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Topic: Etruscan League

	Etruscan civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Etruscan texts name quite a number of magistrates, without much of a hint as to their function: the camthi, the parnich, the purth, the tamera, the macstrev, and so on.
		The Etruscan system of belief was an immanent polytheism; that is, all visible phenomena were considered to be a manifestation of divine power and that power was subdivided into deities that acted continually on the world of man and could be dissuaded or persuaded in favor of human affairs.
		Later history relates that the Etruscans lived in the Tuscus vicus, the “Etruscan quarter”, and that there was an Etruscan line of kings (albeit ones descended from Demaratus the Corinthian) as opposed to the non-Etruscan line.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Etruscan_civilization (4292 words)

	Etruscan civilization - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Villanovan culture, the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, gave way in the 7th century to an increasingly Orientalizing culture that was influenced by Greek traders and Greek neighbors in Magna Graecia, the Hellenic civilization of southern Italy.
		The Etruscan civilization flourished in Etruria and the Po valley in the northern part of what is now Italy, prior to the arrival of Gauls in the Po valley and the formation of the Roman Republic.
		With the fall of Veii to the Romans, a key southern defense was destroyed, leaving the Etruscans pressed in on from all sides by several different forces, and ripe for conquest.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/e/t/r/Etruscan_civilization.html (567 words)

	Etruscan Lifestyle
		In Etruscan daily life, the banquet was very much a status symbol, indicating to all and sundry that the hosts had "arrived" in the estimation of the Etruscan social elite.
		The Etruscan aristocracy held the keys to power in the Etruscan cities, and was largely made up of rich families of noble descent together with rich merchants and land owners with aspirations to enter the elite social order.
		The Etruscan villa was the precursor to the later Roman Villa.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /lifestyle.html (2401 words)

	Volci - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This league splintered apart when opposed by the central government of the Roman Republic, and the Etruscans were soon assimilated.
		After the population of Rome had become predominantly Italic, the Etruscan kings were overthrown and the Romans fought a long war to reduce Etruria to their dominion.
		The Etruscan goddess, Turan, was the patroness of Volci.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volci (707 words)

	Etruscans 2 - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Etruscans attributed great importance to the cult of the dead, because it was also a means of asserting the prestige and power of a family.
		The Etruscan temple was mainly used to house statues of Etruscan God¹s.
		On the contrary, the Etruscans had a relationship with the gods based on submission: the divinities lived in the sky or under the ground and it was necessary to understand their will by observing the ostenta, the signs that, through the haruspex and the augur priests, indicated the behavior one had to have.
	www.crystalinks.com /etruscans2.html (2118 words)

	Veii
		As a powerful member of the Etruscan League, it was continually at war with Rome.
		It fell to the Roman general Camillus's army in 396 B.C. It was famous for its statuary including a statue of Tiberius (now in the Vatican), and the Apollo of Veii.
		The most famous is the Grotta Campana, uncovered in 1843, a chambered tomb with the eldest known Etruscan frescoes.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ve/Veii.html (103 words)

	Tuscany News, The Etruscans Tuscanweb
		The Etruscans became a great marine force and head dealings with all the major countries in the Mediterranean, assimilating various elements from each in the development of their civilization: Italian, oriental and Greek.
		The Etruscan League of 12 was mostly an economic and religious league, or a loose confederation, similar to the Greek states.
		The Etruscan obsession with elaborate burials, probably was connected with they religion, similar to the Egyptians that a part of the soul remained with the body, or at least that the body was important for the afterlife.
	www.tuscanweb.com /news/?ID=145 (790 words)

	The Etruscans - The land
		The Etruscans were a culturally homogeneous group of independent city-states which, during the various historical periods, succeeded one another in leading the process of commercial and territorial expansion.
		Etruscan settlers colonized the area from the 7th century BC, first of all along the coast of the Gulf of Salerno and then they expanded their control to the whole of the plain of Campania, at the rear of the Greek colonies of the Gulf of Naples.
		The Etruscan plain of the Po Under the impetus of economic growth and following commercial routes, the Etruscans, in the 6th century BC, crossed the Appennines going north and began the colonization of the plain of the Po.
	www.larth.it /pages_eng/land.htm (748 words)

	Tuscan beach resort
		The fact that Etruscan goods have been found in Carthage and throughout the Western Mediterranean, shows that the Etruscan trading network was quite extensive from the earliest phase in their history.
		The Etruscans and the Phoenicians alike were very successful in their dominance of the seas during the early part of the first millennium BCE.
		Etruscan ships of war were built for speed,were typically sleek and streamlined in their design, and were propelled by crews of oarsmen in a single bank of oars (such as pentaconters) or two banks (diremes).
	www.toscanatoscana.it /eng/news.asp?id_news=74 (2472 words)

	Falisci - LoveToKnow 1911
		In spite of the Etruscan domination, the Faliscans preserved many traces of their Italic origin, such as the worship of the deities Juno Quiritis (Ovid, Fasti, vi.
		This is preserved for us in some 36 short inscriptions, dating from the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C., and is written in a peculiar alphabet derived from the Etruscan, and written from right to left, but showing some traces of the influence of the Latin alphabet.
		Its most characteristic signs are t As a specimen of the dialect may be quoted the words written round the edge of a picture on a patera, the genuineness of which is established by the fact that they were written before the glaze was put on: "foied vino pipafo, cra carefo," i.e.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Falisci (528 words)

	Class Lecture#12
		The distribution of the Etruscan cities in time and space suggests a colonization of the coastal strip by successive groups of emigrants from the Tyrrhenian area, who settled on the most inviting points, then spread their occupation and influence gradually over the whole of the Italian peninsula form the Po to the southern Tyrrenenian.
		The Etruscans believed that, just as man was moving from year to year to his final death, the peoples of the world had a beginning and an end and a predetermined sequence of growing, flowering and decaying.
		Etruscan and Roman cities were conceived as a whole from the very beginning; as limited entities organized in clearly delimited quarters through the intersecting streets of the cardo and decumanus.
	isc.temple.edu /archx171-x192/lectures/12.html (2082 words)

	The Etruscan League of 12 Cities (Dodecapoli)
		According to legend, the Etruscan League of 12 cities was founded by two Lydian noblemen; Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus.
		The league was mostly an economic and religious league, or a loose confederation, similar to the Greek states.
		As well as the "dodecapoli" of Etruria itself, there were two other Etruscan leagues, that of Campania, the main city of which was Capua, and the Po Valley City States in the North, which included Spina and Adria (Atria).
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /cities.html (294 words)

	The Etruscan League (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		According to legend, the Etruscan League of 12 cities (6th century BC) was founded by two Lydian noblemen; Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus.
		The league was mostly an economic and religious league, or a loose confederation, similar to the contemporaneous league Greek states.
		There is a considerable variation in the spelling of some of the names, depending on the sources, much of it stemming from spelling differences between the various cities, grammatical cases, etc., as well as the national origins and languages of modern investigators.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VEtruscanLeague.html (285 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Etruscan civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The core of the territory of the Etruscans, known as Etruria to the Latins, was northwest of the Tiber River, now in modern Tuscany and part of Umbria.
		Etruscan art ETRUSCAN ART [Etruscan art], the art of the inhabitants of ancient Etruria, which, by the 8th cent.
		One of the most powerful member cities of the Etruscan League, it was constantly at war with Rome.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/04254.html (662 words)

	Paeninsula Italica - Radices Imperii - The Guild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Raetians spoke a language of the same family of the Etruscan and were strongly influenced by the near Etruscan towns of the Po valley and also by their Celtic neighbours, but a direct derivation from the Etruscans is today rejected.
		After the Defeat of the Aequi (431), the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii (396), and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua (340-337), Rome was ready to emerge as unidsputed master of the history of Italy.
		The Etruscan league, traditionally of 12 cities, was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (Orvieto).
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/showthread.php?t=60838 (8319 words)

	Falisci (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		from the beginning of the 5th century BC, and no doubt earlier, the dominant element in the town was Etruscan; and all through the wars of the following centuries the town was counted a member, and sometimes a leading member, of the Etruscan league (cf.
		In addition to the remains found in the graves, which belong mainly to the period of Etruscan domination and give ample evidence of material prosperity and refinement, the earlier strata have yielded more primitive remains from the Italic epoch.
		It should perhaps be mentioned that there was a town Feronia in Sardinia, named probably after their native goddess by Faliscan settlers, from some of whom we have a votive inscription found at S Maria di Falleri.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fa/Falisci.html (535 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Etruria
		The head of the Etruscan League, it was defeated in wars with Rome in the 4th cent.
		It was a powerful member of the Etruscan League, and the spirit of the league was broken when Romans conquered and thoroughly sacked Volsinii in 264 BC A new Volsinii was founded near Lacus Volsiniensis (Lake
		It was the capital of the Faliscans, a tribe who fought with the Etruscans against Rome.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Etruria (686 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It happened because an Etruscan couple, Lucumo and his wife Tanaquil, moved in; they were rich and ambitious, but the people of their home city (Tarquinii) would not let Lucumo rise to a position worthy of his skills because his father, Demaratus of Corinth, was a Greek merchant.
		Going to the Etruscan ladies first, they found them "at a luxurious banquet, whiling away the time with their young friends." By contrast, when they called on the home of a Roman wife named Lucretia, she and her industrious maidens were staying up late to get their spinning work done.
		As the Etruscan threat receded, a new rival arose to the southeast of Latium: the hill confederacy of Samnium.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu03.html (18858 words)

	dalle origini alla caduta dell'impero romano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Etruscan influence, and increasing in prestige and power became a member of the "Lega dei Dodici Popoli" (League of the Twelve Nations).
		The city has a prolific terracotta (earthernware) industry known as "terra sigillata": the coral vases produced by the aretines are exported to the farthest reaches of the empire (India).
		Evidence of the importance of Arezzo is the presence of Gaio Cilnio Mecenate (68 b.c.- 5 b.c.) a descendent of the etruscan rulers of Arezzo, as prime minister and aide to the emperor Cesare Ottaviano Augusto.This influence is of great aid in the promotion of commercial and artistic activity.
	www.peterpan.it /ORIGCADUE.HTM (606 words)

	Veii pron VEE eye or Veius was in ancient times... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As a powerful member of the Etruscan League Etruscan League, it was continually at war with Rome.
		It fell to the Roman general Camillus Camillus's army army in 396 B.C. It was famous for its statuary including a statue of Tiberius Tiberius (now in the Vatican Vatican), and the Apollo of Veii.
		The most famous is the Grotta Campana, uncovered in 1843 1843, a chambered tomb with the eldest known Etruscan fresco frescoes.
	www.biodatabase.de /Veii (167 words)

	The Etruscan Tombs at Tarquinia
		This fresco appears to reflect Eustathius' story - that Achilles slayed Troilos with his spear while the young prince was exercising his horses in the sanctuary of the Thymbraean Apollo, due to the natural appearance of the setting, the accentuation of the spear, and the prominence of the horse.
		Overall, the frescoes in the Tomb of the Bulls celebrate several aspects of Etruscan life and knowledge: knowledge of epic mythology, contact with Greek culture through artistic depictions of men and women, and the importance of fertility in Etruscan culture.
		All of these help to define and understand Etruscan culture, and as such the frescoes in the Tomb of the Bulls are an invaluable firsthand source.
	oncampus.richmond.edu /academics/classics/students/belanger/tarquinia.html (1146 words)

	CQD Roman History Review - Etruscans
		Etruscan section includes material from chapters 4 and 5.
		Etruscans attack Cumae and are defeated by Aristodemus
		Etruscan haruspices interpreted fulgura (lightning and thunder), ostenta (unusual happenings), and exta (entrails, esp. liver) for the SPQR
	www.geocities.com /bwduncan/rhr/etruscan.html (856 words)

	Orvieto:
		Eventually the town was fortified by the Etruscans to protect it from Roman incursions.
		For a long time, Velzna was at the forefront (both geographically and politically) of Etruscan resistance to Roman expansionism, and it was a leading city in the Etruscan League.
		The Etruscan league was defeated in 264 BC, but Velzna was able to hold out for a few more years because of its easily defensible position.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VOrvieto1.html (1189 words)

	[No title]
		A limit to their land expansion exists in an Etruscan (Rasenna) culture that has managed to solve it's propensity to split into component parts; this would indicate to me that at some early point they would take to the sea.
		The likelihood is IMO that Athens would put her colony Thurii at the head of the League rather than break it up entirely - and Italiote federalism may eventually be an important model for Athens' eventual (and necessary) reorganization of her empire.
		What can't be answered is the degree to which Etruscans exercised a decisive influence on the form of the kingship, which indeed is itself extremely vague.
	www.alternatehistory.com /shwi/Thalassocracy.txt (15947 words)

	etruscan civilization and history
		__ "The Etruscans had a deep knowledge of Hydrology and hydraulics, a knowledge which they put to good use in their many land drainage schemes." Etruscan engineering still functions and is even taken for granted in some areas.
		__ "According to legend, the Etruscan League of 12 cities was founded by two Lydian noblemen; Tarchun and his brother Tyrrhenus...Tarchun lent his name to the city of Tarchna, or Roman Tarquinnii.
		They turned out to be a rather large text in the Etruscan language (how the text came to be in Egypt is unknown) and although largely untranslated, it seems that it is a religious calendar of some sort.
	www.archaeolink.com /etruscan_civilization_and_histor.htm (1181 words)

	Perugia Etruscan town walls Perugia OnLine ® Etruscan town walls Perugia Umbria Italy
		Situated in a dominant position overlooking the river Tiber, Perugia marks the border between the lands of the Etruscans and the Umbrians.
		The city was a religious centre, or lucumonia, and part of the Etruscan Dodecapolis league comprising a total of twelve cities.
		Between the 6th and 3rd centuries BC Perugia was fortified by massive town walls in travertine blocks that followed the hilly ground around the city and are still largely visible today, particularly to the west and north.
	www.perugiaonline.com /perugia_arcoetrusco.html (627 words)

	About TIPS
		Extensive explanations are provided by the various historians, studying the Etruscan people and their culture.
		This is the opening page to an Etruscan History, it includes their origins, history, and other areas of interest.
		The Etruscans carried the torch of modern culture while many other tribes were just that….tribes.
	www.education.wichita.edu /m3/tips/social_studies/Etruscan/Hotlist.htm (347 words)

	Deities of the Religio Romana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Silvanus, or the Etruscan Selvans: Ancient God of boundaries between woodlands and meadows, of farms, fields and gardens, His sacred grove is always on the border of an estate.
		Tages: Indigetis of Etruscan myth, he arose from a furrow in the form of a infant on a cloud of smoke, and became the giver of sacred books on prophecy, haruspicini, and the rites of the Aiseras.
		Thalna: Etruscan goddess of childbirth, consort of Tinia.
	www.societasviaromana.org /Collegium_Religionis/deities.php (8203 words)

	Total War Center Forums - Preview N.1
		It is perhaps not being unduly fanciful to suggest that their constitutional arrangements may have helped foster the tale that the Oscans were of Lacedaemonian descent, since the Spartans were the people with a mixed constitution par excellence.
		This re-conquest brought the League into collision with Tarquinii and several others of the Etruscan cities who were becoming fearful of the growing power of the Latins.
		These invaders, whose encroachments can be determined by archaeological evidence as proceeding from the western seaboard towards the north and east, and as lasting from about 700 to 500 B.C., eventually drove the Umbrians into that upland tract of the Appenines East of the Tiber to which the name of Umbria belonged in historical times.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=47617 (6954 words)

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