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	Hardgrave article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		For India, the state--now divided by a "line of control"--is fully a part of the Indian union; with its 65-percent Muslim population, it stands as a symbolic rebuttal to the "two nation" theory that underlay the founding of Pakistan.
		In India, in a political culture of mutual distrust and increasing violence, the dangers are legion.
		The growth of the BJP is reflected in its increase in seats in the Lok Sabha, India's lower house of Parliament--from 2 seats won in 1984 (7.4 percent of the vote) to 85 seats (11.4 percent) in 1989, and, contesting twice as many seats as in earlier elections, 119 seats (21 percent) in t991.
	asnic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/india/Hardgrave.html (5865 words)

	India
		India’s initial report (CRC/C/28/Add.10) is pending for consideration at the Committee’s May 1999 session; the second periodic report is due 10 January 2000.
		India is among the countries that have received communications from the Special Rapporteur (SR) concerning cases of extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions.
		The SR states that the situation in India in terms of tolerance and non-discrimination based on religion is generally satisfactory and acknowledges that India is committed to democracy, democratic institutions, legislative and government measures to promote tolerance, a concept of secularism based on equality of religions and “unity in diversity”.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1997/vol3/india.htm (4834 words)

	Lethal Ethnic Riots: Lessons from India and Beyond by Judy Barsalou: Special Reports: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Deadly ethnic riots, according to Horowitz, are characterized by a mixture of hyper-vigilance and circumspection.
		Because such violence is born of hatred, it always aims to degrade and destroy its victims and to produce ethnic homogenization.
		Varshney's team then examined whether ethnic riots are evenly spread throughout India by identifying cities according to three criteria: those that had experienced at least 50 deaths in 1950–95; those in which 50 deaths occurred in at least ten riots; and those in which the riots were spread out over five five-year periods.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr101.html (6579 words)

	Zurick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In both cases, the current level of violence has waned in recent years due to new government initiatives, but the history of both places is marked by ethnic conflict, and the potential for renewed violence in the future is considerable.
		Until the 1990s, most of the violence was restricted to the Tamil-held northern and eastern parts of the island, but the conflict expanded to other areas by the mid 1990s, and in 1996 a State of Emergency was imposed for the entire country.
		The latter is true, for example, for the Kashmiris (India and Pakistan), the Pathans (Afghanistan and Pakistan), the Tamils (Indian and Sri Lanka), the Assamese (Bangladesh and India), and the Gorkhalis (Bhutan, India, and Nepal).
	it.stlawu.edu /~govt/376ReservesZurick.html (3572 words)

	BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR Volume 6(4)
		On the other hand he acknowledges that the scheduled castes, by virtue of the policy of reservation as well as by merit are represented in the Police and other forces in numbers that reflect their proportion in the population.
		This is a glaring omission in a book that defines the scheduled castes as a separate ethnic minority and purports to be a study of "Khaki and the ethnic violence in India ".
		There is no mention of the ethnic cleansing of religious minorities in Pakistan from 1947 leading to a decrease in the population of minorities from over 15% in 1947 to 3% now.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MONITOR/ISSUE6-4/nandv2.html (1395 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Publications: Asia : India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Widespread police abuse of front-line AIDS prevention workers in India is undermining efforts to contain one of the worst epidemics in the world, Human Rights Watch said today.Several organizations in India have succeeded in empowering women in prostitution to demand condom use of their clients.
		Women in prostitution in India are treated with disdain and commonly subjected to violations of their fundamental rights by the police, both at the time of their arrest and while in detention.
		State officials of Gujarat, India were directly involved in the killings of hundreds of Muslims since February 27 and are now engineering a massive cover-up of the state's role in the violence, Human Rights Watch charged in a new report released today.
	www.hrw.org /reports/world/india-pubs.php (2568 words)

	Ethnicity and conflict in India and Pakistan Contemporary Review - Find Articles
		The conflict in Kashmir, sectarian and political violence in Pakistan, riots in Gujarat, and insurgency in Northeast India -- all these issues are relevant as well as important in discussing stability in South Asia.
		India has charged Pakistan with training and arming dissidents in the Indian Kashmir and Punjab, while Pakistan has accused New Delhi of aiding Sindhi separatism.
		India has been successful in integrating ethnic diversities because it eventually bowed to popular demands for 'linguistic' and 'tribal' ethnic states.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1646_282/ai_100141502 (815 words)

	Wide Angle . Soul of India . Transcript \| PBS
		And still was the subject of considerable tension and violence as this show has demonstrated, but complicated, compounded by the factor that both India and Pakistan possessed nuclear weapons.
		It is a credible argument that what is happening in India and Pakistan is even more critical to our future, given the numbers of people, given the explosive nature of the tensions and given the possession of nuclear weapons.
		Violence visited upon them, although of course, it went both ways and there were other complicating factors.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/india/transcript.html (1095 words)

	Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life - Hindus and Muslims in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In the backdrop of the recent spade of ethnic violence in India, this volume is a timely and significant contribution towards investigating there factors that cause Hindu-Muslim riots.
		Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life is an outstanding work of social science, one of the most important studies of ethnic violence.
		Varhney's comparison of communal violence and tranquility in urban India is lucid, theoretically self-conscious, original, and empirically convincing.
	www.indiaclub.com /html/9607.htm (469 words)

	Using Ethnic Hatred to Meet Political Ends - Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		India and Pakistan's recent nuclear brinksmanship was ostensibly driven by the continuing terrorism that New Delhi accuses its longtime foe of fomenting in Kashmir.
		Though ethnic violence is common in India, which has seen more than 1,000 tit-for-tat ethnic riots since becoming independent in 1947, both the scale of and the blatant state support for the Gujarat riots were unprecedented.
		"Large-scale ethnic violence in India does not erupt spontaneously from the street but from active political action by groups to polarize communities, and from calculated violence carried out by criminal gangs associated with them," he said.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/ind-pak/2002/0707ethnic.htm (1246 words)

	Violence Spreads through Gujarat, India \| Europe \| Deutsche Welle \| 02.03.2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Thousands of soldiers have been deployed across India's northwestern state of Gujarat in a bid to quell unrest between Hindus and minority Moslems.
		Violence also spread to the commercial capital Mumbai, where anti-Muslim protestors stoned buses and blocked rail tracks.
		But so far the violence has not subsided, and the police admit they are unable to control the spreading riots.
	www.dw-world.de /popups/popup_printcontent/0,,465422,00.html (356 words)

	India's Growth - Luxury for the rich, squalor for the poor
		The media hype about India's robust growth and development obscures the harsh realities the vast majority of Indians have to face in their daily lives.
		Bangalore, India's silicon valley, is also facing resistance from the tribes and Dalits (lower castes) who form the backbone of the insurgency.
		India today is in the throes of turmoil, severe crisis, impoverishment and social unrest.
	www.marxist.com /india-growth-luxury-rich120706.htm (2661 words)

	Steven Wilkinson
		My current research falls into 4 main areas: 1) ethnic violence; 2) patronage politics and the politics of distribution; 3) the long term effects of colonization on governance and conflict; and 4) how best to combine the various methods and approaches in the political scientist's tool kit in order to answer questions of interest.
		My book Votes and Violence (2004), which was co-winner of the American Political Science Association's 2005 Woodrow Wilson Foundation award for the "the best book on government, politics, or international affairs," explores the relationship between electoral competition and ethnic riots, in India and elsewhere.
		I show that levels of state-level electoral competition in India (where multi-polar electoral competition is the norm) are key to understanding why some state governments intervene to prevent anti-minority violence while others do not.
	www.duke.edu /~swilkins/research.html (791 words)

	Sattion dollars: how Hindu nationalist organizations fund ethnic violence in India with money raised in the U.S ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The mosque, in the northern Indian city of Ayodhya, was reduced to rubble in 1992, poisoning relations between India's Hindus and Muslims and leading to rioting and the murder of hundreds of Muslims.
		They claim India's ethnic hatred has found a patron in the U.S., through the contributions of Hindu nationalists who have settled in here, and that other Indian Americans are unwittingly donating money to their cause because they do not know the true intent of their work.
		One central focus of their concerns in the U.S. is a Maryland-based charity called the India Development and Relief Fund, which is accused by secular Indian groups of raising millions for Hindu nationalist groups in India alleged to be involved in the harassment and killings of Indian Christians and Muslims.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0KAY/is_1_8/ai_n14932509 (870 words)

	CNN - Violence climbs in India election - Feb. 23, 1998
		NEW DELHI, India (CNN) -- At least seven people were killed in election-related violence Monday, bringing the death toll in two days to 41.
		The areas are plagued by ethnic rivalries and tribal extremism.
		The United News of India said guerrillas of the tribal Zomi Revolutionary Army gunned down 14 members of the rival Kuki tribe in two incidents in Churachandpur district of Manipur on Sunday.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9802/23/india.elex/index.html (501 words)

	The Hindu : Opinion / Leader Page Articles : Organised riots & structured violence in India
		MY FIRST involvement with the subject of collective violence was with the Aligarh riots of 1961 that occurred on the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, an irony that I was not the only person to notice at the time.
		Everywhere I went, I was indeed informed of such incidents and proceeded to the sites where they had occurred in each district to investigate their origins, the reasons for their occurrence, the consequences for the participants, and the ways in which they were reported in the press and used by politicians for their own ends.
		In 1999, I was invited to present a paper on the 1947 partition violence in India for a conference on forced migrations and collective violence in the twentieth century.
	www.hindu.com /2006/08/23/stories/2006082307241000.htm (1101 words)

	Muslims In The Forces By A.G. Noorani
		But this necessarily implies recruitment of all ethnic and religious groups in India into the armed forces, as absence of particular groups from its rank and file may lead to biases based on ignorance.
		If the different ethnic and religious groups in India and elsewhere can be integrated within schools, trade unions, sports, NGOs, and the like, the likelihood of negative socialisation through prejudice may decrease."It must be recognised that, whether in the Army or the police force, such a situation fosters the "them" and "us" feeling.
		Muslim leaders who act as "sarkari Musalmans", the Uncle Toms of India, and beat their breasts pledging loyalty to India, and fulsome support to India's case on Kashmir as if it is a test of loyalty and denouncing Pakistan ritually.
	www.countercurrents.org /comm-noorani131003.htm (3107 words)

	CNN - Many voters undeterred by India-election violence - Feb. 17, 1998
		NEW DELHI, India (CNN) -- The turnout on the first day of India's parliamentary elections exceeded 80 percent in some places, and many voters ventured out Monday despite bomb explosions, shootings and fears of violence, officials said.
		In the remote northeastern Tripura state, where an ongoing insurgency and decades of ethnic conflict has claimed hundreds of lives, turnout was 85 percent, officials said.
		Election violence killed 22 people on Monday, and another four people were killed in the violence-ridden southern town of Coimbatore on Tuesday.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9802/17/india.elections/index.html (519 words)

	Did his book spark off the army census?
		Speaking to Shakti Bhatt, he discussed why the suspicion of Muslim loyalty in India is largely based on myth and why the Muslim presence in the Indian Army's officer ranks is low.
		That was one of the prime motives to investigate the absence or presence of religious and ethnic groups in the Indian armed forces.
		India was unsure if its Muslim soldiers would fight for their own country or support co-religionists across the border.
	in.rediff.com /news/2006/feb/18inter2.htm (1547 words)

	NPQ
		When paramilitary troops were finally called in to quell the violence and they patrolled curfew-bound towns with orders to shoot at sight, the BJP tried to consolidate its Hindu base through incendiary political moves.
		By stoking domestic ethnic tensions and then casting India's complex political disputes with Pakistan over Kashmir in a religious mold the BJP was won considerable domestic support for a hard line against its nuclear neighbor.
		Although analysts agree on the need for the international community to pull India and Pakistan back from their nuclear brinkmanship, some caution that overt Western attempts to pressure the BJP to roll back its Hindutva movement will be trickier and could easily backfire.
	www.digitalnpq.org /archive/2002_fall/jehangir.html (3332 words)

	Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan
		Muslims constitute 13.4% of India's 1.1-billion-strong population, but their presence in education and employment - both private sector and government - is nowhere near their population share.
		Muslims in India are often regarded as pro-Pakistan and in recent years have been looked upon with suspicion as possible terrorists.
		The two obstacles in the way of RAW opening its doors to Muslims are the absence of clear direction on the matter from the country's political leadership and the inertia that has gripped the organization, preventing it from changing its old ways.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/HK15Df01.html (1361 words)

	Jain Cuisine of India - on The best online grocery store for Indian Food
		This philosophy was also seen as having many good ideals by ancient India and many of its principles have been naturally incorporated into Hinduism and India's culinary culture.
		Other aspects of their food philosophy is that they regularly offer food to poor people, fast on certain days, do not waste any food, drink filtered water and eat after sunrise and before sunset.
		The south of India went on to develop a complex, rich and intricate vegetarian cuisine which is very unique and complex yet pure and simple.
	www.ethnicfoodsco.com /India/JainCuisine.htm (824 words)

	INDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Harappa The Indus Valley and the Raj in India and Pakistan "Glimpses of India and Pakistan before 1947 and the story of the ancient Indus Valley.
		American knowledge of India is shaped by the American Institute of Indian Studies, a consortium of universities and colleges in the United States at which scholars actively engage in teaching and research about India.
		Course on contemporary India - readings On the web is an online guide for educators that includesinformation on Hindu deities, video footage of worship, lesson plansfor teachers, and proposed classroom activities for students.
	inic.utexas.edu /asnic/countries/india (1228 words)

	Tremors of Violence : Muslim Survivors of Ethnic Strife in Western India
		This book is an ethnographic study of Muslim survivors of ethnic strife in Mumbai and two major cities of Gujarat.
		Based on narratives of and interviews with Muslim men and women, it tries to understand the world and worldviews of those who have seen and lived through one or several violent confrontations and episodes in their lives.
		Employing the theory of everyday life and the narrative methods, the author uncovers in the voices of men and, in particular, women, the daily and pitiless battles they wage in the face of displacement and devastating and multiple losses.
	www.easternbookcorporation.com /moreinfo.php?txt_searchstring=9012 (236 words)

	Key Note- North East: Challenge to India’s Polity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		ORF is engaged in a sustained effort to identify the sources of tension, conflict, militant and violence in India’s North-West and North-East.
		In my view the concept of north-east India and as a homogenous entity and the regional reorganization of this multi-ethnic setting has done colossal damage in social, political and economic parameters.
		Other objectives of ISI include promoting indiscriminate violence in the State by providing active support to local militant outfits, supply of explosives and sophisticated arms to various terrorist groups sabotage of oil pipelines and other installations.
	www.observerindia.com /reports/NEKeynote.htm (1828 words)

	World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		GUWAHATI, India, Wednesday (Reuters) At least 21 people, mostly women, were wounded when a man threw a grenade into a crowded market in India's restive northeastern state of Manipur on Tuesday, police said.
		At least a dozen armed separatist groups operate in Manipur, one of the seven states of India's isolated and turbulent northeast region, home to some 200 tribal and ethnic groups.
		Thousands of people have died in separatist, tribal and ethnic violence in India's northeast since the early 1980s.
	www.dailynews.lk /2005/11/10/wld03.htm (247 words)

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