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Topic: Euparkeria

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	Introduction to Euparkeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Euparkeria is a close relative of the archosaurs, and is known only from a single locality in the Lower Triassic of southern Africa.
		The body form of Euparkeria is unusual in that the relative length of its hind limbs to its forelimbs exceeds that of other comparable reptiles of its time.
		The question of its relationships hinges upon the structure of the ankle joint, a pivotal character in understanding the evolution of archosaurs.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/euparkeria.html (173 words)

	Dinosaurs \| Macmillan Animal Sciences
		The first known archosaurs appeared in the Permian Period (319 to 286 million years ago) and they were well on their way to becoming large-sized animals by the early Triassic (about 245 million years ago).
		Euparkeria had anatomical characteristics of most archosaurs (and eventually the dinosaurs), including deeply rooted, sharp, serrated teeth; two holes behind the eyes; and a broad space in front of the eye sockets.
		Their jaws had a distinctive opening that was different in shape and position from other tetrapods, and their spine had small bony plates suggestive of the beginning of armor plating.
	www.bookrags.com /research/dinosaurs-ansc-02 (1315 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 270.400 Archosauromorpha : Archosauriformes
		In particular, Euparkeria and the proterochampsids continue to switch places as the sister group of Archosauria every few years.
		Euparkeria is not as typical of archosauriforms as we might want, but it does give us a basic idea of braincase geography at the base of the archosaur radiation.
		Something similar to Euparkeria, in turn, gave rise to two evolutionary branches: the psuedosuchians and crocodiles on the one hand, and ornithodires and dinosaurs on the other.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/270Archosauromorpha/270.400.html (3327 words)

	The Euparkeria - KidsDinos.com
		Some believe that Euparkeria may have been an ancestor to some or all of the dinosaurs.
		Others believe that while Euparkeria was similar in many ways, that it is not an ancestor of the dinosaurs.
		Euparkeria had longer hind legs, which it could use to run very quickly.
	www.kidsdinos.com /dinosaurs-for-children.php?dinosaur=Euparkeria (240 words)

	Dinowelt-Euparkeria
		Euparkeria war ein ziemlich frühes Mitglied dieser Gruppe.
		Obwohl Euparkeria die meiste Zeit auf allen vieren ging, konnten sie sich bei Gefahr auf die Hinterbeine aufrichten und auf zwei Beinen davonlaufen.
		Euparkeria hatte einen breiten Schädel, dessen Gewicht durch mehrere Fenster zwischen den Knochen verringert wurde.
	www.exotenwelt.de /sauriere/euparkeria.htm (131 words)

	South African Museum - Fossil Reptiles of the South African Karoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Euparkeria, smaller than Chasmatosaurus, was a lightly-built, partly bipedal form which lived in the succeeding Cynognathus Zone.
		The primitive archosaur Euparkeria, from the lower Triassic Cynognathus Zone of the Karoo.
		While creatures such as Chasmatosaurus and Euparkeria formed an important part of their contemporary fauna, it was not until the dinosaurs appeared that archosaurs became the dominant group in the Karoo.
	www.museums.org.za /sam/resource/palaeo/cluver/archosau.htm (1082 words)

	Dinosaur Origins
		One in particular had the beginnings of characteritics that are shared by the dinosaurs that came later.
		Not only was the skull very dinosaur-like, but the hind legs were long and from studying the hips, paleontologists have determined that unlike many of the other reptiles of its' day, Euparkeria could run on its' hind legs, but probably spent most of the time walking on all fours.
		Euparkeria lived in what is now South Africa, during the Early Triassic.
	www.rc2000godzilla.com /dinosaurs/origin.shtml (642 words)

	CM Studio - Scale Models - Page 3
		Euparkeria is an extinct genus of reptiles that may have been ancestral to the major reptilian groups of the Mesozoic era; specimens are found as fossils in Early Triassic rocks of South Africa (245 to 240 million years ago).
		Euparkeria was about 1 m (3 feet) long and lightly built.
		It probably was equally adept at progressing on all four limbs or with the body balanced on the hind legs; the hind limbs were longer and stronger than the forelimbs.
	www.cmstudio.com /scale_models_3.html (614 words)

	Biology 356 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Animals like Proterosuchus and Euparkeria, which used to be classified in the Archosauria (because they looked like archosaurs), are now excluded from it, because they are not derived from their last common ancestor.
		Next we come to Euparkeria, a small archosauriform (body length around 50 cm including the tail) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa.
		Euparkeria had a semi-erect posture, but it was probably not bipedal, even though it has usually been reconstructed that way.
	www.erin.utoronto.ca /~w3bio356/lectures/aquatic_reptiles.htm (2255 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		When it moved slowly or stood still, Euparkeria held its hind limbs in a horizontal sprawling position; but when it ran, the legs were brought beneath the body into a more upright configuration.
		Deflecting the hind limbs down and inward greatly simplified leg motion by bringing it closer to the ideal of a freely swinging pendulum, a condition that was ultimately achieved in the dinosaurs.
		How and why Euparkeria was able to shift to a bipedal gait when running is not difficult to conceive.
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Bipedality.html (4349 words)

	Family Euparkeriidae
		If the tendency to gigantism was represented by Erythosuchus, then the opposite, tendency towards the small light agile bird-like form was expressed by its cat-sized relative Euparkeria, which at 65 centimetres (26 inches) from snout to tail-tip was only an eighth the linear dimensions.
		Euparkeria in turn gave rise, to two evolutionary branches - the Psuedosuchians and crocodiles on the one hand, and ornithosuchians and dinosaurs on the other.
		Both began as small agile forms, but the Psuedosuchians quickly reverted to the standard lizard-like form, although these were lizards of great size - e.g.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/thecodontia/Euparkeriidae.html (222 words)

	Lecture 9 - Triassic: Moenkopi, Karroo, Ischigualasto
		Euparkeria from the Beaufort is an excellent example.
		The pes (foot) of Herrerasaurus is not very modified from that seen in the primitive condition for the Archosauriformes, and little different from Euparkeria, except in the ankle.
		In the ankle the joint with the leg is made between the astragalus plus calcaneum which are attached to the tibia and fibula, respectively, and the distal tarsals, and it is a simple hinge joint.
	rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu /courses/v1001/9.html (2271 words)

	Original Artwork: Gene Jarvis: Euparkeria
		The Euparkeria is one of the most fascinating of these prehistoric creatures.
		The Euparkeria looked very much like a crocodile, in fact, it is classified in the suborder Pseudosuchia, which contain the para-crocodiles.
		Since insects were the fastest animals known in the Triassic period, they may have spurred the Euparkeria on to gain higher speeds as it attempted to catch a tasty meal.
	www.artworkoriginals.com /EB5SCBL0.htm (436 words)

	Colorado College \| Josselyn
		In Euparkeria, a small, 230 million year old thecodont, still quadrupedal but tending toward bipedality, there appeared to be all the necessary anatomical qualifications (small build and long arms suited for flight) for the ancestor of birds (Feduccia 1996).
		Dingus and Rowe (1998) say that Euparkeria has long reigned as the most important discovery of the twentieth century in terms of archosaur evolution and the origin of birds.
		They go on to say that it is difficult identifying Euparkeria as a possible ancestor of birds and other archosaurs.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /academics/FYE/Essays/Josselyn.asp (4135 words)

	Diapsids
		Thecodonts include Euparkeria, a lower Triassic carnivore, and were the Triassic archosaurs that gave rise to crocodiles, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs in the late Triassic.
		Euparkeria had long back legs indicating initial development of bipedalism that was the main route to upright locomotion in Dinosaurs.
		The Triassic is the period in which Archosauromorphs and Archosaurs diversified and then by late in the period rose to dominance.
	www.geo.brown.edu /geocourses/QE/fr/classtopics/Evolutio/Diapsids.htm (551 words)

	Lecture 9 - Tetrapods
		Euparkeria was a small, Early Triassic, carnivorous archosauriform from the Karoo basin of southern Africa.
		Reconstruction of the pelvis of Euparkeria capensis(from, Ewer, 1965).
		Ewer, R. F., 1965, The anatomy of the thecodont reptile Euparkeria capensis Broom.
	rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu /courses/v1001/permtrias8.html (1554 words)

	[No title]
		The first fossil is Euparkeria - about 0.5 m long - it may have been capable of bipedal locomotion.
		It shows advances in the skull as well - the teeth are in sockets (not fused to the jaw bone) and the eyes are large compared to earlier animals.
		The group of thecodonts that includes Euparkeria evolved rapidly in the mid Triassic and two new groups of Archosaurs appeared from them.
	www.gwu.edu /~darwin/BiSc151/Dinosaurs/Dinosaurs.html (2796 words)

	The Millennium Sundial and (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Fossils of Euparkeria have been found in the foothills of the Drakensberg, in deposits that are about 220 million years old.
		At present there is no evidence that Euparkeria had feathers, but it is considered to be a distant relative of dinosaurs and birds.
		The engraving of Euparkeria is based on a painting by C. Hunter (Cluver, 1978).
	www.nfi.org.za /palaeo/millennium_sundial.htm (1913 words)

	Re: where do proterochampsids belong?
		Benton and Clark 1988, Benton 1990, Bennett 1996 Proterochampsidae derived from Erythrosuchidae, outside of Euparkeria
		...which is identical to the findings of Gauthier, except for the positions of *Euparkeria* and Ornithosuchidae (not shown).
		Benton 1999 Proterochampsidae and Euparkeria are basal to all other traditional archosauriformes (proterosuchids and erythrosuchids not listed).
	dml.cmnh.org /2005Jul/msg00394.html (268 words)

	Lagosuchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The primitive archosaur, Euparkeria, from the Lower Triassic of the Karoo Basin in South Africa.
		Euparkeria probably raised itself on its hind legs when running (see illustration below).
		Lagosuchus, an Archosaur very close to the beginnings of the dinosaur lineage.
	facstaff.bloomu.edu /dspringe/Courses/Dinosaurs/earlydinos.htm (125 words)

	Triassic
		Originally seen as a aquatic animal like the modern hippo, it had no special adaptations for aquatic life.
		The early archesosaurs Euparkeria and Protersuchus were minor components.
		Starting on the left is Euparkeria once thought to be a dinosaur ancestor.
	members.aol.com /rsknol/Triassic.html (572 words)

	Corey Josselyn: The Origin of Birds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In Euparkeria, a small, 230 million year old thecodont, still quadrupedal but tending toward bipedality, there appeared to be all the necessary anatomical qualifications (small build and long arms suited for flight) for the ancestor of birds (Feduccia 1996).
		Dingus and Rowe (1998) say that Euparkeria has long reigned as the most important discovery of the twentieth century in terms of archosaur evolution and the origin of birds.
		They go on to say that it is difficult identifying Euparkeria as a possible ancestor of birds and other archosaurs.
	www2.coloradocollege.edu /FYE/Josselyn.htm (4118 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		Euparkeria, ornithosuchian thecodont, Early Triassic, length 50 cm, from Ewer (1965).
		Many workers have commented on the lightweight construction of the archosaur skeleton and skull, a characteristic already evident in Euparkeria.
		The bones were delicately formed and many of them such as the long bones of the legs were hollow as are the bones in birds."
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Synapsid_Diapsid.html (2440 words)

	Images for Chapter 11 The Triassic Takeover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Sphenodontia are a sister group of the Squamata but include only one family with one living form, the tuatara Sphenodon.
		Euparkeria could have been the ancestor of both pterosaurs and dinosaurs later in the Triassic.
		Press release: these are Middle to Late Triassic, from Madagascar, very slightly older than than the Argentine ones, perhaps 230 Ma.
	www.geology.ucdavis.edu /~cowen/HistoryofLife/CH11images.html (102 words)

	Triassic Lystrosaurus Triadobatrachus Tasmanisaurus Euparkeria Mastodonsaurus Dicynodont Cynodont
		The Permian extinction killed of 90% of all land species.
		The early archesosaur Euparkeria was a minor component of the Early Triassic fauna..
		Go to Mesozoic Home or Click on the Site A icon left for more diorama listed by location Click on the Site B icon to the right for Dioramas organized by period or by manufacturer.
	www.dinosaurcollector.150m.com /ETriassicA.html (812 words)

	DINOSAURS AND BIRDS
		Martin has proposed that analysis of ankles and teeth show that birds and crocodiles are related, but dinosaurs are separate from both groups, a conclusion criticised by a number of authorities.
		A second hypothesis that arose in the early 1900’s and was expanded by Heilmann in 1926 rejected theropods as potential bird ancestors because they lacked clavicles, and hence looked for a bird ancestor among thecodonts such as Ornithosuchus and Euparkeria that had clavicle precursors.
		The main problem with this idea is that any feature linking basal archosaurs to birds is also found in theropods.
	www.dinoruss.org /de_4/5c60b93.htm (2169 words)

	[No title]
		Broom, R. (1913) On the South-African Pseudosuchian Euparkeria and allied genera.
		Elzanowski, A. (1985) The evolution of parental care in birds with reference to fossil embryos.
		Ewer, R.F. (1965) The anatomy of the Thecodont reptile Euparkeria carpensis, Broom.
	home13.inet.tele.dk /palm/oriref.htm (877 words)

	Dino Web - How dinosaurs moved
		Four-legged animals that have a backbone move either on sprawling legs, like lizards, in a semi-erect-stance, like Euparkeria, or on straight legs, like dinosaurs or humans.
		New studies show that animals with sprawling legs can't breathe while running, because the sideways movement of the body causes the lungs to stop functioning.
		Euparkeria: Die Beine sind nicht so stark gespreitzt.
	www.dino-web.com /movement.html (386 words)

	Diapsids
		They started in the Early Triassic, one example is Euparkeria, which looked like a small dinosaur.
		Dinosaurs are now thought to be a monophyletic group with numerous characteristics in common, so they probably all descended from common bipedal ancestor, similar to Euparkeria.
		Characteristics include front legs short, back legs long, legs completely under the body (head of Femur has right-angle bend).
	faculty.weber.edu /bdattilo/fossils/notes/diapsids.html (1461 words)

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