Euphorbia canariensis L. The sap is irritating to the human eye (Lampe and Fagerström 1968, Grant 1974).
Kinghorn and Evans (1975a) demonstrated the irritancy of the latex of Euphorbia candelabrum in a mouse ear irritancy assay, and subsequently reported the presence of ingenol esters in the plant (Evans and Kinghorn 1977).
Euphorbia corallioides L. Kinghorn and Evans (1975a) demonstrated the irritancy of the latex in a mouse ear irritancy assay, and subsequently reported the presence of ingenol esters in the plant (Evans and Kinghorn 1977).
The milky sap of this plant, which has a repulsive smell, causes inflammation of the eyes and of the softer portions of the human body when the plants are pulled by hand and the workers are heated (J. Agr.
Roe and Field (1965) tested the latex of nine Euphorbia species and found that of Euphorbia tirucalli to be the most irritant and cocarcinogenic for mouse skin.
Kinghorn and Evans (1975a) demonstrated the irritancy of the latex in a mouse ear irritancy assay, and subsequently reported the presence of 4-deoxyphorbol esters in the plant (Evans and Kinghorn 1977).
Euphorbiavirosa - Euphorbiavirosa is a plant of the spurge family Euphorbiaceae.
EuphorbiaPlant and Flower - EuphorbiaPlant and Flower Batsford 4000 Flower and Plant Motifs 4000 Flower and Plant Motifs ISBN: 071348909X This immense sourcebook of 4000 flower euphorbiaplant and flower and plant motifs is the perfect reference for artists, designers, craftspeople euphorbiaplant and flower and embroiderers.
Although plants are among the most abundant of all living things and provide essential oxygen, food, and shelter to the saga of plant life from its origins to the saga of plant life from its origins to the radiation of the best-qualified writers to advise on which plants to grow where.
Extracts of Euphorbia species' chemical contents are used in the medical profession to combat certain types of cancer.
The Euphorbia damarana is a most valuable plant in the desert; giving shelter to small mammals, shade to rhinos and other smaller animals, providing a mattress for sore-footed elephants, which lie flat out on the bush using it as a mattress.
They feed extensively on Euphorbiavirosa bushes, sometimes staying to feed on one large bush until it is totally eaten up, this can take days, sometimes leaving the bush only to drink and then returning to the same bush to feed.
Euphorbia - Images and brief descriptions of dozens of species.
Euphorbiavirosa - Offers general information, classification and historical data.
www.kub.it /dir/70807 (296 words)
Cactus and Succulent Society of America(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
Due to the strenuous nature of the hiking trail, a medical certificate of fitness (issued by the Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism) is required.
The semi-arid southern region consists of sun-baked savanna with yellowish-brown tints and characteristic Euphorbia and Aloe species (more on these later).
However, botanists have identified more than 3000 different species of plants—about 1/10th of them are water-storing varieties or succulents.
Their nooks and crannies not only trap moisture from rain, dew and fog, but provide shelter from the sun and wind.
The larger species are the African moringa (Moringa ovalifolia), halfmens, milkbush (Euphorbiavirosa), Namib aloe (A. namibensis) and quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma).
The southernmost quarter of the Namib forms part of the Succulent Karoo Biome, one of 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world, where dwarf succulents are the dominant form of plant life.
The escarpment is classified as an extension of the Nama Karoo, but it also supports distinctive if sparsely distributed trees and shrubs, among them fat-trunked commiphoras, cactus-like euphorbias and quiver trees.
To meet their nutritional and bulk requirements they browse on no fewer than 74 of the 103 plant species that grow in their range.
One of the few animals to eat fibrous welwitschia leaves, they even feed heavily on the milkbush (Euphorbiavirosa) with its sharp spines and toxic latex, presumably because of the high water and fat content.
This poison are extremely poisonous and can kill a 50 kg animal with ease in less than 20 minutes.
latex (white milky stuff) was mostly used as an additive, but a few species have also been used as arrow poison, two I can think of is Euphorbiavirosa and Euphorbia subsala.
The trunks are cut and the white latex collected which was then smeared on the arrows, sometimes the latex was collected slowly ”cooked” and then used.
Most importantly from the 2357 pictures, 502 different succulent members of the family Euphorbiaceae are illustrated, stemming from the genera Cnidoscolus, Elaeophorbia, Euphorbia, Jatropha, Monadenium, Pedilanthus and Synadenium.
Euphorbia tirucalli "Stick on fire": - of 3
Here is a link that might be useful: International Euphorbia Society
Ithilien Grove :: ME Poisoner's Notebook(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
Poison bulb (boophane disticha) is a highly toxic though slow working poison.
Candelabra tree (euphorbiavirosa and euphorbia subsala), another latex producer, though typically an additive in other arrow poisons can also be a poison in its own right.
Typically it must be prepared through a cooking process however to be as effective as the other latex poisons.
GOOD HOPE & THE NEW MILLENIUM - A Letter From Bruce(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
Even better, I found a plant of Euphorbia pseudotuberosa, a species known from one collection in Botswana.
I revisited Kgoro Pan at the same time and managed to find the Euphorbia in flower and seed.
The latter is preceded by a description of using euphorbias to poison water and kill "kwaggas" (now spelled "quagas") a now extinct type of Zebra which was striped only on the front half.
One can go for beautiful walks in this stunnung landscape and climb about between the bizarre rock formations.
For those interested in flora, there is a lot to look at, like the yellow Butter Trees and the Poison Tree (euphorbiavirosa), which leaks an extremely poisonous white juice; the Bushmen use this to poison their arrows.
Bushman paintings can be found in various places, many in the "Bushman Paradise" under an overhanging rock wall.