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Topic: Euchromatin

Related Topics

Heterochromatin

Chromatin

Constitutive heterochromatin

RNAi

Cell nucleus

Histone

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	Euchromatin as an Extensile Force within Mammalian Cell Nuclei.
		Within the cell nucleus, euchromatin is found as extended 10 nm microfibrils, that tend to occupy the nuclear center, with displacement of condensed heterochromatin masses to the nuclear margin.
		In the conversion of heterochromatin to euchromatin during mitogen-induced blastogenesis, euchromatin microfibrils are furthered extended, with subsequent enlargement of the cell nucleus and extreme displacement of condensed heterochromatin to the nuclear margins.
		Euchromatin 10 nm microfibrils are a dynamic extensile force within the mammalian cell nucleus [11].
	www.euchromatin.net /Hovsepian03.htm (1541 words)

	Euchromatin
		Euchromatin is a type of chromatin that is rich in gene concentration (contrast this to heterochromatin).
		This type of chromatin generally appears as light-colored bands when stained in GTG banding and observed under a optical microscope.
		In contrast to heterochromatin, euchromatin is not tightly wrapped around histones meaning that genes within the region are frequently transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell.
	www.ibpassociation.org /encyclopedia/Biotechnology/Euchromatin.php (97 words)

	Euchromatin Network Home Page.
		Euchromatin is that unique combination of DNA, RNA and proteins which allows this magnificent cellular program within the cell nucleus to proceed with accuracy, safety and flexibility.
		Heitz (1929) originally described as heterochromatin that portion of the nuclear chromatin which demonstrated its allocycly by maintaining a condensed state while the remainder of the nuclear chromatin was extending to what he termed the euchromatin state.
		Euchromatin 10nm (100 A.) microfibrils are ultrastructurally continuous with those in heterochromatin condensations (Frenster, 1965a), and are present in all diploid interphase animal cells examined (Frenster et al, 1974).
	www.euchromatin.net (647 words)

	Ultrastructure of Closed Loops within Euchromatin of Isolated Lymphocyte Nuclei.
		In the course of the isolation of repressed and active chromatin from interphase calf thymus lymphocytes, a stage is reached in which the nuclei swell to twice their normal size, offering a favourable material for the examination of the structural relations between the active chromatin microfibrils and the repressed chromatin masses.
		The closed loops appear to be tethered at intervals of 50-100 nm to single masses of condensed heterochromatin, both in the center of the nuclei and at the nuclear peripheral margins, with very little observed contact between adjacent loops.
		The closed loops are tethered at intervals of 50-100 nm to single masses of condensed heterochromatin, both in the center of the nuclei and at the nuclear peripheral margins, with little observed contact between adjacent loops.
	www.euchromatin.com /Frenster08.htm (1524 words)

	Euchromatin and Pericentromeric Heterochromatin: Comparative Composition in the Tomato Genome -- Wang et al. 172 (4): ...
		euchromatin and are heavily populated by retrotransposons preferential
		genome (35,440 in the euchromatin + 2800 in the heterochromatin)—a
		genomics," and 0421634, "sequence and annotation of the euchromatin
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/172/4/2529 (4894 words)

	Eu- and Heterochromatin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Heterochromatin is less abundant, relative to euchromatin, in the large nuclei of active cells (right, upper) than in the small nuclei of resting cells, such as small lymphocytes (right, lower).
		Euchromatin is "active" chromatin, containing DNA sequences that are being transcribed into RNA.
		Heterochromatin around centromeres may be condensed because transcripts of its DNA induce transcriptional gene silencing (ref).
	opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG1131.html (318 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| The transposable elements of the Drosophila melanogaster euchromatin: a genomics ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		On the major chromosome arms, 36.7% (577/1,572) of the elements are located in proximal euchromatin, consistent with previous observations that the density of transposable elements is higher in heterochromatic regions of the genome [50,51,52,53,54].
		Finally, although the densities of transposable elements in the proximal euchromatin and chromosome 4 are both elevated with respect to the euchromatic average (58 and 82 elements per Mb, respectively), the composition of the elements in these regions is quite different.
		We recognize, of course, that the transition from euchromatin to heterochromatin is not abrupt; indeed we show that the characteristics of the most basal regions of the chromosome arms differ in their sequence organization from the regions distal to them.
	genomebiology.com /2002/3/12/research/0084 (9466 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Euchromatin and Pericentromeric Heterochromatin: Comparative Composition in the Tomato Genome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The results indicate that tomato euchromatin has a gene density (6.7 kb/gene) similar to that of Arabidopsis and rice.
		Thus, while the euchromatin comprises only 25% of the tomato nuclear DNA, it is sufficient to account for approximate 90% of the estimated 38,000 non-transposon genes that comprise the tomato genome.
		In contrast, BACs assigned to the pericentromeric heterochromatin had a gene density 10-100 times lower than the euchromatin and are heavily populated by retrotransposons preferential to the heterochromatin ¿ the most abundant transposons belonging to the Jinling Ty3/gypsy-like retrotransposon family.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=194083 (462 words)

	[No title]
		Euchromatin is often divided into several distinct states of folding, although tightness of folding is probably really continuous from relatively loose <---> relatively tight.
		States of folding of (eu)chromatin are often distinguished by effects of treatment with various types of DNase.
		For example, all inactive euchromatin is probably not the same.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/courses/c2006/lectures05/lect9.05.html (2249 words)

	Euchromatin Applications Home Page. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Euchromatin is the most active portion of the genome within the cell nucleus.
		As we recognize that gene expression is the mediating mechanism in embryogenesis and cell differentiation, the hormone response and the immune response, the neoplastic state and organ regeneration, we find new opportunities for effective therapy of disease states in humans by influencing euchromatin behaviour in the affected individual.
		This web site is dedicated to a searching and detailed discussion of the new opportunities for effective therapy to be found in the understanding and control of euchromatin functions.
	www.euchromatin.com (149 words)

	Chromatin Therapy Home Page. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		During mitosis of human cell division chromatin is segregated into 46 duplicated chromosomes, and one member of each duplication is passed to each of the new daughter cells.
		In addition to the DNA content of each chromosome, protein, RNA, lipid, hormone and vitamin chromatin components are passed to the new cells, which now extend the chromatin to either active, elongated euchromatin microfibrils, 10 nm.
		This karyotype data and transcription data can be correlated with the clinical features of the individual patient, and provides the basis for the classification and therapy of genetic (DNA sequences) and epigenetic (RNA and protein regulatory sequences) diseases.
	www.chromatintherapy.com (266 words)

	Heterochromatin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both centromeres and telomeres are heterochromatic, as is the Barr body of the second inactivated X chromosome in a female.
		However, the formation of facultative heterochromatin is regulated, and is often associated with morphogenesis or differentiation.
		An example of facultative heterochromatin is X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals: one X chromosome is packaged in facultative heterochromatin and silenced, while the other X chromosome in packaged in euchromatin and expressed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heterochromatin (1035 words)

	Using Segments
		Among applications for karyotype analysis, the ability to calculate size and location of multiple types of user-defined segments, such as C-bands, regions of asynapsis, or inversion loops, is unique to MM.
		Note: while euchromatin and heterochromatin can be considered types of segments, MM handles these two special cases separately.
		Euchromatin and heterochromatin may be marked while a custom segment type is active, and vice versa.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Biology/Micromeasure/Help/using_segments.html (570 words)

	Botany online: Classic Genetics - Chromosomes - The Chromosome Theory - Chromosomal Structures
		With their help, it was possible to show that heterochromatin is no uniform fraction but that several types of heterochromatin with different staining behaviour exist.
		One dye could, for example, be better suited to stain euchromatin, while the other has a stronger affinity to heterochromatin.
		Modern methods are not only important for the characterization of single chromosomes, they do also allow the study of the fate of single domains during the transition of the chromosomal to the interphase state of the DNA.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e11/11c.htm (1136 words)

	Chromatin Network Home Page.
		The study of euchromatin and heterochromatin while within intact non-dividing cells, or after isolation from such cells, has revealed that RNA synthesis occurs only in euchromatin, and not in heterochromatin.
		Similarly, DNA synthesis is early in euchromatin and late in heterochromatin.
		Mechanisms for controlling RNA or DNA synthesis in chromatin can be studied by additions or deletions of macromolecules from either isolated euchromatin or isolated heterochromatin.
	www.chromatin.net (548 words)

	Uneven distribution of expressed sequence tag loci on maize pachytene chromosomes -- Anderson et al. 16 (1): 115 -- ...
		1500 Mbp of the maize genome is in euchromatin.
		We estimated the DNA density in euchromatin and heterochromatin
		1474 Mbp (55%) of the maize KYS genome is in euchromatin, 986
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/16/1/115 (5663 words)

	SRF Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The DNA found in chromosomes is packaged in two distinct forms- heterochromatin and euchromatin.
		Generally, genes located in heterochromatin are silenced and those in euchromatin are active.
		A fundamental question is how the structure of genes expressed in euchromatin differ from those expressed in heterochromatin.
	www.so.wustl.edu /science_outreach/courses/srf/2003/kellmann.html (318 words)

	BERC Publications: A few words about DNA and chromatin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The condensed regions of chromatin are referred to as heterochromatin, and the unfolded regions are termed euchromatin.
		Although the conversion of heterochromatin into euchromatin is a necessary step for DNA transcription, not all euchromatin is transcriptionally active; this likely indicates that the chromatin structures of transcriptionally active and inactive euchromatin are different [Ho89].
		Transcriptionally inactive euchromatin is tentatively identified as chromatin folded into a solenoid fiber, and heterochromatin is composed of solenoid fibers that are folded and condensed into a tightly packed mass of indeterminate structure.
	www.pnl.gov /berc/bg/dna.html (1960 words)

	Euchromatin Forums Home Page.
		Euchromatin is that portion of the genome that is most active in gene transcription within the animal cell nucleus.
		And yet, either form of chromatin can be converted to the other, conversion to euchromatin being associated with new gene activation for RNA synthesis, and conversion to heterochromatin being associated with new gene repression for RNA synthesis.
		Euchromatin synthesis of specific RNA species from selected gene loci is crucial in embryogenesis and cell differentiation, the immune response and the hormone response, organ regeneration and the neoplastic state.
	www.euchromatin.org (1156 words)

	Interphase chromosomes in Arabidopsis are organized as well defined chromocenters from which euchromatin loops emanate ...
		Interphase chromosomes in Arabidopsis are organized as well defined chromocenters from which euchromatin loops emanate -- Fransz et al.
		The difference in chromatin density between the two regions is illustrated by the length of the signals.
		euchromatin domains also are closely associated with the centromere.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/22/14584 (3968 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Assembly and characterization of heterochromatin and euchromatin on human artificial ...
		However, it is not known whether heterochromatin formation is required for centromere establishment and propagation and/or whether de novo centromeres on human artificial chromosomes without large amounts of adjacent heterochromatin demonstrate the same chromatin characteristics as either normal human centromeres or human artificial chromosomes with large amounts of heterochromatin.
		In the present study, we have characterized the nature of heterochromatin and euchromatin formed on a series of human artificial chromosomes derived from higher-order repeat alpha satellite from chromosomes X or 17 [12,14].
		Second, the cytological characteristics of heterochromatin (repressive chromatin and later replication in S phase), classically attributed to the centromere [54,55], may instead reflect features of the surrounding heterochromatin and do not appear to define critical properties of the functional centromere.
	genomebiology.com /2004/5/11/R89 (6499 words)

	Basic Histology -- More Euchromatin and Heterochromatin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		One kind of cell has abundant, intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei with mostly euchromatin.
		The other kind of cell has very little euchromatin, and very scanty cytoplasm.
		The other has nuclei which are mostly euchromatin.
	www.pathguy.com /histo/012.htm (64 words)

	Epigenetics: Breaking the silence - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		Cells use a dynamic process that regulates the balance between silent heterochromatin and active euchromatin as a way of shutting off gene expression.
		The authors conclude that JIL-1 is a general antagonist of Su(var)3-9 function, although the molecular details have yet to be examined.
		These results reveal a dynamic process that regulates the balance between silent heterochromatin and active euchromatin, and once again show the importance of Drosophila in epigenetics research.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200502/nrg1540.html (497 words)

	The Putative Nuclear Receptor Mediator TIF1alpha is Tightly Associated with Euchromatin. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Here, we demonstrate that TIF1alpha is a non-histone chromosomal protein tightly associated with highly accessible euchromatic regions of the genome.
		Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy reveals that TIF1alpha exhibits a finely granular distribution in euchromatin of interphase nuclei, while it is mostly excluded from condensed chromatin and metaphase chromosomes.
		Immunoelectron microscopy shows that, in contrast to the heterochromatin protein HP1alpha, most of TIF1alpha is associated with euchromatin, where it is preferentially localised on regions known to be sites for RNA polymerase II (perichromatin fibrils and borders between euchromatin and heterochromatin).
	www.euchromatin.org /Trans06.htm (319 words)

	The Hinge and Chromo Shadow Domain Impart Distinct Targeting of HP1-Like Proteins -- Smothers and Henikoff 21 (7): 2555 ...
		The mean fluorescent pixel intensity of GFP fluorescence overlapping HP1a-staining heterochromatin was divided by the mean pixel intensity of GFP fluorescence overlapping euchromatin and expressed as a ratio (B, right).
		Euchromatin only (A), both euchromatin and heterochromatin (B), and heterochromatin only (C) localization patterns for chimeric proteins were observed.
		M32, a murine homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), localises to euchromatin within interphase nuclei and is largely excluded from constitutive heterochromatin.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/21/7/2555 (6181 words)

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