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	Ethnic minorities in China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The multi-ethnic nature of China is a result of many centuries of assimilation, expansion and modern consolidation of territories incorporated during the Qing Dynasty, whose emperors were themselves Manchu and not members of the Han majority.
		The "regional autonomies" are also to protect ethnic minorities' freedom of religion, however, the issue of freedom of religion in the PRC is, in itself, highly controversial and debatable.
		While several thousands of these aborigines have migrated to Fujian province in mainland China, most remain in Taiwan; whether or not those remaining in Taiwan should be considered citizens of the PRC is sometimes a controversial issue of the political status and the legal status of Taiwan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_China (1002 words)

	Mongols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Major Ethnic subgroups of Mongolic peoples are: the Khalkhas; the Buryats, and the Dorbots of Siberia; the Kalmyks (Oirats) of the Caucasus; and the Mongours (Tu), the Daurs, and the various other Mongolic peoples of Inner Mongolia of China.
		The Mongols were a group of nomadic people who in the 13th century found themselves encompassed by large, city-dwelling agrarian civilizations.
		China is the most famous example, with the strong Chinese culture eventually absorbing and "converting" the rough horsemen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongols (4479 words)

	[No title]
		China is a united multi-ethnic nation of 56 ethnic groups.
		As the majority of the population is of the Han ethnic group (accounting for 91.6 percent of the national total population), China’s other 55 ethnic groups are customarily referred to as the national minorities.
		And 22 ethnic groups have a population of between 10,000 and 100,000: Salar, Blang, Maonan, Tajik, Pumi, Achang, Nu, Ewenki, Jing, Jino, Deang, Ozbek, Russian, Yugur, Bonan, Moinba, Oroqen, Drung, Tatar, Hezhen, Gaoshan (excluding the population of the Gaoshan ethnic group in Taiwan) and Lhoba.
	chinadatacenter.org /chinageography/Ch4_ethnic.htm (1215 words)

	Moun@nino: Ethnic groups in China
		China is a large country noted for its dense population and vast territory.
		There are 55 minority ethnic groups in addition to the Han who represent 92% of the population.
		It is the official language of china for around 220 CE and it is the oldest living language in the world.
	mouna.nomadlife.org /2004/10/ethnic-groups-in-china.aspx (529 words)

	Facts About China: Population, Ethnic Groups, Language, Mobility, Urban Growth and China Is People
		Although it is widely believed that China's population is homogenous, in fact many races and creeds make up the composition of the Chinese people who now number over 1.29 billion and are increasing at a rate of over 12 million per year.
		Officially China is a multi-ethnic country and the constitution recognizes many ethnic groups and has policies for the preservation of their culture, customs, and language.
		As in the USA, many of these ethnic groups are descendants of the aboriginal inhabitants of parts of the country and live in land set aside for them in autonomous counties and regions.
	www.sinomania.com /facts_about_china/china_is_people.html (842 words)

	Nationalities in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Hezhes are one of the smallest ethnic minority groups in China.
		The Naxi ethnic minority has a population of 277,800, most of whom live in concentrated communities in the Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County in Yunnan Province, the rest being scattered in Weixi, Zhongdian, Ninglang, Deqin, Yongsheng, Heqing, Jianchuan and Lanping counties in Yunnan Province, as well as Yanyuan, Yanbian and Muli counties in Sichuan Province.
		The Xibe ethnic minority, with a population of 127,900, is widely distributed over northern China from the Ili area in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the west to the northeast provinces of Jilin and Liaoning.
	www.chinahighlights.com /travelguide/nationalities.htm (6872 words)

	Chinese Ethnic Minorities
		The largest group, the Han, make up over 92% of China's vast population, and it is the elements of Han civilization that world considers "Chinese culture." Yet, the 55 ethnic minorities, nestled away on China's vast frontiers, maintain their own rich traditions and customs, and all are part of Chinese culture.
		Even though the modern concept of 56 ethnic groups is often considered an arbitrary and conservative summary of the hundreds of diverse peoples in China, it pales in comparison to the simplicity by which the ancient Han people distinguished their nomadic neighbors.
		Although over 400 minority groups answered a call to register, studies found that there was a lot of overlapping, and a significant number of groups that claimed to be separate were actually the same with different names.
	www.c-c-c.org /chineseculture/minority/minority.html (702 words)

	[No title]
		There are clear stipulations that help is to be extended to ethnic minorities and national autonomous areas for the development of their economy, culture and other undertakings and that the customs and habits of ethnic minorities are to be respected in social life.
		In China the chairman of an autonomous region and the head of an autonomous prefecture or autonomous county are invariably citizens of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy.
		The autonomous organs in national autonomous areas guarantee that citizens of all the local ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to maintain or reform their customs and habits, and, according to law, guarantee that citizens of all ethnic groups enjoy freedom in religious belief.
	sangle.web.wesleyan.edu /chrr/governments/95wp/ProgressOfHumanRightsE-8.html (1312 words)

	Ethnic Groups in China
		China's 55 recognized minority groups total about 8% of the nation's population.
		Uigurs are the largest ethnic group along the Silk Road.
		Their languages seem to stem from the Malayo-Polynesian group and may be the result of several migrations, perhaps from mainland 4,500 years ago or from the Malay Archipelago.
	www.globaled.org /curriculum/china/ethnic.htm (962 words)

	Animal Groups - Encyclopedia FunTrivia
		A pod is a group of whales or walrus.
		A group of goats is also a trip or a herd.
		A group of ducks is also called a brace or a team.
	www.funtrivia.com /en/Animals/Animal-Groups-5340.html (960 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		The Kirgiz ethnic minority, with a population of 160,823, finds 80 per cent of its inhabitants in the Kizilsu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
		Their musical instruments -- the drum, sheng (a reed pipe), bili (a bamboo instrument with a reed mouthpiece) and panling (a group of bells attached to a tambourine) -- showed that the Kirgiz had attained quite a high level of culture.
		Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the Kirgiz derived their main revenue from livestock breeding, which was entirely at the mercy of nature.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-kirgiz.htm (2074 words)

	Anderson: The Mortality of Ethnic Groups in Northern China and Soviet Central Asia
		The main goal of this study is to derive ethnic group-specific mortality indicators for certain minority populations of the PRC and the USSR.
		Comparison of mortality of the populations of these regions between the PRC and the USSR is interesting because of the similarity in ethnic background of the groups on both sides of the border and because the methods of estimation are similar in the two cases.
		Studying mortality of ethnic groups is difficult because both in the Soviet Union and the PRC mortality data have rarely been reported for them.
	www.psc.isr.umich.edu /pubs/abs.html?ID=807 (275 words)

	China Source
		The identification of the 55 recognized minority groups dates back to the early 1950s when the Chinese government invited leaders from these groups to register their group with the government to be considered for official recognition.
		Traditionally, the minority groups lived in rural areas, often in western and southwestern parts of the country with the Han found on the coast and in the eastern areas.
		In 1997, The State Ethnic Affairs Commission estimated that 20% of the total minority population was living in the cities.
	www.chsource.org /PeopleGroups.htm (524 words)

	Wikinfo \| Languages of China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The different ethnic groups in China speak a great variety of languages, called the Zhongguo Yuwen (中国语文), meaning "languages of China".
		English is an official language in Hong Kong, and all laws of the HK government are published both in English and Chinese with both versions having equal status.
		During most dynasties, it was the Chinese languages that sinicized the other ethnic groups.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Languages_of_China (456 words)

	China's Ethnic Groups
		They live all over China but are concentrated in Huanghe, Changjiang and Zhujiang and the Shonghua-Liaohe Plain in the northeast.
		All ethnic groups in China are represented equally, as stipulated by the Chinese Constitution.
		Each group partakes in the governing process without regards to its population or land size.
	www.tuvy.com /chinese/info/ethnic_groups.htm (228 words)

	Chinese Minority Ethnic Groups
		Although minority ethnic groups account for about 7% of the population, they are distributed over some 50% of Chinese territory, mostly in the border regions.
		China exercises a policy of regional autonomy for various minority ethnic groups, allowing minority group people living in compact communities to establish self-government and direct their own affairs.
		Self-government in ethnic group autonomous areas is affected through the local people's congress and people's government at the particular level.
	www.travelchinaguide.com /intro/nationality (692 words)

	Geographic and ethnic diversity of China
		China not only has the world’s largest population (over 1.3 billion), but it also is an extremely large country (more than 9.5 million square kilometers) with immense geographic and cultural diversity.
		To teach about China and Chinese culture, it is essential to understand the geographic and ethnic diversity in China in order to avoid creating or strengthening the stereotypes of China.
		Ancient China was an isolated land because of the numerous mountains, dangerous deserts, and vast seas.
	www.einaudi.cornell.edu /curriculum/monkey/geographic/index.asp?grade=3 (2358 words)

	Ethnic Minority Groups in China - SPICE
		Through studying about ethnic minority groups in China, students can apply what they have learned about another country's experiences and challenges to studies of their own society and culture.
		The four minority groups chosen for this unit are the Hui, Tibetans, Mongols, and Miao.
		As part of an optional activity, images pertaining to China's ethnic minorities are analyzed and discussed for their significance.
	spice.stanford.edu /publications/20202 (1220 words)

	CHINA: Language and unity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The law was established in part to bring unity to the more than 50 ethnic groups in China, which speak more than 75 languages.
		In attempting to assert Beijing as the center of Chinese identity, the Chinese government may instead be creating a culture of dissidents based on linguistic heritage, particularly in the prosperous southeast, where Cantonese and other southern dialects are common.
		China has long sought to standardize its language system, both as a means of unifying its diverse population and aiding central control.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/China/china_langandunity10901.html (265 words)

	Studies on Ethnic Groups in China
		Works dealing with aspects of a single ethnic group, or with relations between ethnic groups in China, will be considered for publication.
		While narrating a history of the Muslims of northwest China, this book examines the nature of ethnicity and periphery, the role of religion and ethnicity in personal and collective decisions in violent times, and the complexity of belonging to two cultures at once.
		Rhoads analyzes the unique evolution of the Manchus from a hereditary military caste to a distinct ethnic group and their shifting relationship with the Han, from border people to rulers to ruled.
	www.washington.edu /uwpress/Seriesharrell.html (494 words)

	CCTV International
		Around China introduces the people, culture and economic development of various regions and ethnic minority groups of China to the world.
		Around China offers viewers glimpses of the beautiful scenery and rich cultural heritage of China, as well as the ever-changing lifestyle of the Chinese people as we embark onto the 21st century.
		In today’s edition of Around China, we’ll visit a park in Central China that is at the heart of a worldwide acrobatics operation.
	english.cctv.com /program/aroundchina/01/index.shtml (216 words)

	Ethnic Groups - china.org.cn
		They were referred to as the Miaos in Chinese documents of the Tang and Song period (A.D. In the third century A.D., the ancestors of the Miaos went west to present-day northwest Guizhou and south Sichuan along the Wujiang River.
		By the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-220), the ethnic minorities in the Wuxi area had begun farming, and had learned to weave with bark and dye with grass seeds, and trade on a barter basis had emerged.
		After the birth of the People’s Republic of China, many factories and hydroelectric stations were built.
	www.china.org.cn /e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-miao.htm (2285 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		China is probably the most ancient country around the world.
		China not only has a long history, but also has the largest population in the world.
		Inspite of all that, China still remains a very important country in the world.
	www.wcmo.edu /current_students/student_life/Activities/intclub/china.html (132 words)

	Grand Reception Marks New China's 53rd Founding Anniversary (10/01/02) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Premier Zhu said that over the past 53 years, and especially after China launched the reform and opening-up strategy over two decades ago, the people of all ethnic groups, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), have worked hard and with afirm will and brought earth-shaking changes to the country.
		As the 16th CPC National Congress is drawing near, he noted, the people across the country have managed to overcome various difficulties on their road of advance and accomplished remarkable results in maintaining the good growing momentum of national economy, economic restructuring and reform, improving social welfare system and many other fields.
		Meanwhile, Zhu stressed that China will unswervingly pursue an independent foreign policy of peace and, on the basis of the "five principles of peaceful co-existence," conduct friendly exchanges, strengthen cooperation with all countries and strive to maintain world peace and common progress.
	www.china-embassy.org /eng/xw/t34326.htm (560 words)

	Preservation and revitalisation of endangered languages of the ethnic minority groups in China: Sector de Cultura de la ...
		Preservation and revitalisation of endangered languages of the ethnic minority groups in China: Sector de Cultura de la UNESCO
		Out of more than 120 languages spoken in China, 50% are endangered and do not have a writing system.
		UNESCO Office Beijing has been extending its assistance to the preservation and revitalisation of endangered languages of selected ethnic minority groups in China in partnership with the Chinese Academy of Social Science.
	portal.unesco.org /culture/es/ev.php-URL_ID=21878&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (155 words)

	Muslims in China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The modern day Hui of the People's Republic of China are descendants of Persian, Arab and Central Asian Muslims who came to China as political emissaries and merchants as early as the eighth century.
		After the Communists took over China in 1949, Muslims in China were officially classified into 10 separate minority nationalities, the largest of which is the Hui.
		Adapted from article, "Who Are the Hui" as it appears in Ethnic Minority Groups in China developed by the SPICE Program at Stanford University.
	school.newsweek.com /online_activities/islam_muslims_china.html (523 words)

	Sun Bin: Understanding China's ethnic groups, and I love Curzon's map blogs
		Curzon had a crash course on the ethnic groups as well, in the language of map.
		update: here is a demographic study of the ethnic groups (table 1), Han as a percentage of total population has dropped from 95% in 1950 to 92% today, mainly because of the one-child policy (which does not apply to minorities).
		Despite the well publicized ethnic conflict in the west, ethnic groups in China mostly live in good harmony.
	sun-bin.blogspot.com /2005/10/understanding-chinas-ethnic-groups-and.html (1589 words)

	Wed, Mar 12, 1997 edition
		The drive was jointly initiated by the China Population Welfare Foundation, the China National Family Planning Association and the Chinese Population News," writes the paper.
		When the agency finally understood last spring the significance of what it had monitored, writes the paper, the information was handed to the FBI which has treated it as a counter-intelligence operation, not a criminal matter.
		There is speculation, reports the paper, that mainland China was peeved over the influence Taiwan lobbyists have had in the congress and wanted "to even the score," as the paper puts it.
	www.chinainformed.com /Archive/x9703/970312.html (976 words)

	Meeting China's Ethnic Minorities
		If the Torch Festival produced the trip's most colorful spectacle, other minority groups we visited were no slouches either, even in the course of their daily routines.
		Unlike Butuo, the Stone Forest is heavily touristed so it was inevitable that groups of Sani appeared at strategic spots to sing or be photographed as visitors followed a path through the 200 acres of karst limestone pillars which time and water have eroded into fantastic shapes.
		This group's most striking element of clothing was the so-called "firmament cape," made of sheepskin and held in place by wide cloth bands which criss-crossed over the woman's chest.
	www.travellady.com /Issues/Issue54/china.htm (1734 words)

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