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Topic: Ethylene plant hormone

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	Ethylene
		Ethylene, unlike the rest of the plant hormone compounds is a gaseous hormone.
		It is produced in all higher plants and is usually associated with fruit ripening and the tripple response (Arteca, 1996; Mauseth, 1991; Raven, 1992; Salisbury and Ross, 1992).
		Ethylene is produced in all higher plants and is produced from methionine in essentially all tissues.
	www.plant-hormones.info /ethylene.htm (422 words)

	Definition of Plant hormone
		Plant hormones (or plant growth regulators, or PGRs) are internally secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating their growth.
		The first assumption in both theories is that plants are interested in growing larger during the vegetative period of their life and this growth requires both good environmental conditions and an amount of the four basic nutrient groups that exceeds that needed to keep the plant at its current size.
		Stress hormones, in contrast, may be made in mature cells that are faced with a scarcity of nutrients and to a much lesser extent in young and meristematic cells faced with the same scarcity.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Plant_hormone (632 words)

	Ripening Tomatoes With Ethylene
		Ethylene from generators is slowly released and does not reach dangerous concentrations when used as suggested by the manufacturer.
		Ethylene is a naturally occurring plant hormone that is produced by many fruits and vegetables.
		Ethylene is flammable at a concentration of 3.1 to 32% in air.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /CV206 (1536 words)

	Kende, H; Faculty Plant Biology Department at Michigan State Unversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		We have examined the environmental and hormonal regulation of the growth response in deepwater rice and the cellular basis of rapid internodal elongation.
		Ethylene promotes growth, at least in part, by increasing the responsiveness of the internodal tissue to GA. In the present work, we examined the possibility that increased responsiveness to GA was based on a reduction in endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels.
		Plant J. Expansins are a family of proteins capable of inducing stress relaxation of isolated cell walls.
	www.plantbiology.msu.edu /kende.shtml (3978 words)

	A Start at a General Plant Hormone Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		I believe ABA is the plants rapid response to stress, and Salicylic acid is the hormone that is released when stress subsides and the plant wishes to return to normal functioning.
		I find it interesting also that Ethylene is deemed responsible for a phenomena where in response to flooding of the roots the plant leaf stem deliberately elongates and the leaf end up in a considerably more vertical position which is of course not good for gathering sunlight for photosynthesis.
		I hypothesize that Stress Hormones, in contrast, are made in cells that are faced with a scarcity of nutrients and again are an indication of such a condition.
	www.planthormones.info (1085 words)

	Flower Senescence In Petunias (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		Ethylene is a gas that is produced by plants, and exposure to ethylene causes premature senescence of both leaves and flowers.
		These plants have been used in comparative studies with non-altered plants that are sensitive to ethylene in order to study ethylene's role in controlling the senescence of leaves and flowers.
		These studies provide evidence for a role of the plant hormone ethylene in regulating the timing of petal senescence and have led to the identification and cloning of genes that are specific to the senescence program.
	hcs.osu.edu:16080 /news/detail.lasso?id=364 (746 words)

	HORMONE
		As plants grow their genotype is expressed in the phenotype which is modified by the environmental conditions that they experience.
		Plants do not have a circulatory system and "action at a distance" may not be a feature of plant hormones.
		Ethylene is the only gaseous hormone in the plant world; it is a simple hydrocarbon gas that is derived from the amino acid, methionine, via an unusual cyclic compound which is also an amino acid, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid).
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs300/hormone.htm (727 words)

	Role of S-adenosylmethionine in plant metabolism: ethylene biosynthesis - Sulfate uptake and assimilation - HORT640 - ...
		SAM serves as a precursor of the plant hormone ethylene, implicated in the control of numerous developmental processes (Lieberman, 1979; Yang and Hoffman, 1984; Yang, 1989; Kende, 1993), and methionine adenosyltransferase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthase; SAM synthetase) [EC 2.5.1.6] expression is up-regulated under conditions inducing ethylene biosynthesis (see.
		Ethylene production in response to hypoxia is implicated in the signal transduction pathway leading to cell death and lysis in the root cortex resulting in aerenchyma formation in maize roots (He et al, 1996b; Drew, 1997; Pennell and Lamb, 1997).
		In flooded tomato plants, the accumulated ACC is transported from the root to the shoot (via the xylem) where it is then rapidly oxidized to ethylene, inducing epinasty (Bradford and Yang, 1980; English et al, 1995) and adventitious root formation (Visser et al, 1996).
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/sulfate/su00009.htm (873 words)

	Plant Hormone K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Measuring the ripening of unripe fruit induced by the plant hormone ethylene, by monitoring starch levels
		Plant hormones (or plant growth regulators, or PGRs) are internally-secreted chemicals in plants that are used for regulating the plants' growth.
		According to a standard definition, plant hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, occur in low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botany/planthormone.html (265 words)

	Plant hormone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to a standard definition, plant hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations.
		The synthesis of plant hormones is more diffuse and not always localized.
		Action at a distance is not a must for a plant hormone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plant_hormone (202 words)

	Plant hormone Summary
		Plant hormones are important naturally occurring chemicals that influence plant growth.
		Like their animal counterparts, plant hormones are effective in very small amounts, and tend to be synthesized at one site and transported elsewhere before they become functional.
		The hormone abscisic acid induces dormancy in perennial plants, and causes seeds to remain dormant.
	www.bookrags.com /Plant_hormone (439 words)

	Stop to smell the flowers - But do it before they're pollinated
		In the current study, Dudareva and her colleagues found that in petunias the plant hormone ethylene, which is produced after pollination, suppresses activity of the gene that triggers the creation of BSMT.
		In petunia, expression of the gene responsible for methylbenzoate synthesis is suppressed by ethylene.
		In snapdragon, the decrease in methylbenzoate emission is not ethylene-dependent.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-11/pu-sts112003.php (1342 words)

	Caren Chang Lab - Ethylene Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana
		The ability to respond to a vast array of external and internal cues such as light, gravity, and hormones is vital to the growth, development, and survival of plants.
		We are focusing on signal transduction of the plant hormone ethylene (C2H4), a simple gas that has profound effects on plant growth and development.
		Interestingly, the known signaling pathways leading to the activation of Raf in animals start with transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors, whereas the ethylene response pathway in plants seem to regulate a Raf protein kinase in a new way, namely by a two-component-like receptors, which are primarily found in prokaryotes.
	www.life.umd.edu /CBMG/faculty/chang/index.htm (439 words)

	Researchers Discover New Way to Boost Grain Crops’ Drought Tolerance
		RIVERSIDE, Calif. — www.ucr.edu — Researchers at the University of California, Riverside report the development of technology that increases the tolerance of grains crops to drought by decreasing the amount of an enzyme that is responsible for producing the plant hormone ethylene.
		Ethylene is vital in regulation of plant responses to environmental stresses, such as flooding and drought, and to attack by pathogens.
		But often, ethylene initiates leaf death in response to adverse conditions, sacrificing less essential parts of a plant to protect the growing tip, responsible for producing flowers, the reproductive organs of plants.
	www.monsanto.co.uk /news/ukshowlib.phtml?uid=8376 (699 words)

	Flower Senescence In Petunias
		Ethylene is a gas that is produced by plants, and exposure to ethylene causes premature senescence of both leaves and flowers.
		These plants have been used in comparative studies with non-altered plants that are sensitive to ethylene in order to study ethylene's role in controlling the senescence of leaves and flowers.
		These studies provide evidence for a role of the plant hormone ethylene in regulating the timing of petal senescence and have led to the identification and cloning of genes that are specific to the senescence program.
	hcs.osu.edu /news/rss_detail.lasso?id=364 (782 words)

	Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development WILLIAM M. GRAY / PLoS 1.2, v.9, September 2004, 14sep04
		Plant biologists have been fascinated by the regulatory capacity of phytohormones since the time of their discovery, and the notion that hormone levels or responses could be manipulated to improve desired plant traits has long been an area of intense interest.
		Mutations that abolish ethylene binding in any of the five receptor genes are dominant and confer ethylene insensitivity, indicating that the receptors function as negative regulators of the ethylene pathway.
		Ethylene is perceived by a family of two-component receptors containing a consensus (unshaded) or degenerate (shaded) HK domain (H).
	www.mindfully.org /Heritage/2004/Hormonal-Plant-Regulation14sep04.htm (2641 words)

	1999 Progress Report - ETHYLENE REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION DURING OZONE-INDUCED ACCELERATED LEAF SENESCENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		The goal of this project is to determine whether the plant hormone ethylene is required for the induction of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and repression of photosynthesis-associated genes (PAGs) during ozone exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana.
		Plants were treated with 250 ppb ozone for 4 hours and leaf 7 from ozone-treated and control plants was removed and placed in the dark.
		Ethylene was not produced under the conditions of this experiment and gene expression was similar in wild type and ethylene insensitive etr1-3 plants.
	es.epa.gov /ncer/fellow/progress/97/millerje99.html (528 words)

	Bleecker Lab research: Ethylene Signal Transduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		In order to investigate the kinetics of ethylene action, we are now utilizing a computer driven, digital, camera system that allows us to measure short term changes in seedling growth with a resolution of 10 microns.
		Growth inhibition caused by ethylene occurs in 2 phases that are genetically and pharmacologically distinguishable.
		The first phase is rapid in onset, transient in nature, and very sensitive to ethylene while the second phase has a slower onset and continues as long as ethylene is present.
	www.botany.wisc.edu /bleecker/ethylene.html (293 words)

	[No title]
		Hormones cause changes to occur by attaching to receptor molecules on the surface of certain cells.
		Hormones only bind to target cells because the hormone and the receptor molecules on the surface of the target cell have specific shapes that are complimentary to one another.
		Ethylene is one type of plant hormone, released by the cells of the fruit, to initiate the process of cellular changes we know as “ripening”.
	bti.cornell.edu /pgrp/teachers/docs/dermady_bananas.doc (841 words)

	[No title]
		Key enzymes in ethylene biosynthesis are 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase, which catalyse the reaction from S-adenosylmethionine to ACC and from ACC to ethylene, respectively.
		CO2 is an essential cofactor for ACC oxidase (Dong et al., 1992) as demonstrated both for pear fruit in vitro (Vioque and Castellano, 1994) and for pear tissue discs in vivo (Vioque and Castellano, 1998).
		NBD (2, 5-norbornadiene) and Ag+ inhibit an ethylene response by binding to and blocking of the ethylene receptor.
	www.lycos.com /info/ethylene--ethylene-receptors.html (435 words)

	Science News for Kids: LabZone
		The goal of this experiment is to measure the ripening of unripe fruit induced by the plant hormone ethylene, by monitoring starch levels using an iodine solution.
		Although most of the main plant hormones are transported in the vascular system of the plant, one class of hormones is transferred in gaseous phase.
		Ethylene is manufactured and released by rapidly growing tissues (i.e., meristems) in roots, senescing flowers, and ripening fruit.
	www.sciencenewsforkids.org /articles/20070314/LZActivity.asp (347 words)

	CELL BIOLOGY: ON ETHYLENE SIGNALING IN PLANTS
		Although the initial hunt for the major elements of the ethylene pathway was performed in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, identification and functional analysis of the corresponding genes in other plant species uncovered a high degree of conservation of this signaling cascade in the plant kingdom.
		The specific recognition of ethylene by a receptor protein presents uncommon challenges because of the extreme structural simplicity of this hormone and the consequent small number of possible interaction points between the signal molecule and its receptor.
		In plants, this challenge is met by a family of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized ethylene receptors that share sequence similarity with the bacterial two-component histidine kinases.
	scienceweek.com /2005/sc050107-3.htm (1216 words)

	Science: Did You Know?- So this guy walks into a kitchen, and puts some green tomatoes in a closed paper bag to ripen. ...
		It's also known as ethylene, a plant hormone that is a gas released by dying leaves and ripening fruit.
		Ethylene acts by destroying the chlorophyll (the green color in plants) in unripe fruit, which allows the red and yellow pigments of ripened fruit to appear.
		The discovery of ethylene gas has proved helpful for the agriculture industry in that unripe fruit or vegetables can be picked, stored, and then ripened at the optimum time in order to ensure availability of once more seasonal produce.
	reference.aol.com /mf_science/_a/so-this-guy-walks-into-a-kitchen-and/20050126182009990026 (420 words)

	Information on Rose -- Black Spot, An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control, Oregon State University
		Spores produced on the old plant material are splashed up on to young plant tissue by winter and spring rains, or by summer watering.
		Once the fungus is established in plant tissues, fungal fruiting bodies (acervuli) form in the spots in 11 to 30 days.
		Plant cultivars known to be resistant in your area.
	plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu /disease.cfm?RecordID=981 (977 words)

	Plant Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-18)
		Plants with altered responses to brassinosteroids may be of particular economic interest to agriculture.
		The gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates a diverse array of biological processes in plants including cell elongation, senescence and abscission of leaves and flowers, fruit ripening and responses to a wide variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.
		Accordingly, plants can be designed to maintain structures (e.g., fruit, grains, vegetables, flowers etc.) for a longer period of time on the plant or, conversely, to selectively shed such structures earlier or at a pre-selected time.
	www.salk.edu /otm/plant.html (3708 words)

	SparkNotes: Essential Processes of Plants: Terms
		Day-Neutral Plant - Plant in which blooming is not affected by photoperiod, so that flowering occurs independently of the duration of day and night.
		Hormone - A hormone is a chemical that affects the ways in which an organism functions; it is produced in one part of the plant body but, by traveling to target cells throughout the body, affects many other parts as well.
		Inhibitor - One in a class of plant hormones that inhibits growth and prolongs dormancy in buds and seeds.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/plants/essentialprocesses/terms.html (972 words)

	Lecture 4 - Embryogenesis
		Mutants that overproduce ethylene include eto1, eto2, and eto3, and these mutants are identified by constitutively activating the ethylene signaling pathway (ctr1) or fail to form an exaggerated apical hook (hls1).
		Ethylene is recognized by a series of receptors which include ETR1, ERS, ETR2, EIN4, and ERS2, and this pathway is similar to a bacterial one known as the two-component histidine kinase system.
		Ethylene does not seem to be required during development of seed, but will be important in germination.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/tmullins/bot6566/lecture4.html (1830 words)

	Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II:0792359410:Kanellis, A. K.; Chang C.; Klee, Harry; Bleecker, ...
		Provides a critical assessment of the existing knowledge and the exchange of new ideas on the mechanisms of ethylene synthesis, perception and signal transduction, its role in pathogenesis and stress, its involvement in plant growth and development and the biotechnological control of its formation and function.
		Ethylene as the initiator of the inter-tissue signalling and gene expression cascades in ripening and abscission of oil palm fruit
		Ethylene and gibberelin in secondary dormancy releasing of Amaranthus caudatus seeds
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?ISBN=0792359410 (1080 words)

	[No title]
		One aspect of the plant defense response is the induction of programmed cell death known as hypersensitive response (HR).
		Avni A., Bailey B.A., Mattoo A.K. and Anderson J.D. Induction of ethylene biosynthesis in Nicotiana tabacum by a Trichoderma viride Xylanase is correlated to the accumulation of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase.
		Bailey B.A., Avni A. and Anderson J.D. The influence of ethylene and tissue age on the sensitivity of Xanthi tobacco leaves to a Trichoderma viride xylanase Plant Cell Physiol.
	www.tau.ac.il /lifesci/departments/plant_s/members/avni/avni.html (1104 words)

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