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Topic: Eumenes of Pergamon

	Stoa of Eumenes, Athens
		Between the Odeion of Herodes Atticus and the Theater of Dionysos is the Stoa of Eumenes, built by King Eumenes II of Pergamon (197-160 B.C.), who not only erected magnificent buildings in his own city (Great Altar of Pergamon) but also sought to do honor to Athens by the building of this stoa.
		The defensive wall, coming from the Propylaia, took in the outer walls of the Odeion of Herodes Atticus, the arcades of the Stoa of Eumenes and the walls of the parodoi of the Theater of Dionysos.
		In front of the east end of the Stoa of Eumenes are the foundations of the Monument of Nikias, erected in 320 B.C. to commemorate Nikias' victory as choregos.
	www.planetware.com /athens/stoa-of-eumenes-gr-ath-eume.htm (343 words)

	Pergamon, Turkey
		During the reign of Eumenes II (179-159) an alliance with Rome brought the Attalid dynasty to its peak and a new ring of walls was built around the foot of the hill.
		The Pergamon region was occupied by the Ottomans in the 14th century and thereafter the city on the hill was abandoned and fell into decay, while the new town of Bergama grew up on the south side of the hill.
		Temple of Trajan on the acropolis in Pergamon.
	www.planetware.com /turkey/pergamon-tr-iz-pe.htm (513 words)

	Pergamon in Mythology
		Pergamon is mentioned by Homer in the Iliad, indicating that the god Zeus traveled from Mt. Olympus to Pergamon to watch the Trojan Wars.
		Eumenes II expanded his kingdom to the borders of Bythinia and Capadoccia.
		The most significant misfortune faced by Pergamon under the Romans was the presentation by Anthony to Cleapatra the 200,000 volume library of the city.
	www.istanbulportal.com /Anatolia/Pergamon.aspx (1167 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Pergamon (Bergama)
		Eumenes the I., Attales the I. and Eumenes the II.
		The Theater of Pergamon, one of the steepest theaters in the world, has the capacity to include 10.000 people and had been constructed in the 3rd century B.C. The theater underwent changes during the Roman period.
		The Altar which was taken away from Pergamon in the year 1871 and carried to Germany by the German engineer Carl Humann, is exhibited at the Museum of Berlin, in a manner conforming to its original.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=9 (707 words)

	Archaeological World in Roman & Greek period
		It was on the return of Xenophon to pergamon, from a journey in Anatolia, Xenophon occupied the town from 400 to 399 B.C. For 150 years, Pergamon was one of the most brilliant cultural centers of the Hellenistic era.
		Eumenes II raised Pergamon to the level of the most splendid cities of the Greek world of his time, by using the Athenian acropolis as a model.
		During the reign of Eumene II, the city walls were enlarged towards the plain that laid on the south and west.
	www.archaeology-classic.com /turkey/Pergamon.html (1043 words)

	Pergamon Theatre History
		Eumenes used the acropolis of Athens as inspiration and expanded the city accordingly, building such landmarks at the famous Pergamene Library and the Altar of Zeus.
		The theatre was renovated and enlarged as part of Eumenes' overall plan for the acropolis of his city.
		Consequently, the proskenion at Pergamon overlaps Vitruvius' basic circle of the orchestra by twenty-three and a half feet.
	www.whitman.edu /theatre/theatretour/pergamon/introduction/pergamon.intro2.htm (851 words)

	Pergamum - All About Turkey
		Eumenes II took acropolis of Athens as an example and had the acropolis of Pergamon adorned with works of art which reflected fine taste, and Pergamon became one of the most graceful cities of the world.
		The Theater of Pergamon, one of the steepest theaters in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century B.C. The theater underwent changes during the Roman period under the reign of Caracalla.
		The Altar which was taken away from Pergamon in 1871 and carried to Germany by the German engineer Carl Humann, is exhibited at the Museum of Pergamum in Berlin, in a manner conforming to its original.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /pergamum.htm (831 words)

	ancient Pergamon at western Turkey
		The Pergamon treasury which was kept on the acropolis hill was 9000 talents which was equal to £ 10.000.000 sterling at the present day.
		Pergamon King Eumenes II and his successors collected manuscripts to fill their library on the acropolis of Pergamon.
		Pergamon which became a great center of philosophy and art during the rule of Attalids was also home for great school of sculpture.
	www.turkeyguideonline.com /pergamon.htm (218 words)

	No. 687: A Gift of Books
		Pergamon became capital of the Attalid dynasty after 280 BC.
		Eumenes set out to build the greatest library in the world.
		To repay the loss, he gave the Pergamon Library to her.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi687.htm (415 words)

	Pergamon in Mythology
		Although the name of Pergamon is not mentioned in history previous to the 4th Century BC, the city must have existed prior to this date.
		The people of Pergamon, not happy to live under Roman rule, resisted by giving support to Aristoricos, the bastard son of Eumenes II and a Roman dancer, who led the resistance against Rome for three years.
		After 130 BC, we see Pergamon as one of the cities of the Roman provinces in Asia, Rome, however, did not actually send a governor to Pergamon, and neither restricted their effective independence, nor levied any taxation.
	www.sanalistanbul.com /Anatolia/Pergamon.html (1158 words)

	[No title]
		Eumenes II created a rich kingdom in western Asia Minor with its capital at Pergamon and became the guarantor of stability in the Roman interest.
		Attalos II Philadelphos succeeded his brother Eumenes in 158 BC, married his widow Stratonike, accepted Roman paramountcy and continued Eumenes’ building programme at Pergamon and the tradition of magnificent gifts to Greek cities and shrines such as the Stoa of Attalus at Athens.
		After Pergamon lost its independence in 133 BC, cistophori, now the equivalent of three denarii, continued to be issued by the Roman governors of Asia Minor including the reluctant Cicero, Mark Antony, Octavian and his successor emperors down to the reign of Hadrian.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/greece/mysia/pergamon/SNGFr_1716.txt (500 words)

	Travis Skowronski
		Looking at the Attalids and their rule of Pergamon during this time period one can find certain strengths and weaknesses in architecture and sculpture to aid our understanding of this situation.
		Pergamon’s engagement with and victory over the Gauls, Antigonos Gonatas, and Antiochos Heirax set the stage for Pergamon to be a political and cultural center of the Hellenistic world (Pollitt 83).
		Looking at the evidence that we have of Hellenistic architecture and sculpture in Pergamon, it can be said that overall many of the considerations that went into the production of these artworks were of a social, cultural, and political nature.
	classes.maxwell.syr.edu /his301-001/travis_skowronski.htm (503 words)

	Destinations,Pergamon Travel Info, Turkey, Travel Turkey
		Pergamon's heyday was during the period following Alexander the Great and prior to the Roman domination of all Asia Minor.
		The Pergamon of Eumenes II is remembered most of all for its enormous library.
		Pergamon was also world-renowned as the center of medicine.
	www.adelphiatravel.com /destpergamon.htm (117 words)

	Eumenes I
		Portrait of Eumenes I of Pergamon (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden)
		Eumenes I: Attalid king of Pergamon, ruled 263-241.
		Eumenes remains friendly to Antiochus' successor Antiochus II Theos; although is an ally of Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt in the Second Syrian War; and he pays tribute to the Galatians.
	www.livius.org /es-ez/eumenes/eumenes_i.html (109 words)

	Macedonia - United Macedonians Organization of Canada
		Attalus was the son of Eumenes of Pergamon and had previous encounters with the Galatians.
		To make matters worse, Attalus of Pergamon joined the Roman-Aetolian coalition and in 209 BC was appointed general of the Aetolians.
		Pergamon, Antioch, Seleucia-on-Tigris and certainly Alexandria of Egypt were vast cities and major focal points for international trade and cultural development.
	www.unitedmacedonians.org /macedonia/stefov27.html (8065 words)

	Lasithi holidays/Lato.
		Before the end of the 3rd century B.C., the inhabitants of Lato participated in the League of the Cretan cities and shared the same laws.
		Lato made many alliances with Rhodes, Teos, and king Eumenes of Pergamon.
		However, it was in continuous conflict with the neighbouring city of Olous, for the arrangement of the borders between them.
	www.lasithi-holidays.net /arch_lato_eng.html (725 words)

	Gate to Greece: Stoa of Eumenes, Athens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The stoa was a gift from the king of Pergamon, Eumenes II (197-159 BCE).
		This might have been constrected by the architect of the Stoa of Attalos (in the Agora), as there are several similarities including the Pergamon style chaptres.
		It is mostly made of marble from Pergamon, except the back-wall next to the Acropolis, that is in turn made of blue-gray Hymettian marble.
	www.mesogeia.net /athens/places/theatredionysos/stoaeumenes001_en.html (212 words)

	Eumenes I
		Eumenes I of Pergamon (died 241 BC), son of Eumenes the brother of the founder of the Attalid dynasty, Philetaerus.
		1 Strabo, Geography, 13.4.2 (see: (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2)), says that Eumenes "… died after a reign of twenty-two years." His reign began with the death of Philetaerus in 263 BC.
		3 Esther V. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamon pp.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/EumenesI.html (461 words)

	Pergamon.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Pergamon (Bergama, Pergamum) was a small settlement and originally a mountain fortress in the southern Mysia during antiquity (Follow this hyperlink for Pergamon of antiquity).
		Pergamon emerged as an independent Kingdom following the death of Alexander the Great.
		The General Philetaerus revolted against King Lysimachus of Thrace and set up his own kingdom in the Pergamon.
	www.worldcoincatalog.com /AC/C2/Greece/AG/HK/Pergamon/Pergamon.htm (142 words)

	Eumenes II
		Eumenes II Eumenes II Coin of Eumenes II Eumenes II of Pergamum (ruled 197 - 160 BC) was king of Pergamum and a member of the Attalid dynasty.
		Following the peace of Apamea in 188 BC, he received the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as they had no desire for more territory but wished for a strong state in Asia Minor as a bulwark against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future.
		Eumenes II ordered the construction of the Zeus Altar of Pergamum
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/EumenesII.html (189 words)

	CoinArchives.com Search Results
		Griechische Münzen Mysia No: 45 Schätzpreis/Estimate EUR 2000 d=34 mm Könige von Pergamon.
		Griechische Münzen Mysia No: 46 Schätzpreis/Estimate EUR 200 d=29 mm Könige von Pergamon.
		Asia Minor Philetairos, King of Pergamon, 281-263 Estimate: CHF 4'500.00 Tetradrachm (Silver, 16.95 g 12), Pergamon, c.
	www.coinarchives.com /a/results.php?results=100&search=philetairos (2144 words)

	Stratonice IV
		On his return, Eumenes is attacked near Cirrha, and believed to be death.
		When Eumenes returns, Attalus cedes power and Stratonice returns to her husband.
		159: Death of Eumenes; he is succeeded by Attalus II, who acts as regent for Eumenes' son Attalus III, who is too young, and remarries Stratonice.
	www.livius.org /so-st/stratonice/stratonice_iv.html (149 words)

	Mysia, Pergamon, Eumenes I - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Mysia, Kingdom of Pergamon, Eumenes II AR Tetradrachm.
		Pergamene Kingdom, Eumenes I (263-241 BC) AR Tetradrachm.
		Laureate head of Philetaerus right / Athena enthroned left, resting hand on grounded shield before her, transverse spear in background, ivy leaf under extended arm, bow in outer right field, AQ monogram on throne.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/greece/mysia/pergamon/eumenes_I/i.html (274 words)

	Parchment - History for Kids!
		Then about 150 BC the Pharaoh Ptolemy V of Egypt refused to sell any more papyrus to King Eumenes of Pergamon (in West Asia) because Ptolemy was afraid that Eumenes’ library was going to get to be as good as his own.
		So Eumenes began to make his books out of parchment instead.
		Parchment was even more expensive than papyrus, and so papyrus continued to get a lot of use until the fall of the Western Roman Empire about 400 AD.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/literature/parchment.htm (420 words)

	Maccabean Chronology
		Seleucus' younger son, another Antiochus, is put on the throne, aged 4-5.
		Antiochus IV, with the help of Eumenes of Pergamon, takes over in Antioch, adopts his young nephew, comes to the throne, and accepts him as co-regent.
		Onias III (High Priest) goes to the King but arrives during the change-over.
	www.anchist.mq.edu.au /222/MaccaChron.htm (747 words)

	Diseases, Epidemics, and Historical Periods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The enemy, upon drinking the tainted wine, fell into a deep sleep and the Cartheginians returned to slay their enemy.
		190 B.C. Hannibal won a naval victory over king Eumenes of Pergamon by firing earthen vessels full of snakes into king Eumenes ships.
		There are many records throughout the ages of armies dumping dead humans and animals into wells, ponds, streams, and rivers to pollute the enemies’ water supplies.
	scarab.msu.montana.edu /historybug/insects_as_bioweapons.htm (3915 words)

	Black Sea Area Greek Coins
		182 - 149 B.C. Prusias II Cynegus joined with Eumenes of Pergamon in a war against Pharnaces I of Pontus (181 - 179 B.C.).
		He later invaded Pergamon (156 - 154 B.C.), only to be defeated, and the Pergamenes insisted on heavy reparations.
		He sent his son Nicomedes II to Rome to ask their help in reducing these reparations, but Nicomedes revolted and became King.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /Greek-Coins.asp?par=899&pos=1&target=54 (195 words)

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