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	EUMENES - LoveToKnow Article on EUMENES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		EUMENES I. succeeded his uncle Philetaerus in 263 B.C. The only important event in his reign was his victory near Sardis over Antiochus Soter, which enabled him to secure possession of the districts round his capital.
		EUMENES II., son of Attalus I., was king of Pergamum from 197159 B.C. During the greater part of his reign he was a loyal ally of the Romans, who bestowed upon him signal marks of favodr.
		Eumenes, although physically weak, was a shrewd and vigorous ruler and politician, who raised his little state from insignificance to a powerful monarchy.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /E/EU/EUMENES.htm (514 words)

	Encyclopedia: Eumenes of Alexandria
		The Patriarch of Alexandria is the bishop of Alexandria, Egypt.
		Patriarchs of Alexandria Justus served as Patriarch of Alexandria (head of the church that became the Coptic Church and the Orthodox Church of Alexandria) between 118 and 129.
		Eusebius of Alexandria, a deacon and companion of Dionysius of Alexandria, 299, 301, 302; becomes bishop of Laodicea, 302, 318; conduct of, during the siege of the Pyrucheium, 319, 320; death of, 320.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Eumenes-of-Alexandria (508 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mark II of Alexandria
		Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. and it soon became the capital of Egypt under the dynasty of the Ptolemies, whose last pharaoh was Ptolemy XVI (44-30 B.C.), king of kings, son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra.
		Alexandria continued to be an important trading post until the end of the XVth century, when the opening of new commercial routes between Europe and India and in 1517 the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, led to its decline.
		Notwithstanding the fortress, Alexandria was conquered by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I in 1517.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mark-II-of-Alexandria (245 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Church of Alexandria
		Demetrius governed the Church of Alexandria for forty-two years, and it was he who deposed and excommunicated Origen, notwithstanding his great work as a catechist.
		It was doubtless in their behalf that in the pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) a patriarch of the Latin rite was appointed for Alexandria.
		Pococke, Oxon., 1658); NEALE, The Patriarchate of Alexandria, (2 vols.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01300b.htm (2352 words)

	Eumenes II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Eumenes was the eldest son and successor of Attalus I Soter (ruled 241-197), and he continued his father's policy of cooperation with Rome.
		As his reward Eumenes was given control over the Thracian Chersonese (modern Gallipoli peninsula in European Turkey) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor as far as Taurus.
		Eumenes was responsible for the construction of nearly all the main public buildings--together with their splendid sculptures--on the acropolis at Pergamum.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /Eumenes-II.htm (440 words)

	The Church of Alexandria
		The Church of Alexandria, founded according to the constant tradition of both East and West by St. Mark the Evangelist, was the centre from which Christianity spread throughout all Egypt, the nucleus of the powerful Patriarchate of Alexandria.
		By the eleventh century Alexandria had ceased to be the sole place where the patriarch was consecrated.
		Mark, son of Kunbar, and his successor, Cyril of Alexandria, were for abolishing the practice altogether, while Michael of Antioch as vigorously insisted upon its continuance (Renaudot, Liturg.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/alexander,church_of.html (2343 words)

	Macedonia
		Eumenes II (197-159) erected the most magnificent structures of the acropolis.
		Eumenes II (197-159 B.c.) built a beautiful city round an impregnable castle on "the pine-coned rock." Attalus II bequeathed his kingdom to Rome 133 B.C. The library was its great boast; founded by Earaches and destroyed by Caliph Omar.
		Eumenes II (197-159 BC) was the most illustrious king of the dynasty, and during his reign the city reached its greatest height.
	www.pilgrimtours.com /greece/info/pergamum.htm (1767 words)

	NPNF (V2-01) (v.i)
		Chæremon, a deacon, companion of Dionysius of Alexandria, 299, 300, 301.
		Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, 240, 250, 254, 255, 262, 267, 268, 274, 275, 291, 294; hostility of, to Origen, 255; relations of, with Origen discussed, 394.
		Faustus, companion of Dionysius of Alexandria, 282, 299, 300, 301, 302.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/npnf201.v.i.html?bcb=0 (2144 words)

	Appian's Roman History: The Macedonian Wars
		Eumenes also slandered him on account of his marriages, both of which were with royal families, and for his bridal processions escorted by the whole fleet of Rhodes.
		Many senators, however, blamed Eumenes for causing so great a war on account of his own private grudges and fears, and the Rhodians refused to receive only his among all the representatives of the kings sent to their festival of the sun.
		Eumenes, moved by hatred, envy, and fear, does not scruple to make it a crime on the part of Perseus that he is liked by so many people, that he is a Philhellene, and that he leads the life of a temperate ruler, free from drunkenness and luxury.
	www.livius.org /ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia3.html (1435 words)

	The Library of Alexandria
		The most important and splendid public library of antiquity was that founded by the Ptolemies at Alexandria, begun under Ptolemy Soter, but increased and re-arranged in an orderly and systematic manner by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who also appointed a fixed librarian and otherwise provided for the usefulness of the institution.
		Eumenes, king of Pergamus, became a patron of literature and the sciences, and established a library, which, in spite of the prohibition against exporting papyrus issued by Ptolemy, jealous of his success, became very extensive, and perhaps next in importance to the library of Alexandria.
		There stood in Alexandria the great temple of Serapis called the Serapeum and attached to it was the Great Library of Alexandria where all the wisdom of the ancients was preserved.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Library.htm (2899 words)

	Encyclopedia: Coptic Christianity
		Coptic Orthodox Christianity is the indigenous form of Christianity that, according to tradition, the apostle Mark established in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century AD (approximately 42).
		Her leader is the Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark, currently Pope Shenouda III.
		HH Pope Shenouda III, 117th Pope of Alexandria and of the Apostolic See of St Mark His Holiness Pope Shenouda III, (August 3, 1923 â€“), born Nazeer Gayed, is the 117th Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of the Holy See of Saint Mark of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Coptic-Christianity (781 words)

	UNESCO Courier: Bibliotheca Alexandria; the revival of the world's first universal library - in Egypt
		When Alexandria was first built its population included, in addition to the indigenous Egyptians, the Macedonian guard, a colony of Greek immigrants and a Jewish minority.
		Thanks to him, Alexandria began to approach its founder's dream of an ideal capital city, an illustrious centre of intellectual and artistic influence.
		The Library of Alexandria formed part of a larger complex, the Mouseion (Museum", or temple of the Muses), a research institute which opened its doors to the arts and the sciences, with an astronomical observatory, a zoological and botanical garden, and.
	www.dynomind.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1988_Nov/ai_7016810 (1341 words)

	Authors of Alexander histories
		Eumenes was Chief Secretary to Philip (Cornelius Nepos, On the Kings), and continued to hold the post for the whole of Alexander's reign.
		It is often argued that Eumenes edited the daily record of the doings of Alexander, and that the "Journal" was therefore a crucial source of information, and formed the basis of Ptolemy's History.
		He studied in Alexandria and Athens, and became the tutor of Ptolemy Philopator in 245, before taking up the position of the third Librarian of the Great Libray of Alexandria in 240 B.C. He was known for work in Mathematics, Geometry, Astronomy, Geography and philosophy.
	www.anchist.mq.edu.au /222/authors.htm (1238 words)

	Pergamos - Pergamum
		In the second century BC, the king of Egypt learned that King Eumenes II of Pergamum was amassing a library that surpassed the wonderous library of Alexandria.
		Eumenes had been importing large quantities of papyrus for the books copied and the rivalry caused The Egyptian King to put an embargo on the export of papyrus to Pergamum.
		Eumenes had his craftsman work to find a substitute and parchment was invented.
	latter-rain.com /escha/pergam.htm (1836 words)

	A Testimony of Jesus Christ : 3.2.12 - Revelation 2:12
		Indeed, parchment was invented in Pergamum, for when its king decided to establish a library and enticed Alexandria's librarian to head up his library, the Egyptian king banned the export of papyrus to Pergamum.
		It used to be common to credit Eumenes II, king of Pergamum shortly after 200 B.C., with the invention of parchment.
		Eumenes was building up his library to rival the great library of King Ptolemy in Alexandria.
	www.spiritandtruth.org /teaching/Book_of_Revelation/commentary/htm/030212.htm (627 words)

	Bergama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The fame of the library was so great that Egyptian kings eventually banned the export of papyrus, in order to "protect" the position of the library in Alexandria.
		King Eumenes 2 called out for replacements, and the old technique of the parchment was revived and improved.
		Parchment was made from specially treated animal skins, and since they could not roll up like the papyrus, the parchments were put on top of each other and bound together, hence the origin of the book.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/bergama.htm (325 words)

	Alexandria and her Schools - LECTURE I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		This I apprehend to be the explanation of that conciliatory policy of Alexander's toward the Jews, which was pursued steadily by the Ptolemies, by Pompey, and by the Romans, as long as these same Jews continued to be endurable upon the face of the land.
		By observations made at Alexandria, he ascertained its latitude compared with that of Syene; and so ascertained what proportion to the whole circumference was borne by the 5000 stadia between Alexandria and Syene.
		He fell into an error, by supposing Alexandria and Syene to be under the same meridians of longitude: but that did not prevent his arriving at a fair rough result of 252,000 stadia--31,500 Roman miles; considerably too much; but still, before him, I suppose, none knew whether it was 10,000, or 10,000,000.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/phil/ancientmedievalorientalphilosophy/AlexandriaandherSchools/chap1.html (4430 words)

	EUMENES - Online Information article about EUMENES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		EUMENES II., son of Attalus I., was See also:
		graces of the Romans, who showed especial favour to Attalus on his second visit to Rome, probably with the object of setting him against Eumenes; but the ties of kinship proved too strong.
		Eumenes, although physically weak, was a shrewd and vigorous ruler and politician, who raised his little See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /EUD_FAT/EUMENES.html (684 words)

	No. 687: A Gift of Books
		Eumenes set out to build the greatest library in the world.
		He meant to outdo the famous library in Alexandria.
		To repay the loss, he gave the Pergamon Library to her.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi687.htm (415 words)

	[No title]
		Eumenes II created a rich kingdom in western Asia Minor with its capital at Pergamon and became the guarantor of stability in the Roman interest.
		In the 170s BC Eumenes transformed Pergamon, from which our modern word ‘parchment’ derives, into one of the finest cities in the Greek world.
		Attalos II Philadelphos succeeded his brother Eumenes in 158 BC, married his widow Stratonike, accepted Roman paramountcy and continued Eumenes’ building programme at Pergamon and the tradition of magnificent gifts to Greek cities and shrines such as the Stoa of Attalus at Athens.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/greece/mysia/pergamon/SNGFr_1716.txt (500 words)

	Studies in Philo of Alexandria Eumenes of Cardia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Eumenes of Cardia was a royal secretary who, in the years following the death of Alexander the Great became a major contender for power.
		Eumenes was born in the Greek city of Cardia and lived during a period dominated by native-born Macedonians, and his defeat and death have traditionally been attributed to his having âGreekâ rather than Macedonian origins.
		This book argues, however, that as a result of the actions of Macdonian monarchs, Macedonia was a land in which large numbers of a variety of people were successfully amalgamated into a single state.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=18013 (212 words)

	List of Patriarchs of Alexandria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gregory of Cappadocia (339–346) (most in the Coptic Church deny his papacy and say Athanasius was the true patriarch)
		In 451 the Coptic Church split from the Eastern Orthodox Church of Alexandria.
		For later Patriarchs see List of Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria and List of Coptic Popes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Patriarchs_of_Alexandria (142 words)

	Art produced in Pergamon (Pergamum)
		The Altar of Zeus was constructed by Eumenes II (197-159 BC) and after his death by Attalus II as a memorial of the victory against the Galatians and taking the Acropolis of Athens as an example.
		It is composed of four parts and the high relieves on it describe the war between the giants and the gods.
		Eumenes II The Library of Congress: A Modern Altar of Pergamon
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Arts/Pergamon.htm (1389 words)

	endnotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The library of Alexandria would often, upon borrowing works from another great library, opt to forfeit the substantial deposits left, returning only the copies so that they may have the originals for themselves.
		When the second century King Eumenes of Pergamum tried to import papyrus from Egypt, Ptolemy wouldn't allow it.
		This backfired, however, when Eumenes instead ordered that sheepskins be processed into sheets thin enough to write on, developing parchment - a more durable rival to papyrus.
	www.slais.ubc.ca /news/slaisconference/dainard/endnotes.html (505 words)

	Library of Alexandria - Atlantis Rising
		Alexandria was burned by Ptolemy VIII (Cacergetes) in a civil war in 89-88 BCE, causing many scholars to leave.
		Alexandria was burned in 273 CE by Roman Emperor Aurelian.
		Alexandria where all the wisdom of the ancients was preserved.
	forums.atlantisrising.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/000937-2.html (14898 words)

	Parchment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		According to the Roman historian Varro, Pliny's Natural History records (xiii.21), it was invented under the patronage of Eumenes of Pergamum, whether Eumenes I (ruled 263–241 BCE) or Eumenes II (ruled 197–160), as a substitute for papyrus, which was temporarily not being exported from Alexandria, its only source.
		Herodotus mentions writing on skins as common in his time, the 5th century BCE; and in his Histories (v.58) he states that the Ionians of Asia Minor had been accustomed to give the name of "skins", diphtherai, to books; this word was adapted by Hellenized Jews to describe scrolls [1].
		As prices rose for papyrus, while the reed was overharvested towards local extinction in the two nomes of the Nile delta that produced it, Pergamon adapted by increasing use of parchment.
	www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Parchment&action=edit (904 words)

	Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. I
		Chapter I.-The Bishops of Rome and of Alexandria During the Reign of Trajan.
		The Rulers of the Churches of Rome and Alexandria During the Reign of Verus.
		In the eighteenth year of Trajan's reign there was another disturbance of the Jews, through which a great multitude of them perished.' 2For in Alexandria and in the rest of Egypt, and also in Cyrene, as if incited by some terrible and factious spirit, they rushed into seditious measures against their fellow-inhabitants, the Greeks.
	www.ccel.org /fathers2/NPNF2-01/Npnf2-01-09.htm (10462 words)

	Severus of Al'Ashmunein (Hermopolis), History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic church of Alexandria (1904) Part 1: ...
		Then he returned to Alexandria, and found that the brethren had been strengthened in the faith, and had multiplied by the grace of God, and had found means to build a church in a place called the Cattle-pasture
		And after that they appointed Eumenes patriarch in the see of Alexandria; and he remained for thirteen years, and was acceptable to God and to the Church.
		Then Dionysius, the great patriarch of the great city of Alexandria, wrote down what had happened to him, and what had befallen him during the period of his primacy; and we have learnt these things from his epistles and his instructions, which we have seen in all the churches, in every place.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/severus_hermopolis_hist_alex_patr_01_part1.htm (16467 words)

	Tarbell : Pergamum school of sculpture
		The city of Pergamum became a center of Greek learning second only to Alexandria in importance.
		Here were found the remains of numerous buildings, including an immense altar, or rather altar-platform, which was perhaps the structure referred to in Revelation II.
		Its exterior was decorated with a sculptured frieze, 7 1/2 feet in height and something like 400 feet in total length.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greek-art-69.asp (888 words)

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