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Topic: Euphausia

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	Krill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are considered a keystone species near the bottom of the food chain because they feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton, converting these into a form suitable for many larger animals for whom krill makes up the largest part of their diet.
		A nauplius of Euphausia pacifica hatching, emerging backwards from the egg.
		Sala, A.; Azzali, M.; Russo, A.: Krill of the Ross Sea: distribution, abundance and demography of Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias during the Italian Antarctic Expedition (January-February 2000), Scientia Marina 66(2), pp.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Krill (3462 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> krill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) commonly lives at depths up to 100 m,{{mnmarinebioMarineBio}} whereas Ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) has been recorded at a depth of 4,000 m but commonly lives in depths at most 300 to 600 m deep.{{mnkirkwoodKir84}} Both are found at latitudes south of 55Â° S; with E.
		There are two types of spawning mechanisms.{{mngomez2aGom02a}} The 57 species of the genera Bentheuphausia, Euphausia, Meganyctiphanes, Thysanoessa, and Thysanopoda are "broadcast spawners": the female eventually just releases the fertilized eggs into the water, where they usually sink into deeper waters, disperse, and are on their own.
		Euphausia superba); others, such as the as mid-latitude species Euphausia pacifica, live only for two years.{{mnnicolNE97}} Subtropical or tropical species' longevity is still smaller, like e.g.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/krill (3444 words)

	Euphausia pacifica, Krill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Euphausia pacifica is, with Thysanoessa spinifera, the most common krill off the West coast of Vancouver Island.
		Euphausia pacifica is found by the Pacific ocean's coast from the south of USA to Japan (Distribution of Euphausia pacifica).
		Some of the identified ones are cilliates attached to eggs of the krill, and the parasite Thalassomyces fagei that belongs to the family Ellobiopsidae (Protista (Incertae sedis)) and infests the euphausiids.
	racerocks.com /pearson/racerock/eco/taxalab/ensy02/marienoellebl.htm (745 words)

	Euphausia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The genus Euphausia is the largest genus of krill within the family Euphausiidae.
		Euphausia nana Brinton, 1962 – Pacific Ocean; Sea of Japan
		Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911 – common name Pacific krill; Pacific Ocean
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euphausia (110 words)

	Kils 1983 swimming and feeding of antarctic krill Euphausia superba
		The more knowledge we accumulate about physiological and biological data of Euphausia superba the more it appears, that this animal is quite an "extreme" one.
		Guzman 0 (1983) Distribution and abundance of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Bransfield Strait.
		Hirche H (1983) Excretion and respiration of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rellstab/polar4.htm (4315 words)

	AWI: Ice-Tour - Krill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The krill (Euphausia superba), a small shrimp like crustacean is the most important zooplankton species associated with the sea ice and plays a key role in the Antarctic food web.
		Krill occurs in groups or large swarms and occupies a niche similar to that of the herring in the North Atlantic, since large schools of pelagic fish are absent.
		The biomass of Antarctic krill is considered to be larger than that of the earth's human population and krill swarms can occupy an area equivalent to that of the Andorras.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Eistour/krill-e.html (169 words)

	Euphausia superba, Krill at MarineBio.org
		Krill, Bentheuphausia amblyops, is a bathypelagic species found in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean near 40°N in deep waters of at least 1,000 m.
		Euphausia superba are found in Antarctic waters between the continent and the polar front generally within depths of a 100 m or less.
		Euphausia crystallorophias is also common in Antarctic waters, but tends to inhabit pack and floating ice as well as pelagic waters.
	www.marinebio.com /species.asp?id=518 (857 words)

	FIGURES
		Distribution of Euphausia pacifica, Euphausia nana, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, Thysanoessa inermis and Thysanoessa raschii
		Changes in the modal body length of Euphausia pacifica commercially landed at Miyako, Ryori (Iwate Prefecture), Onagawa (Miyagi Prefecture), Fukushima Prefecture and Oarai and Otsu (Ibaraki Prefecture) during the 1993 fishing period (data from: Taki, 1993; Watanabe and Suzuki, 1993; Yamazaki and Ebisawa, 1993)
		Vertical profiles of water temperature in the years when surface swarms of Euphausia pacifica were found (a) or not found (b), and when benthopelagic swarms were found (c) in Joban coastal waters (from Nakamura, 1992).
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/W5911E/w5911e0d.htm (627 words)

	[SNC] Euphausiid reproduction rate
		Jaime Gomez-Gutierrez's reply: Euphausia pacifica in the california Current system reproduces from March to around mid October but the main reproductive peak is about May-August (Brinton 1976).
		There are 86 species of euphausiids in the oceans, of which 57 are believed to shed their eggs freely into the sea; the remaining 29 species protect their embryos by attachment to the posterior pairs of thoracic legs (Mauchline and Fisher, 1969).
		Euphausiids of the genera Bentheuphausia, Euphausia, Thysanoessa, Meganyctiphanes, and Thysanopoda spawn freely and hatch as nauplius 1, while the genera Nematoscelis, Nyctiphanes, Pseudeuphausia, and Stylocheiron brood their eggs and hatch in the early metanauplius phase as pseudometanauplii or as metanauplii (Mauchline and Fisher, 1969; Brinton et al., 2000).
	rain.org /pipermail/sanctuary-naturalist-corps/2002-August/000839.html (496 words)

	About Krill
		The main species of krill in Antarctica is Euphausia superba, but there are also ten other types.The name "krill" is derived from an ancient Norweigan word that once applied to larval fish and other tiny marine creatures.
		Today krill in Norwegian means whale food and Euphausia superba is almost the sole diet of the baleen whales in the Antarctic.
		Krill either swim forward by using their five pairs of rear paddle-shaped legs or propel themselves quickly backwards using their tails.
	sandypool.tripod.com /krill/id11.html (541 words)

	Food shortages threaten Antarctic wildlife
		Numbers of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a shrimp-like crustacean at the heart of the food chain, are declining.
		NOTES TO EDITORS: Long-term decline in Antarctic krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean by Angus Atkinson, Volker Siegel, Evgeny Pakhomov and Peter Rothery was published in Nature on 4 November 2004.
		Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) are one of the most important animals in the Southern Ocean.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/bas-fst110104.php (679 words)

	[No title]
		Length measurements (tip of rostrum to end or uropods) were done on krill larvae from 7 events (EV10, 12, 74, 277, 311, 329, and 379).
		(2) KRILL TL/MF (for Euphausia superba only) Total length is standard length 1, or the length from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the uropods excluding spines, measured with digital calipers.
		MF refers to the red thelycum on the female and indicates the females that have entered the reproductive cycle.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /gopherlter/93aug/trawl2m (1546 words)

	Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) information - literature - tools
		ZIMMER 1913 Untersuchungen ueber den inneren Bau von Euphausia superba- Zoologica (Stuttgart) 67:65-127
		Quetin, L. B., and Ross, R. Behavioral and physiological characteristics of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba.
		Detection of krill (Euphausia superba) near the sea surface: preliminary results using a towed upward-looking echo-sounder.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /rellstab/krill/krill5 (1595 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Euphausia
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Euphausia" at HighBeam.
		The foraging ecology of female emperor penguins in winter.
		Foraging by seabirds on an olfactory landscape: the seemingly featureless ocean may present olfactory cues that help the wide-ranging petrels and albatrosses pinpoint food sources.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Euphausia (230 words)

	Antarctic krill provide carbon sink in Southern Ocean
		New research on Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a shrimp-like animal at the heart of the Southern Ocean food chain, reveals behaviour that shows that they absorb and transfer more carbon from the Earth's surface than was previously understood.
		Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), are shrimp-like crustaceans that are one of the most important animals in the Southern Ocean.
		They feed on phytoplankton and are in turn eaten by a wide range of animals including fish, penguins, seals and whales.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-02/bas-akp020606.php (900 words)

	Publications - Zooplankton Ecology Lab - College of Marine Science - USF St. Petersburg
		Comparisons of morphology and neritic distributions of Euphausia crystallorophias and Euphausia superba furcilia during autumn and winter west of the Antarctic Peninsula.
		Daly, K.L. Physioecology of juvenile Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) during spring in ice-covered seas.
		The influence of physical and biological mesoscale dynamics on the seasonal distribution and behavior of Euphausia superba in the antarctic marginal ice zone.
	www.marine.usf.edu /zooplankton/publications.shtml (700 words)

	Underwater Field Guide to Ross Island & McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Euphausia crystallorophias is found throughout Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula from the surface down to usually 300 to 650 meters depth and has been recorded near 4,000 meters depth
		Euphausiids are small translucent shrimp-like crustaceans commonly known as krill; seven species belonging to two genera Euphausia and Thysanoessa occur in the Southern Ocean
		The genus name Euphausia refers to the luminescence produced by large light organs (photophores)
	scilib.ucsd.edu /sio/nsf/fguide/arthropoda10.html (377 words)

	ScienceDaily: Food Shortages Threaten Antarctic Wildlife
		Krill is a Norwegian word meaning whale food, and indicates the importance of this species in the ecosystem.Krill (Euphausia superba) are small, shrimp-like animals that grow up to about 6 cm in length and live for up to 5 years.
		These are some of the largest members of the plankton, in fact because they swim so well some people think that they are more like little fish than drifting plankton.
		Long-term decline in Antarctic krill stock and increase in salps within the Southern Ocean by Angus Atkinson, Volker Siegel, Evgeny Pakhomov and Peter Rothery was published in Nature on 4 November 2004.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/11/041104001422.htm (2118 words)

	ScienceDaily: Antarctic Krill Provide Carbon Sink In Southern Ocean
		Scientists from British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and Scarborough Centre of Coastal Studies at the University of Hull discovered that rather than doing so once per 24 hours, Antarctic krill 'parachute' from the ocean surface to deeper layers several times during the night.
		Food Shortages Threaten Antarctic Wildlife (November 4, 2004) -- Antarctic whales, seals and penguins could be threatened by food shortages in the Southern Ocean.
		Numbers of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), a shrimp-like crustacean at the heart of the food...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/02/060206230630.htm (2158 words)

	NRC Research Press: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An optimisation model of the diel vertical migration of northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) in the Clyde Sea and the Kattegat
		Environmental constraints on the lipid composition and metabolism of euphausiids: the case of Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica
		Metabolic and enzymatic adaptations in northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, and Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba
	pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca /cgi-bin/rp/rp2_tocs_e?cjfas_cjfasS3-00_57 (308 words)

	Ozeanographie/kurse/Biologie der Antarktis - Wikiversity
		ANTEZANA T and RAY K 1983 Aggregation of Euphausia superba as an adaptive group strategy to the antarctic ecosystem.
		KILS U 1983 Swimming and feeding of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba - some outstanding energetics and dynamics - some unique morphological details.
		HAMNER B 1988 Biomechanics of filter feeding in the Antarctic krill ; Euphausia superba: Review of past work and new observations.
	de.wikiversity.org /wiki/Ozeanographie/kurse/Biologie_der_Antarktis (1301 words)

	The distribution of Pacific euphausiids
		Bentheuphausia ambloyops, Thysanopoda cornuta, and T. egregia are widely ranging bathypelagic species, the adults of which inhabit depths greater than 1,500 meters.
		Of the ten genera, six (Thysanopoda, Euphausia, Thysanoessa, Nematoscelis, Nematobrachion, and Stylocheiron)contain some species that inhabit a mesopelagic zone between depths of about 500 and 1,500 meters and other species that are characteristically epipelagic, living mainly above 500—700 meters.
		The epipelagic species are designated in accord with the analogous water masses inhabited.
	repositories.cdlib.org /sio/bulletin/8no2 (287 words)

	schedule (html) 17 may
		AI3 1400-1440: E. Pakhomov Demography and life cycle of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean: long-term comparison between coastal and open ocean regions.
		BC51630-1700 B Marinovic (YI) and M Mangel Shrinkage of krill (Euphausia pacifica) during a natural warming event associated with the 1997/98 El Niño and its implications for krill population dynamics and predators.
		CC1 1440-1510 P Mayzaud, E Albessard (YI), P Virtue and M Boutoute Environmental constraints on the lipid structure and metabolism of euphausiids &endash; case of Euphausia superba and Meganyctiphanes norvegica.
	people.ucsc.edu /~msmangel/sch25jun.htm (1701 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		Trace element concentrations in Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba
		Whole Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba collected along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, were analyzed for 14 elements.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=121313 (244 words)

	Antarctic krill Scientific classification Scientific classification ...
		"Antarctic krill" "Scientific classification Scientific classification" Kingdom Kingdom:Animal Animalia Phylum Phylum:Arthropod Arthropoda Subphylum Subphylum:Crustacea Crustacea Class Class:Malacostraca Malacostraca Order Order:Euphausiacea Euphausiacea Family Family:Euphausiidae Euphausiidae Genus Genus:"Euphausia" Species Species:"superba" "Binomial name Binomial name" "Euphausia superba" "Krill" is the Norwegian Norwegian word for whale whale food food.
		In the literal sense "krill" is used as common name common name for the most spectacular species: the "Antarctic Krill" ("Euphausia superba") of the Antarctic Antarctic waters in the Southern Ocean Southern Ocean.
		In the North Atlantic Atlantic, "Meganyctiphanes norvegica Meganyctiphanes norvegica" and in the Pacific Pacific, "Euphausia pacifica Euphausia pacifica" are important krill species.
	www.biodatabase.de /Krill (454 words)

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