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Topic: Ethnic minorities

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	Chinese Ethnic Minorities
		Even though the modern concept of 56 ethnic groups is often considered an arbitrary and conservative summary of the hundreds of diverse peoples in China, it pales in comparison to the simplicity by which the ancient Han people distinguished their nomadic neighbors.
		Although over 400 minority groups answered a call to register, studies found that there was a lot of overlapping, and a significant number of groups that claimed to be separate were actually the same with different names.
		Distribution of Ethnic Minority Groups in China, based on the Census of July 1, 1990.
	www.c-c-c.org /chineseculture/minority/minority.html (702 words)

	Print journalism and ethnic minorities research
		Ethnic minority journalists reported that they had often felt reluctant to challenge racist behaviour when working in the sector for fear of being labelled as, or singled out as, 'troublemakers', or even losing their jobs.
		Around a quarter of respondents from the ethnic minority sample thought the profession was not representative of Britain's ethnically diverse society, that it was dominated by white people, and that there was a prevalence of racism.
		Respondents from the ethnic minority sample saw lack of support and encouragement (mainly from schooling, family and further education) as the main barrier to choosing print journalism as a career, but lack of awareness or interest and lack of representativeness also featured highly.
	www.cre.gov.uk /research/printjournalism.html (0 words)

	Ethnic Minorities in Georgia
		Ethnic Composition of Population of Georgia There are living representatives of about 100 nationalities in Georgia, but the ethnic groups are determined by their number and the settlement compactness.
		One of the mechanisms that enables ethnic minorities to participate in the country's political and cultural life is the existence of their communal organizations, though we have some problems here too, because there are radical forces that infringe on the state interests.
		Thus the main strategy of the draft law on ethnic minorities should be the maintenance of their originality and the existence of the state guarantees for the protection of their interests, which will enable the state to carry out flexible and useful ethnic policy.
	www.sakartvelo.com /Files/Conflicts/minorities.html (1834 words)

	Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China
		The population of ethnic minorities practicing regional autonomy accounts for 71 percent of the total population of ethnic minorities, and the areawhere such regional autonomy is practiced accounts for 64 percent of the entire territory of China.
		Ethnic townships have beenestablished for nine of the 11 ethnic minorities where the regional autonomy policy is not implemented because the populations and areas of the ethnic minorities are relatively small.
		Areas where the system of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities is practiced can be divided into three levels, namely, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties,according to how big the population of the ethnic group is and howlarge the area it occupies.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-02/28/content_420337_3.htm (1218 words)

	Chinese Ethnic Minorities Pen Their Own Languages (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most of China's 55 ethnic minorities, with exceptions such as Mongol, Tibetan, and Uygur, did not have their own written languages before 1949.
		Among these nationalities are Zhuang, China's biggest ethnic group with 18 million people which equals that of Australia, and Tu ethnic group, with a population of 190,000.
		She was able to learn a new way of sub-tropical farming from an ethnic newspaper published in her language, which led her and her family from rags to riches.
	www.china.org.cn /english/MATERIAL/28352.htm (717 words)

	Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities - 1993
		Persons belonging to minorities have the night to maintain contact with state and community institutions in their kin state and/or with nations as defined by the use of a language, and also with minorities living in other countries.
		The minimum membership of directly formed minority self-governments is 3 in the case of settlements with a population of 1,300 or lower, whereas in settlements with a population of over 1,300 -including a district of the capital city - the minimum is 5, and in the capital city itself it is 9.
		A member of a minority self-government who is not a self-government representative may only become a member of the body of an indirectly formed minority self-government if elected in accordance with Articles 51-54 of Act LXIV of 1990 on the election of self-government representatives and mayors, which is amended by Article 64 of this Act.
	www.uta.edu /cpsees/hungmin.htm (5253 words)

	Racial and Ethnic Minorities HIV/AIDS-Related Research at NIH
		Minority communities will continue to decline research participation or cooperation until there is greater collaboration between the community and the scientific community, with attention to the sustainability of the intervention before any trial is begun.
		Racial and ethnic minorities must be recruited and retained in numbers sufficient to evaluate the presence or absence of such effects with adequate statistical power.
		Further studies of the impact of noncompliance in racial and ethnic minorities upon the emergence of drug-resistant HIV, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and disease progression are needed.
	www.oar.nih.gov /about/research/racial/oarrace.htm (2262 words)

	Franchise UK Ethnic Minority Opportunities @ whichfranchise.com
		Ethnic minorities have witnessed significant change in recent years that has led them to rethink their business options.
		As the number of ethnic minorities in self-employment increases, more and more events catering for ethnic minorities in and looking to get into business, as well as events to celebrate achievements and successes, are taking place throughout the UK.
		Ethnic minorities in the UK This year's census is expected to show that ethnic minority communities total more than 5m people, or 10% of Britain's population.
	www.whichfranchise.com /ethnicMinorities (0 words)

	Georgia - Ethnic Minorities
		Regional ethnic distribution is a major cause of the problems Georgia faces along its borders and within its territory.
		Among the leading ethnic groups, the fastest growth between 1979 and 1989 occurred in the Azerbaijani population and the Kurds, whose numbers increased by 20 percent and 30 percent, respectively.
		Ethnic shifts after 1989--particularly the emigration of Russians, Ukrainians, and Ossetians--were largely responsible for the Georgians' increased share of the population.
	countrystudies.us /georgia/25.htm (767 words)

	US Wealth Gap Grows for Ethnic Minorities
		By 2002, that produced a further deterioration of the economic divide, where minorities own only a fraction of the wealth enjoyed by whites.
		That left minority families without a financial cushion, and far more vulnerable to economic reversals than white households.
		Crucially, minority families are far less likely to own their own homes - in white households, ownership rates are 74%.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/1019-03.htm (683 words)

	AIDS Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities -- United States, 1993
		In 1993, racial/ethnic minorities accounted for 45,039 (51%) of 89,165 AIDS cases reported among adult and adolescent males (aged greater than or equal to 13 years) and 12,696 (75%) of 16,824 cases among adult and adolescent females.
		The greater increase in cases among racial/ethnic minorities is consistent with trends in the number of AIDS cases reported in previous years, representing a continued increase in the epidemic among certain minority populations.
		A greater proportion of racial/ethnic minorities than whites may be initially classified without an HIV risk because of unrecognized heterosexual transmission, the diagnosis of AIDS at or near death, and language and cultural differences that make risk ascertainment more difficult.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00032522.htm (0 words)

	UNHCR - Recommendation 1277 (1995) on Migrants, Ethnic Minorities and Media
		Immigration and the presence of ethnic minorities are integral parts of the European identity.
		Migrants and ethnic minorities are entitled to be portrayed comprehensively and impartially in the media.
		This is a pre-condition if all citizens are to take a more rational view of immigration and multi-culturalism and accept persons of immigrant origin or members of ethnic minorities as their equals.
	www.unhcr.org /home/RSDLEGAL/3ae6b37f0.html (689 words)

	DEVELOPMENT GATEWAY_ Ethnic Minorities Since 1949
		All ethnic minorities should have the freedom to develop their spoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform their traditions, customs and religious beliefs.
		In order to help the minority people take part in the management of state affairs and to ensure their participation in government administration at all levels, the National People's Congress adopted an Electoral Law stipulating that each ethnic minority living in a compact community would be represented at the People's Congress of that locality.
		In some minority areas, there was considerable resistance to the ethnic unity trend the government hoped to foster, with Hans and minorities both asserting their own cultural superiority.
	us.tom.com /english/1444.htm (799 words)

	Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China
		The population of ethnic minorities practicing regional autonomy accounts for 71 percent of the total population of ethnic minorities, and the areawhere such regional autonomy is practiced accounts for 64 percent of the entire territory of China.
		Ethnic townships have beenestablished for nine of the 11 ethnic minorities where the regional autonomy policy is not implemented because the populations and areas of the ethnic minorities are relatively small.
		Areas where the system of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities is practiced can be divided into three levels, namely, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties,according to how big the population of the ethnic group is and howlarge the area it occupies.
	www.chinadaily.net /english/doc/2005-02/28/content_420337_3.htm (1218 words)

	PDHRE: Ethnic Minorities
		Members of ethnic minorities are entitled to the realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on equal terms with others in society, without discrimination of any kind.
		Ethnic minorities -- both the individuals belonging to ethnic minorities and ethnic minorities as groups -- also enjoy certain human rights specifically linked to their ethnic status, including their right to maintain and enjoy their culture, religion, and language free from discrimination.
		The human right of ethnic minorities to establish and maintain their own schools and other training and educational institutions, and to teach and receive training in their own languages.
	www.pdhre.org /pdhre/ethnicity.html (2429 words)

	Vets With A Mission - History of Vietnam - Ethnic people
		Police officers and members of the army in minority areas are often members of local tribal groups and the National Assembly in Hanoi is represented by a good number of ethnic minorities.
		The new government pursued a policy of forced assimilation of the minorities into the Vietnamese culture and glossed over their pre vious anti-Viet activities: all education was conducted in the Vietnamese language, traditional customs were discouraged or outlawed, and minority people were moved from their dis persed villages into permanent settlements.
		Minority languages are now officially recognized and can be taught in schools; scholarships enable minority people to attend institutes of higher education.
	www.vwam.com /vets/tribes/ethnicminorities.html (2365 words)

	Ethnic and Visible Minorities in Entertainment Media
		Members of visible and ethnic minorities were significantly under-represented across the whole range of entertainment media.
		In 2002, a UCLA study concluded that "minorities are even more underrepresented in key behind-the-scenes creative and decision-making positions than they are on the [television] screen." Many analysts are concerned that the dearth of minority executives, producers, directors and screenwriters is fuelling the tendency to ignore or misrepresent ethnic groups.
		Lumb concludes, "It’s clear that Canada’s minorities have entered the mainstream, but Canada’s broadcasting mainstream still flows along blindly in some sort of self-created canyon from which it can’t see the Canadian reality… Diversity is not a drawback—it’s a treasure for Canada and Canadians to celebrate.
	www.media-awareness.ca /english/issues/stereotyping/ethnics_and_minorities/minorities_entertainment.cfm (1337 words)

	Human Rights Learning Centre: Study Guide on the Rights of Ethnic and Racial Minorities
		Racial and ethnic discrimination continues to be a major human rights problem in the world today facing both minority and sometimes even majority populations.
		Racial and ethnic minorities have equal rights and the law should be equally applied of various civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights to these groups.
		Minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, or to use their own language (article 27).
	www.hrea.org /learn/guides/minorities.html (3263 words)

	Ethnic minorities - London Life, GLA
		Unfortunately many of the capital’s ethnic minority communities suffer inflated levels of poverty, violence, unemployment and ill health.
		Most of the city’s ethnic minority groups are likely to experience unemployment rates twice the national average.
		Ethnic minorities are at risk from discrimination which can take the form of violent attacks.
	www.london.gov.uk /london-life/community-and-people/vulnerable/ethnic.jsp (185 words)

	Tobacco and Ethnic Minorities: Fact sheet no. 26 - ASH Action on Smoking and Health (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to the 2001 census, the size of the ethnic minority population in the United Kingdom was 4.6 million, representing 7.9 per cent of the total population.
		Ethnic minorities have been shown to possess relatively poor knowledge concerning the link between cigarette smoking and disease and to be less likely to cite smoking as a health risk than the UK population as a whole.
		Smokers from minority ethnic groups are as ready to quit smoking as their counterparts in the UK population as a whole, though proportionally fewer make a quit attempt. Research suggests that Bangladeshi and Pakistani smokers may be particularly receptive to advice from a doctor to stop smoking.
	www.ash.org.uk /html/factsheets/html/fact26.html (1221 words)

	Education for Ethnic Minorities In China(II)
		Ethnic students whose literacy level is not up to the standard will be enrolled first in preparatory classes to receive one or two years' up-grading trainging.
		Ethnic classes and preparatory classes of all levels and all categories have become an important base and cradle for training personnel of ethnic background.
		Creating institutions of higher learning for ethnic minorities is an important measure for training cadres and personnel with special skills.
	www.cernet.edu.cn /20010101/21815.shtml (682 words)

	Ethnic minorities experience progress
		Ethnic groups in China firmly oppose separatist activity since it runs counter to historical values, violates Chinese law and is against the common will of the people, a senior official in charge of ethnic minority affairs said yesterday.
		Ethnic minorities, with a population of more than 10 million or less than 10,000, have their own autonomous areas, according to law.
		Populations of minority groups of less than 100,000 mainly inhabit remote or frontier areas where the living standards are under par, he said.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-03/01/content_420466.htm (472 words)

	Myanmar: Torture of ethnic minority women - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Force and the threat of force is regularly used to compel members of ethnic minorities to comply with military directives - which may range from orders for villages to relocate; to provide unpaid labourers to military forces; to not harvesting their crops.
		Torture is commonplace in detention, both in central Myanmar and in ethnic minority areas, particularly during the interrogation of criminal and political suspects.
		Ethnic minorities are often deprived of their economic, social and cultural rights on a large scale.
	web.amnesty.org /ai.nsf/Index/ASA160172001 (3270 words)

	stopVAW -- Ethnic Minorities
		Tajikistan’s ethnic minority communities are experiencing additional hardships, due to their minority status.
		A string of murders of ethnic Uzbeks, and the disappearance of an ethnic Uzbek mayor in 1999, remain unsolved.
		Ethnic Uzbeks have little political power: They are sorely underrepresented in political bodies, and President Rahmonov’s government has actively sought to keep ethnic Uzbek leaders out of political life.
	www.stopvaw.org /Ethnic_Minorities3.html (782 words)

	People's Daily Online -- White paper: Regional autonomy for ethnic minorities is China's historical decision
		The implementation of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities in China is critical to enhancing the relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among different ethnic groups, to upholding national unification, and to accelerating the development of places where regional autonomy is practiced and promoting their progress.
		Many anti-Japanese forces whose members were mainly of ethnic minorities, such as the Hui Detachment and the Inner Mongolia Guerrillas, waged heroic struggles against the Japanese invaders, and contributed greatly to the final victory in the war against fascism.
		Given this population distribution pattern, establishing ethnic autonomous areas of different types at different administrative levels based on regions where ethnic minorities live in compact communities is conducive to the harmony and stability of relations between different ethnic groups and their common development, it says.
	english.people.com.cn /200502/28/eng20050228_174945.html (868 words)

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