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	Etruscan terracotta warriors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The three Etruscan terracotta warriors are art forgeries, statues made to resemble work of ancient Etruscans.
		The three warrior statues were first exhibited together in 1933.
		The museum was still not convinced until Etruscan experts realized that the statues had been built from pieces, instead of being fired as a single object, as Etruscans had done.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Etruscan_terracotta_warriors (461 words)

	Paeninsula Italica - Radices Imperii - The Guild (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		After the Defeat of the Aequi (431), the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii (396), and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua (340-337), Rome was ready to emerge as unidsputed master of the history of Italy.
		The Etruscan league, traditionally of 12 cities, was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (Orvieto).
		The Lucanian warrior in the 4th century was fairly lightly armed, using mainly light bronze body protections mixing typical Oscan and Greek features, having the coastal Oscan peoples adopted more elements of the Greek panoply than their kinsmen of the highlands of Samnium.
	forums.totalwar.org /vb/showthread.php?t=60838 (8319 words)

	Florence - Archeological Museum - Etruscan Antiquities
		The Etruscan settlements extended over the greater part of Italy, from the plains of Lombardy to the Tiber, and their commercial relations with Egypt, Greece, and Asia introduced various manufactures, which render it difficult to distinguish between native and foreign.
		One is composed of two warriors, another of winged genii supporting a dying soldier ; on the upper shelf, besides a casket, there are two feet of a tripod, one of which represents Perseus with the dying Medusa, the other Peleus and Thetis.
		To the right of the central Amazon a youthful warrior attacks her with his sword; behind him another young Hoplite is preparing to slay a fallen Amazon, and his hesitation and even sorrow at his own act, with her sad and supplicating look, are given with great truth and beauty.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles26/florence-38.shtml (6941 words)

	The Etruscan World: The Final Days (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The tombs of aristocrats, commoners, and freedmen and freedwomen show a high level of technology and an ever increasing rate of literacy, but the days of the warrior-ruler and the princess who wove her family’s clothing were over.
		Her warriors had become priests and authors, her weaver women owners of factories and patrons of the arts.
		Etruscan culture had flourished for the span of a millennium; its vestiges remain in the cities of Renaissance Tuscany, in Italy’s tiled roofs and political and religious symbols, and in our own thought and writing.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/Worlds_Intertwined/etruscan/final.shtml (185 words)

	TVM Entry Floor: Etruscan Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Etruscans had an alphabet based on the Greek alphabet, an arts tradition, a religion based on human-type gods which was Greek in origin, and a complicated set of rituals for divining the future.
		The Museum is housed in the Villa of Pope Julius III or Villa Giulia.
		Etruscans like the Egyptians, Greeks, and later the Romans, painted their statues, so what you see in a museum is not what a contemporary of the sculptor would have seen.
	www.tigtail.org /L_View/TIG/TVM/E/Ancient/Etruscan/etruscan.html (504 words)

	The Etruscan World: Faliscan Warriors & Weavers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Their abundant contents reveal the gradual enrichment of Etruscan and Faliscan art with new materials, techniques, and images brought from the eastern Mediterranean.
		Warriors were buried with their armor, clothing, shaving equipment, vases for banqueting, and harnesses from their chariot teams.
		Their wives were buried with riches and symbols of their own prowess as weavers that show they shared their husbands’ high status and some of their authority.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/worlds_intertwined/etruscan/faliscan.shtml (242 words)

	The Francois Tomb, Vulci
		The warriors lying in full armor on their beds seemed to be resting from the battles they had fought against the Romans and Gauls.
		The far right of the atrium, adjacent to the door of chamber 5 depicts the aristocratic figure of Vel Saties, He is wearing a laurel wreath and a purple garment, similar to the descriptions we have of the toga picta, worn by victorious generals during the Roman Triumph.
		The garment is embroidered with nude dancing warriors holding shields and brandishing spears, possible precursors to the Salii or dancing priests of Mars.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /francois.html (2716 words)

	Italy: The Etruscans
		We have highlighted 11 Etruscan itineraries where the art lovers can find most of the remains of their cities and tombs as well as an incredible wealth of art.
		Etruscan art is primitive in character, though strongly influenced by the Orient and especially by Greece from the 5
		The sense of movement is shown mainly in sculptures of fantastic animals and in figurines representing warriors fighting and women at their toilet.
	www.travelvantage.com /it_etrus.html (612 words)

	press releases
		The Etruscans adapted the Greek alphabet to fit their own language, and thousands of short inscriptions and inscription fragments have survived, but very few extended texts have been found, so their language remains very poorly understood,” said Director of External Programs, Anita Kern, who oversees exhibitions and education at the Museum.
		Since the banquet was one of the most important aspects of the Etruscans’ social life – as a manifestation of personal prestige, wealth and cohesion, and as a ritual for funerals and burials – a scene has been recreated in the exhibit.
		Men in the Etruscan society were esteemed for serving the people as warriors, which was seen through the prestige of arms.
	www.fernbank.edu /museum/press/etruscans_press.html (1167 words)

	Ancient Celtic Warriors - La Tene Hillforts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Etruscans themselves were a martial race who had expanded over much of Italy, attacking the Greek settlements in the south and adopting many aspects of Greek warfare.
		The Etruscan settlement of Marzabotto was sacked, and in its cemetery have been found iron swords typical of the La Tene period.
		Their warriors rode even further south to confront the Romans, who were not yet a major military power.
	members.aol.com /skyelander/celts3.html (1264 words)

	Scientia Press
		Herodotus stated that the Etruscans were Trojans; and a great deal of myth, echoed by Vergil, claimed that Aeneas and other escapees from the destruction of Troy were the founders of Rome (the alternative to the myth of Romulus and Remus).
		Yet the Etruscans have come down in history as mysterious invaders from the East, or as autochthonous types (according to some scholars), whose language defies translation and seems related only to the remnants of Lemniac once spoken on the island of Lemnos.
		These patricians also retained the Etruscan military and cultural ethos, though the leaders of the "Romans" who subsequently overthrew the Etruscan king Tarquin the Proud were not eager to remind people that they themselves had descended from the Etruscan elite.
	www.scientiapress.com /findings/torc.htm (1335 words)

	The Case of the Etruscan Terracotta Warriors in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
		The “old warrior” (he had a white beard and was emaciated, somewhat like, as one observer commented later, a Giacommetti sculpture) was soon followed by a massive four-foot tall terra cotta warrior’s head, and there was even talk of a greater treasure waiting to be found...
		The warrior is missing his right arm for the simple reason that the two forgers could not agree on how to position the arm, so they compromised by breaking it off and discarding it.
		Attempts to erase doubts that were already being whispered in art circles in Europe, as well as the hope that the “secret” field they had been found in might be divulged by their “discoverers”, delayed the publication of a scholarly monograph on the three figures until 1937.
	www.joslinhall.com /etruscan_terracotta.htm (747 words)

	The Rise of Rome
		The Etruscans lived north of the Tiber River, some in cities with paved streets and drainage.
		By the time that Etruscans had conquered Rome, the Romans had already been divided between common folk called plebeians and aristocrats called patricians - modern scholars estimating the patricians to be from ten to five percent of Rome's population.
		From the Etruscans the Romans acquired a twelve-month calendar, and they acquired the use of a personal first name that through Rome was to become the first name and surname commonly used among Europeans.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch15.htm (8611 words)

	The Tomb of The Ship, Tarquinia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The tomb of the Ship dates from the mid 5th century BCE, a little later than the battle of Cumae in which the Etruscans were defeated by the combined navies of Cumae and Syracuse.
		The tomb derives its name from a huge ship, filled with warriors, which is appears on the left hand wall.
		The theme of the tomb is greatly influenced by the past prosperous sea trade of Tarquinia - a period when Etruscan naval strength had dominance of the Tyrrhenian sea and had expelled the Phocaean Greeks from Aleria (Alalia).
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /tarship.html (167 words)

	Vintage Adventure
		We journeyed to Rome to see the Etruscan influences upon the Campidoglio of Michelangelo and explored the importance of the oval stones and their significance in the design of his geometric pattern.
		He shared with me that his pursuit went beyond just finding the answers to their origins- there was a greater goal he hoped to achieve: To show that Etruscans, along with all other races and cultures, can be traced back far enough in the past to show, ultimately, a common civilization, shared by all.
		Additionally, he hoped to prove and preserve the influence the Etruscans had on their successor civilizations and those whom they were in contact with from other countries.
	www.vintageadventure.com /flash/history/default.asp (2617 words)

	ANCIENT - Online Information article about ANCIENT
		than the names of three Etruscan gentes (whether or not derived from Saline or Latin originals), and the tradition is a striking result of the Etruscan domination in the 6th century B.c.,2 which we shall shortly consider.
		In the 7th and 6th centuries B.c., and probably earlier still, the Etruscans appear as ruling widely outside the limits of Etruria proper.
		And there is abundant evidence., of Etruscan rule in Latium.' According, to Dionysius there was a time when the Latins were known to the Greeks.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /ALM_ANC/ANCIENT.html (6128 words)

	Venetian Fighting System! - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		Square and oval shields were applied in etruscan army and I don't know about use their by venets.
		The etruscan warriors were depict on the Certosa Situla.
		There is the tablet with the inscription "typical etruscan warriors of 6-5 BC".
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1629&mode=linear (616 words)

	CliffsNotes::Aeneid:Book Summary and Study Guide
		Until 509 B.C., this coalition of villages was ruled by kings, some of whom were Etruscans, members of a tribe who supposedly came from Asia Minor, as the legendary Trojans were supposed to have done.
		In 509 B.C., however, when the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed and Rome became a republic, the Etruscans were vanquished, and thereafter their power waned.
		In the Aeneid, Etruscan warriors, rebelling against their evil king, Mezentius, fight on the side of the Trojans in their war against the Latins.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-3,pageNum-4.html (574 words)

	Hypnos & Thanatos: Sleep & Death
		In a similar bronze group in Shirley Lubbock's The Art of the Etruscans, all three figures are ramrod stiff, even the two spear-holding, helmeted warriors holding up their dead comrade.
		On one of the enormous pillars from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus (325-300 BC) is carved a statue of a large-winged, languid, naked youth.
		More likely he held a pair of scales, in which the winged souls of two young warriors were placed; and he watches as one, sinking lower, must be the one to die.
	www.ancientworlds.net /705688 (1502 words)

	A History of Art Forgery -- Page 1
		This work was originally thought to be an Etruscan sarcophagus of the sixth century BC, but was finally revealed to have been a fake.
		Its discovery was partially because the nudity of the male figure was unprecedented in works of the period to which it was attributed; as was the nineteenth century underwear of the woman.
		Admired for decades as exemplars of the spirited and bellicose Etruscan civilization, the pieces were found to be prime examples of modern Italian sculpture of the 1910's and 1920's.
	www.mystudios.com /gallery/forgery/history/forgery-1.html (355 words)

	rogueclassicism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Volterra had many Etruscan relics and ruins, so Curzio's wonderful discovery was not astonishing, although excitement increased a few weeks later when the young man, his tutor and a band of tenant farmers uncovered another bundle of papers in Etruscan and Latin.
		The Louvre owns three "Etruscan" mirrors, and in 1960 the modern glaze on the Etruscan warriors so prominently displayed at New York's Metropolitan Museum since their acquisition between 1915-21 indicated that were not what they seemed.
		One of the forgers was still alive, and he clinched the debate by producing the home-made thumb that was missing from one of the long-nosed warriors' hands.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/2004/12/02.html (1463 words)

	Horseback riding in Italy - SAINTS AND WARRIORS
		From the lovingly restored suites of this medieval hamlet, which was built on the foundations of a 12th century castle, riders have an opportunity to experience the enduring magic of Tuscany.
		Ride toward the village of Murlo, which was built hundreds of years ago upon an even earlier Etruscan town.
		It is currently collaborating with an American university to scientifically prove with DNA studies that the present residents are related to these “lost” Etruscans.
	www.ridingtours.com /horseback-riding/italy-saints.cfm (625 words)

	Volterra: Etruscan Guarnacci Museum
		The cinerary urns were and are still displayed according to the theme carved on the lower case of the urns and the other items according to their typology.
		Urn of the married couple (the lid), II century b.C. The ground floor elucidates the Villanovan, Orientalizing,Archaic and Classic eras and continues on the second floor where the economic and artistic splendour of Etruscan Volterra from the IV-I centuriesB.C. is comprehensively expounded.
		It’s notority enriched by legends, is essentially due to its singular proportioned shape of this bronze statuette, an exquisite example of III century Etruscan sculpture.
	www.comune.volterra.pi.it /english/museiit/metru.html (1038 words)

	Books about Ancient Arts & Lives at Joslin Hall -Bookcase 3 [N-Z] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The warriors were, in fact, fakes, carried out on a grand, almost "mythic" scale, and even as the ink dried on the checks, doubts were being whispered in art circles in Europe.
		In 1959, when a visiting Italian scholar was offered a chance to see the statues and commented that he did not need to see them since he knew the man who had made them, the authorities at the museum decided something had to be done.
		Henry Beauchamp Walters, F.S.A., was an Assistant in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum and wrote catalogs of the Museum's Greek and Etruscan vases, Roman pottery, and the terra-cottas.
	www.joslinhall.com /ancientc.htm (2777 words)

	Table of contents for Catalogue of the Etruscan gallery of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and ...
		Table of contents for Catalogue of the Etruscan gallery of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology / Jean MacIntosh Turfa.
		Warriors and Weavers: The Settlement of Narce and the Early History of the Faliscans 3.
		Etruscan Technology and Commerce: The Crafts that Made Etruria Famous, and the Objects of Mediterranean Exchange 7.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip053/2004025996.html (241 words)

	HERMENAUT: Marlo's Meiji Masterpiece
		That's why, when it was recently discovered that the majority of those Qin Shihuangdi terra-cotta warriors which were paraded through American museums in the mid-'80s were copies, the Chinese couldn't understand why American curators were so offended.
		imagined—more technologically advanced, kiln-wise, in fact, than we are today!—by pointing out that after the warriors had air-dried, but before he'd fired them in his (large, but not abnormally so) kiln, he'd smashed them up.
		But the ignorance, arrogance, and greed of wealthy collectors creates a market for fakes, like the Etruscan warriors, and that leads to the worst kind of invented history.
	www.hermenaut.com /a183.shtml (2720 words)

	The Clothed Body in the Ancient World: Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The characters who wear such armor are mostly mythical heroes; quite possibly, the linen corslet was adopted by Etruscan artists as an important attribute of Homeric warriors.
		But the details of the garment also indicate an intimate knowledge of its appearance, as if linen corslets were made and worn in Etruria.
		This paper will examine depictions of linen corslets in Etruscan art and explore the issue of their association with heroic characters, as well as the likelihood of their use in battle or on parade by Etruscan warriors.
	www.open.ac.uk /Arts/classtud/cbaw/gleba.htm (282 words)

	day2captions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Etruscan bronze mirror with ivory handle; depicts the judgement of Paris, the chariot of Helios, and Herakles by a funeral pyre.
		Winged horses made by an anonymous Etruscan artist 300- 200 B.C. Plan of an Etruscan temple.
		Model of Hut A from the Palatine Hill, Rome, 8th - 7th cents.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/romanciv/romancivimages2/daytwocaptions.html (181 words)

	Room XX
		Attic red-figure Stamnos by the Painter of Kleophrades, circa 485-480 BC, cat.
		35700: on side A, two warriors and a fallen warrior; on side B, two warriors.
		In the frieze: Atlas, Banquet offered by Saul to Samuel, Banquet of Thyestes and allegorical figures by Orlando Parentini, dating to the pontificate of Pius IV (1559-1565).
	mv.vatican.va /3_EN/pages/MGE/MGE_Sala20.html (138 words)

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