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Topic: Euphausiid

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	OBSERVATIONS OF A MIXED-SPECIES FLOCK OF BIRDS FORAGING ON EUPHAUSIIDS NEAR ST. MATTHEW ISLAND, BERING SEA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The euphausiids beneath the surface were "whirling around and orient- ing obliquely upward to the downwelling light in contrast to the normal orientation [horizon- tal] of animals seen at the thermocline" (Obst field notes).
		Although euphausiids occa- sionally occur in surface waters in daytime (Ko- maki 1967, Nicol 1984), T. raschii is typically found at depths of 50-300 m during the day and makes a nightly vertical migration to the sur- face waters (Mauchline 1980).
		Patches of euphausiids may be swarms, with no directional alignment of individuals, or schools, with directional align- ment of individuals.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v105n02/p0345-p0349.html (4750 words)

	Alex Herman - Paper - Lab Optical Plankton Counter
		Euphausiids added to the sample tank flowed through the OPC and thus be recovered in the bucket without damage.
		The measurements from all euphausiids using the high flow rate (1.15 m/sec) were superimposed on the straight lines obtained from the nylon rods and, for the most part, fell within 5%.
		Euphausiids with attennae intact may also prove to be problematic since the antennae will be measured and included in the total length measurement.
	www.alexherman.com /recent_paper_003.php (1631 words)

	Krill - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These small crustaceans are important organisms of the zooplankton, particularly as food for baleen whales, mantas, whale sharks, Crabeater seals and other seals, and a few seabird species that feed almost exclusively on them.
		Shields, J.D.; Gómez-Gutiérrez, J.: Oculophryxus bicaulis, a new genus and species of dajid isopod parasitic on the euphausiid Stylocheiron affine Hansen, Int'l J. for Parasitology 26(3), pp.
		Tett, P.: The biology of Euphausiids, lecture notes from a 2003 course in Marine Biology from Napier University.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euphausiid (3344 words)

	Marine Biology - Euphausiids
		Euphausiids have a preference for cold waters, and so are found in the deep ocean and also in surface waters at moderate and high latitudes.
		The euphausiid populations in the Firth of Clyde feed on larger planktonic diatoms and protozoans during spring and summer, and on detrital material during autumn and winter.
		Euphausiids are an abundant and succesful group of organisms in cold waters, but are not found in shallow coastal waters.
	www.lifesciences.napier.ac.uk /teaching/MB/Euphausiid03.html (1749 words)

	Euphausiid Fishery
		A trawl fishery began in the Strait of Georgia in 1970 as an experimental fishery, and was licensed under category "Z-F" in 1983.
		The harvest of euphausiids in British Columbia is limited to 500 tonnes annually.
		Fisheries and Oceans Canada conducts biomass surveys annually in the Strait of Georgia in the area of greatest harvest to monitor abundance and to ensure that the impact of the commercial harvest is negligible.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /OPS/fm/shellfish/Euphausiid/default_e.htm (299 words)

	[SNC] Euphausiid reproduction rate
		To get information about Santa Barbara euphausiids the best person is Robin Ross a Professor from University of California from Santa Barbara, she works mostly in the Antarctic but she has been also sampling a little bit in the Channel Islands.
		There are 86 species of euphausiids in the oceans, of which 57 are believed to shed their eggs freely into the sea; the remaining 29 species protect their embryos by attachment to the posterior pairs of thoracic legs (Mauchline and Fisher, 1969).
		Euphausiids of the genera Bentheuphausia, Euphausia, Thysanoessa, Meganyctiphanes, and Thysanopoda spawn freely and hatch as nauplius 1, while the genera Nematoscelis, Nyctiphanes, Pseudeuphausia, and Stylocheiron brood their eggs and hatch in the early metanauplius phase as pseudometanauplii or as metanauplii (Mauchline and Fisher, 1969; Brinton et al., 2000).
	rain.org /pipermail/sanctuary-naturalist-corps/2002-August/000839.html (496 words)

	8. LITERATURE CITED
		Fulton, J. and Le Brasseur, R. Euphausiids of the continental shelf and slope of the Pacific coast of Canada.
		Heath, W. The Ecology and Harvesting of Euphausiids in the Strait of Georgia., pp.
		Euphausiid fishery and interannual variation of the fishing conditions in the Sanriku-Joban coastal areas.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/w5911e/w5911e0b.htm (4024 words)

	Parazitologiya 2001/35/3. Timofeev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		QUANTITATIVE INDICES OF THE INFECTION WITH GREGARINIDS (SPOROZOA: GREGARININA) IN THE EUPHAUSIID THYSANOESSA RASCHII (CRUSTACEA: EUPHAUSIACEA)
		An occurrence of the gregarinids in the gastrointestinal tract of euphausiid Thysanoessa raschii was studied in summer 1982 and winter 1983 in the southern part of the Barents Sea.
		The level of infection was found to be related mainly to the food composition (no gregarinids was found in euphausiids with copepods in stomach; the high level was in crustaceans with phytoplankton in the gastrointestinal tract).
	www.zin.ru /journals/parazitologiya/a2001-3/abstr2001-3-Timofeev.htm (112 words)

	FROM WIND TO WHALES: Discussion
		Because her study focussed upon surface feeding whales, and T. spinfera is found in the upper portion of the water column where it often forms surface swarms (Youngbluth 1976, Smith and Adams 1988), it is possible that the importance of this species was overemphasized in her study.
		This observation may be due to several possiblilities including bias towards less mobile euphausiids in net samples, escape of smaller euphausiids through the baleen of foraging whales, and/or preferential targeting of adult euphausiid schools by foraging whales.
		Furthermore, data on the species and size composition of euphausiid schools (Table 1) demonstrate that euphausiid schools are highly variable in species and size structure of fine spatial scales.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /research/techreports/whalereport/whaledisc.html (2475 words)

	Trophic comparison among Triglidae (Pisces: Scorpaeniformes)off Baja California Sur, Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The euphausiid migrates upward at night; during the day it is found mostly at depths of 150 m (Brinton 1967b).
		On the other hand, predation on the euphausiid is more intense at night, when the greater part of the population is up in the water column.
		It is thus quite probable that at least part of the euphausiid biomass was captured in the water column, as the smallest pelagic red crabs certainly were.
	rbt.ots.ac.cr /revistas/44-2/smit2.htm (3183 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Bongo net trawls were used to determine circadian biomass changes of macrozooplankton of the most abundant euphausiids seaward of the continental shelf off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico (24° to 31°N).
		Euphausiid biomass, one of the most important components of the macrozooplankton (size _1000 µm), showed significant differences by latitude and over 24 h.
		The most abundant euphausiid species in the area were Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen and Nematoscelis difficilis Hansen.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09670653/articles/45/3/S096706539882196.abstract.en (233 words)

	krill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is also used as synonym for euphausiid s, which are shrimp -like marine invertebrate s, important organisms of the plankton (zooplankton).
		It is also used as synonym for euphausiids, which are shrimp-like marine invertebrates, important organisms of the plankton (zooplankton).
		It is an euphausiid (Arthropoda / Crustacea / Malacostraca / Euphausiacea) Krill live in large schools (swarms) and convert the primary production directly into a relatively large animal [http://www.ecoscope.com/polarbe2.htm">http://www.ecoscope.com/naturwie.htm[http://www.ecoscope.com/polarbe2.htm: they grow to a length of 6 cm, weigh 2 grammes, and live probably for 6 years.
	www.33beat.com /krill.html (656 words)

	Inter Research » MEPS » v288 » p183-198
		Euphausiid egg abundance increased on a short time-scale during and after periods of relaxation and larval E.
		Diel vertical migration out of the advective surface layer during the day by adults and juveniles may enhance shelf retention of euphausiids during upwelling events.
		Thus, upwelling-favorable winds following periods of relaxation can lead to rapid increases in euphausiid egg abundance, but larval abundance, and perhaps juvenile and adult abundance as well, are likely to be negatively impacted locally by strong upwelling off Northern California.
	www.int-res.com /abstracts/meps/v288/p183-198 (335 words)

	Pattaya Mail - Pattaya's First English Language Newspaper
		A number of species of euphausiid shrimp, as well as other very small planktonic animals feed the biggest creatures of all, the great baleen whales.
		Euphausia superba is the world’s most abundant euphausiid and perhaps the most important of all plankton species.
		Euphausiid shrimp are essentially herbivores, eating diatoms, the single celled plants, or phytoplankton that floats in great abundance in polar seas.
	www.pattayamail.com /442/travel.shtml (750 words)

	Results Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Euphausiids collected by R/V Stranger during 1959-61 were examined with respect to 1) seasonal change in distribution, abundance and recruitment in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea and 2) range through the Indo-Australian seas.
		The South China Sea basin, though the largest basin in the inter-ocean region, is essentially a cul-de-sac with respect to its oceanic euphausiid assemblage, the species of which are derived from both the tropical and subtropical Pacific to the northeast.
		Evidently the presence over the shelf of a dense neritic plankton, together with the shallowness of the water which prevents the normal range of euphausiid vertical migration, precludes presence of the oceanic species.
	eprints.bo.cnr.it /cgi-bin/show.pl?code=5412&arch=74 (787 words)

	FIGIS - FAO/SIDP Species Identification Sheet: Megachasma pelagios
		The only known prey of the megamouth shark are epipelagic and mesopelagic euphausiid shrimp, copepods, and jellyfish.
		The shrimp has a diel migration pattern with a range of 300 to 1 100 m depth during the day; at night it is commonest at 150 to 500m with a maximum range of 75 to 525 m.
		It was thought that the shark was responding to light levels in choosing its depth range, and as light increased it correspondingly sought an optimal level by diving at dawn and conversely responded to decreasing light levels by ascending to near (but not at) the surface at dusk.
	www.fao.org /figis/servlet/species?fid=13392 (1956 words)

	Ocean Sciences\|Staff Directory-Steve Romaine Abstracts
		A methodology combining acoustics and net tows was tested and evaluated on euphausiid biomass and distributions in two B.C. inlets adjoining the Strait of Georgia from 1991 to 1996.
		Better information concerning the reliability of seasonal and interannual variability of euphausiid stock size estimates as well as the within-time-period statistical reliability of these estimates was the goal of this thesis.
		Various target strength models exist to estimate euphausiid biomass from scattering strength; in this study, the basic modified Johnson and a model devised by Macaulay were used to estimate biomass within the inlet area based on the size-frequency averages from net tows.
	www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca /osap/people/~romaine/abstracts_e.htm (1439 words)

	AIMS Ichthyoplankton and nekton
		The role of euphausiids in tropical, coastal systems is poorly understood, and the oceanographic and ecological processes that underlie the production and aggregation of tropical krill at Ningaloo Reef are not well known.
		Grazing by large schools of euphausiids may account for the consumption of the excess primary production near the reef and the possible export of nutrients off the shelf.
		Preliminary analyses have found the guts of euphausiids to contain mostly amorphous material suggesting these animals feed on detrital material close to the bottom or on marine snow in the water column.
	www.aims.gov.au /pages/research/bonws/bonws-05.html (520 words)

	os12f in os04
		Euphausiid patches were clustered inshore of Heceta Bank ($44.0\deg$ N) and off Cape Blanco ($42.8\deg$ N), but were not common elsewhere.
		The distribution of euphausiid patches throughout the study area was correlated with that of near-surface chlorophyll.
		AB: Euphausiids (krill) play an important role in several marine ecosystems as a link between primary producers and top predators, yet their distribution and nutritional condition are significantly affected by changes in environment.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=os04&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/os04/os04&maxhits=200&="OS12F" (3390 words)

	MEPS 120:41-51 (1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ABSTRACT: Changes in the community structure and distribution patterns of 20 species of euphausiids collected during 6 oceanographic cruises along the southwest coast of Baja California during El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 1986-1987 were compared with the data from 5 cruises made during ENSO 1982-1983.
		The possible existence of different influences of environmental conditions on the distribution, abundance, and community structure of euphausiids during the 2 periods was assessed.
		Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen dominates the euphausiid fauna of the west coast of Baja California and was most plentiful near the shore.
	www.dec.ctu.edu.vn /cdrom/cd6/projects/marine_ecology_prog_ser/m120p041.abs.html (227 words)

	Oceanology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Euphausiid larvae in the southern part of the Pacific sector of Antarctic in February to March, 1992
		The quantitative distribution of euphausiids is discussed on the basis of the obtained and published data.
		We do not find evidence for the existence of an independent ecosystem characterized by an abundance of this group and its predominance in the community in the Pacific sector of the antarctic to the south of the seasonal northern ice boundary.
	eos.wdcb.rssi.ru /transl/oce/9505/pap12.htm (306 words)

	EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR LUMINESCENT COUNTERSHADING BY SOME EUPHAUSIID CRUSTACEANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Nearly all euphausiid crustaceans are bioluminescent, with ventrally located light organs on eyes, thorax and abdomen.
		Even though euphausiid bioluminescence has appropriate spectral and angular properties to serve as camouflage against downwelling light, most studies have not used ecologically relevant stimuli to elicit bioluminescence.
		Using techniques designed to study luminescent camouflage behavior in mesopelagic shrimp, bioluminescence produced in response to dim downward directed light (490-500 nm) was measured for four species of euphausiids: Thysanopoda orientalis (mesopelagic), Nematoscelis difficilis, Euphausia gibboides, and Euphausia eximia (all epipelagic).
	aslo.org /meetings/santafe99/abstracts/SS16TH1326S.html (204 words)

	@Sea - The Sea of Cortez (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		What made these observations so interesting was the behavior of the euphausiid.
		Bill Hamner, who has spent many hours observing both euphausiid and jelly behavior in situ, provided a running commentary on what we were seeing.
		Hamner pointed out how the krill was swimming in the center of the bell, carefully avoiding contact with the sides and not darting about as it would if it were out in the open.
	www.bonus.com /contour/Adventures_Aboard_Vesesls/http@@/www.at-sea.org/missions/cortez/day6.html (733 words)

	Measuring the Influence of Animals on Turbulence in the Sea - Storming Media
		We revealed that euphausiid swarms have horizontal scales of 10(exp -1)-10 1km and vertical scales of 10(exp 1)-10(exp 2) m.
		This mixing produced by animal aggregations is very important to the local turbulence, acoustic, and optical fields, especially in coastal regions where zooplankton swarms are often found.
		We learnt that euphausiids may therefore be acting as farmers in the sea.' They can create enough turbulent mixing to bring continuous supply of nutrients from deep water into surface water for phytoplankton growth.
	www.stormingmedia.us /10/1041/A104133.html (256 words)

	Coastal Gulf of Alaska NPZ Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Euphausiid concentrations increase gradually over time until the late summer when their density begins to decrease.
		Euphausiids declined in the upper layers, but high concentrations continued at depth.
		Variables which significantly affected more than 30% of the output variables examinated include the doubling rate of small phytoplankton, predation mortality on euphausiids, assimilation efficiency of heterotrophic dinoflagellates, the density independent mortality of small copepods, the critical nutrient concentration below which mortality for small phytoplankton is nutrient dependent, and the metabolized fraction for euphausiids.
	www.pmel.noaa.gov /~dobbins/glnpz/npz_1d_results.html (658 words)

	Funded NEP Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the 25 and 15 mile stations, live euphausiids will be collected by suspending a 1-m diameter 333 m mesh net at a depth of 20 m and sampling as the ship drifts.
		The preserved samples from these 21 cruises will be enumerated by euphausiid species and developmental stage and will be used to describe seasonal cycles of abundance of each life cycle stage.
		The purpose of this work is to study spatial variations in euphausiid biomass, spatial variations in density of euphausiid eggs, larvae, juveniles and adults, and spatial variations in euphausiid egg production rates off central Oregon and northern California, north and south of Cape Blanco (43° N latitude).
	globec.oce.orst.edu /groups/nep/projects/nep99_14.html (809 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zero age pollock were observed on the inner shelf in August-September during all years, but were confined primarily to the stratified side of the Inner Front and to the frontal regime.
		Acoustic determinations of mean transect biomass for euphausiids did not differ from literature values for the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea, and pollock biomass on the inner shelf did not differ from that around the Pribilof Islands.
		Despite recent anomalies in climate and oceanographic conditions on the inner shelf, and high mortality of shorttail shearwaters during 1997, we found no evidence of significant interannual differences in the biomass of euphausiids or zero-age pollock on the inner shelf of the southeast Bering Sea.
	www.elsevier.com /cdweb/journals/09670645/articles/49/26/S096706450200331.abstract.en (236 words)

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