviets and welcomed them humanely.
	lgi.osi.hu /ethnic/relations/1/czyewski.html (2126 words)

	Conference on Ethnic Cleansing
		Ethnic Cleansing in Slovakia: The Plight of the Hungarian Minority Edward Chaszar
		The Fate of Hungarians in Yugoslavia: Genocide, Ethnocide, or Ethnic Cleansing?
		Ethnic Cleansing and the Carpathian-Germans of Slovakia Andreas Roland Wesserle
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/history/htooley/EthnicCleansingConf.html (809 words)

	IDSNET: Beata Klimkiewicz: Ethnic Minorities + Media in Poland
		The second is shift of Poland from the country of emigration to the country of increasing immigration.
		Poland was devastated by WW II and lost substantial population and territory.
		Ethnic minorities publish or cooporate in publishing or producing of 42 titles, which is only 1% of total number of newspaper titles in Poland.
	www.idsnet.org /Papers/Communications/BEATA_KLIMKIEWICZ.HTM (7441 words)

	Poland
		Poland was invited by the Community of Democracies' (CD) Convening Group to attend the November 2002 second CD Ministerial Meeting in Seoul, Republic of Korea, as a participant.
		The electoral law exempts ethnic minority parties from the requirement to win 5 percent of the vote nationwide to qualify for seats in individual districts.
		Polish women and children were trafficked to western European countries such as Germany, Italy, and the Czech Republic for sexual exploitation (see Section 5).
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18385.htm (11760 words)

	Project on Ethnic Relations
		Ethnic conflicts are all too often exacerbated by ineffective and inconsistent responses by the Western powers.
		In an effort to combat ethnic stereotypes of that community, PER has pioneered in working with the mass media and the police on coping with “ethnic” crime statistics that are sometimes used to paint a derogatory picture of the Roma.
		This was the first in a series of PER initiatives that, over the years, have brought journalists together in several countries to consider ways to improve the professionalism of their coverage of interethnic issues, to consider the depiction of the Roma in the mass media, and to attend training seminars given by respected senior editors.
	www.per-usa.org /brochure.htm (4521 words)

	THE REBIRTH OF POLAND
		The Bolsheviks were negotiating peace with the Central Powers, and the Western powers wanted to prevent this to keep Russia in the war, while the Germans were to be encouraged to negotiate peace without fear of losing too much of their Polish territory.
		Dmowski wanted a frontier approximating the one that existed between 1772 and 1793 (between the lst and 2nd Partitions of Poland) on lands where the upper class was mostly Polish.
		Therefore, Western statesmen were unwilling to alienate the White Russians by supporting Polish claims in the east.
	www.conflicts.rem33.com /images/Poland/rebirth.htm (7750 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the fall of Napoleon in 1815 according to the Vienna peace congress, Great Poland returned to Prussia, and became the Grand Duchy of Posen (1815-1846), an autonomous province under Hohenzollern rule with the rights of "free development of Polish nation, culture and language", and outside the German Confederation.
		With the unification of Germany, the province of Posen became part of the German Empire (1871-1918) and the city of Posen was officially named an imperial residence city.
		Most of it passed to Poland with the end of World War I and the Treaty of Versailles after Great Poland Uprising 1918 and became Poznań Voivodship.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Province_of_Posen (1215 words)

	[No title]
		The pact was accompanied with a number of other documents, signed by both parties, among them a Secret Protocol providing for a German-Soviet partition of Poland, as well as for Soviet domination in Finland, Latvia, Estonia and Bessarabia.
		Less than three weeks later, on September 17, as the Polish forces abandoned by their Western allies, were desperately defending their country from technically-superior Wehrmacht, the Red Army invaded Eastern Poland (today called Western Ukraine and
		both the Nazis and the Soviets established regime of terror, discrimination and ethnic cleansing.
	www.conflicts.rem33.com /images/Poland/katyn.htm (399 words)

	Hoe to steal Sudanese oil - International Environment - Indymedia Ireland
		The truth is that the western intelligence agencies including Mossad have been stirring unrest near Sudan's massive oil fields and pipeline in order to destabilise the Islamic government and steal their oil.
		Chad which is also vital to US and western oil interests is next door to Sudan, a country which the US has declared it wants to invade to "fight terrorists".
		Leaders of a rebel group in the western Darfur region of Sudan have made regular visits to Israel and have ties with the Jewish state.
	www.indymedia.ie /newswire.php?story_id=66123 (2711 words)

	Global Voices Online » Blog Archive » Sri Lanka: The economy and ethnic conflicts
		The delay in initiating the resolution of the ethnic conflict may have contributed to the current state of economy in Sri Lanka.
		If the factors that initiated the broader ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka were not set in motion about 20 years ago, judging by certain trends, we can guesstimate what sort of a country Sri Lanka would now be.”
		We are committed to developing tools, institutions and relationships that will help all voices everywhere to be heard.
	www.globalvoicesonline.org /2006/10/12/sri-lanka-the-economy-and-ethnic-conflicts (175 words)

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