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Topic: Eurasiatic languages

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Joseph Greenberg
		In 1971 Greenberg proposed the Indo-Pacific languages super-family, which groups together the Papuan languages (several language families spoken in Papua New Guinea and nearby regions which are not Austronesian) together with the native languages of Tasmania and the Andaman Islands, but excludes Australian Aboriginal languages.
		Eurasiatic is a hypothetical macro-family proposed by the late Joseph Greenberg that groups together several language families of Europe, Asia, and North America.
		The Languages of Africa is a seminal 1963 book of essays by Joseph Greenberg, in which he sets forth a genetic classification of African languages that, with some changes, continues to be the most commonly used one today.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Joseph-Greenberg (2356 words)

	Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family Volume 1, Grammar - Joseph H. Greenberg
		The basic thesis of this book is that the well known and extensively studied Indo-European family of languages is but a branch of a much larger Eurasiatic family that extends from northern Asia to North America.
		Eurasiatic is seen to consist of Indo-European, Uralic-Yukaghir, Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus-Manchu), Japanese-Korean-Ainu (possibly a distinct subgroup of Eurasiatic), Gilyak, Chuckchi-Kamchatkan, and Eskimo-Aleut.
		The author asserts that the evidence for the validity of Eurasiatic as a single linguistic family, including the vocabulary evidence to be presented in Volume II on semantics, confirms his hypothesis since the numerous and interlocking resemblances he finds among the various subgroups can only reasonably be explained by descent from a common ancestor.
	www.sup.org /book.cgi?book_id=3812 (298 words)

	Indo-European languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Anatolian languages — earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
		Tocharian languages — extinct tongues of the Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
		This theory is controversial, as is the similar Eurasiatic theory of Joseph H. Greenberg.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Indo-European_languages (596 words)

	Eurasiatic_languages - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		Eurasiatic is a hypothetical macro-family proposed by the late Joseph Greenberg that groups together several language families of Europe, Asia, and North America.
		Greenberg concluded that the language family that Eurasiatic is most closely connected to is Amerind.
		The Eurasiatic hypothesis is dismissed by many linguists, often on the ground that Greenberg relies in his research on mass comparison, a method he developed in the 1950s that remains controversial.
	www.thewordbook.com /Eurasiatic_languages (373 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This theory is controversial, as is the similar Eurasiatic languages Eurasiatic theory of Joseph Greenberg, and the Proto-Pontic of John Colarusso.
		Image:IE5500BP.png Proto-Indo-European language.html" title="Meaning of thumb thumb232pxrightlate [[Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan framework.html" title="Meaning of 232pxrightlate [[Proto-Indo-European language">thumb232pxrightlate [[Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan framework">232pxrightlate [[Proto-Indo-European language">thumb232pxrightlate [[Proto-Indo-European language in the Kurgan framework -
		Proto-Greek is spoken in the Balkans, Indo-Iranian languages Proto-Indo-Iranian north of the Caspian in the Sintashta-Petrovka culture.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Indo-European_languages.html (2488 words)

	Indo-European languages - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Albanian language — attested from the 15th century (1462); relations with Illyrian, Dacian, or Thracian proposed.
		Some linguists propose that Indo-European languages are part of a hypothetical Nostratic language superfamily, and attempt to relate Indo-European to other language families, such as South Caucasian languages, Altaic languages, Uralic languages, Dravidian languages, Afro-Asiatic languages.
		This theory is controversial, as is the similar Eurasiatic theory of Joseph Greenberg, and the Proto-Pontic of John Colarusso.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Indo-European_languages (1838 words)

	Language Log: Professional Foolishness
		A favorite activity here on Language Log is pointing out the deficiencies of what various non-specialists say and think about language and linguistics: journalists (here, here, and here), language pundits (here, here and here), geneticists, political scientists, actors, and sea captains.
		Eurasiatic in turn is shown as a subgroup of Nostratic, with Dravidian and Afro-Asiatic as the other subgroups.
		Eurasiatic, Nostratic, and other such proposals have not been accepted because there is insufficient evidence that the similarities observed are not due to chance and because the possibility that they are due to borrowing rather than common descent has not been ruled out.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000780.html (1081 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nostratic languages
		At first, the Celtic languages were not definitely identified as part of the Indo-European language family, while Armenian was not added until the 1880s (until then, it had been thought to be an aberrant dialect of Iranian), and Lycian and Lydian were not definitively recognized as Indo-European languages until the middle of the twentieth century.
		He proposed that the languages in question must have stemmed from one language at some time in the past, and that they diverged from one another due to geographical separation and the passage of time.
		This would then allow that one language to evolve into a family (in fact, it has been argued that Indo-European languages have spread as far as they have due to war-making advantages the domestication of the horse gave to one small group of Proto-Indo-European speakers).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nostratic (1575 words)

	Eurasiatic languages Information
		Indo-European is a language family encompassing most of the languages of Europe and many of the languages of Asia.
		Chukotian comprises a group of languages spoken in Chukotka, at the extreme northeast of the Russian Federation, and to its south on the Kamchatka Peninsula.
		The Eurasiatic hypothesis is dismissed by many linguists, often on the ground that Greenberg relies in his research on mass lexical comparison, a method he developed in the 1950s that remains controversial.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Eurasiatic_languages (645 words)

	Patrick Manning \| Homo sapiens Populates the Earth: A Provisional Synthesis, Privileging Linguistic Evidence \| Journal ...
		Working with existing languages to identify their relationship through the closeness of their grammatical patterns and the proportion of their cognate words, he assembled languages with a common ancestor, and then assembled the ancestral languages to postulate a more distant ancestor, and so forth.
		Within the great linguistic commonality of the Eurasiatic languages, the greatest diversity of languages is to be found on the northeast Asian coast, where four of the seven subgroups of Eurasiatic languages appear to have their homelands.
		The map of Eurasiatic languages, as proposed by Joseph Greenberg, covers such an immense area that one is readily tempted to view it as reflecting a rapid move to occupy all of northern Eurasia, stemming from a single region in the tropics.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/17.2/manning.html (13014 words)

	Language family information - Search.com
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Although deaf sign languages have emerged naturally in deaf communities alongside or among spoken languages, they are unrelated to spoken languages and have different grammatical structures at their core.
		There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family.
	www.search.com /reference/Language_family (1162 words)

	LANGUAGE FAMILY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as ''branches'' of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree_diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language_isolates.
		There has been very little historical linguistic research on sign_languages, and few attempts to determine genetic relationships between sign languages, other than simple comparison of lexical data and some discussion about whether certain sign languages are dialects of a language or languages of a family.
	www.phokia.com /language_family (867 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Eurasiatic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was developed by Joseph Greenberg (United States linguist who studied the historical relations among 5,000 languages (1916-2001)).
		The theory was rejected by many linguists, mainly due to the controversial method used, mass lexical comparison (additional info and facts about mass lexical comparison).
		Amerind languages (additional info and facts about Amerind languages)
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/eu/eurasiatic_languages.htm (61 words)

	Cokesbury.com
		Eurasiatic is seen to consist of Indo-European, Uralic-Yukaghir, Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus-Manchu), Japanese-Korean-Ainu (possibly a distinct subgroup of Eurasiatic), Gilyak, Chukotian, and Eskimo-Aleut.
		The author asserts that the evidence presented in the two volumes for the validity of Eurasiatic as a single linguistic family confirms his hypothesis since the numerous and interlocking resemblances he finds among the various subgroups can only reasonably be explained by descent from a common ancestor.
		The Eurasiatic family is itself most closely related to the Amerind family, with which it shares numerous roots.
	www.cokesbury.com /?pid=0804746249&vsl=0001 (245 words)

	Joseph Greenberg, Singular Linguist, Dies at 85
		African languages, the subject of his first foray into linguistics, were at that time the fief largely of British and French linguists.
		The languages of the Americas, in his view, fell into three major groups, which he named Na-Dene (a group of languages spoken in Alaska and northeastern Canada); Eskimo- Aleut; and Amerind, which included all the other languages.
		Having grouped most of the languages of the world into some 12 superfamilies, Dr. Greenberg often considered the idea that all might be descendants of a single ancestral human language, an idea supported by the new findings from population genetics.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /people/greenberg (1076 words)

	Scientist at Work: What We All Spoke When the World Was Young
		Speaking 5,000 languages, they had long forgotten the ancient mother tongue that had both united and yet dispersed this little band of cousins to the four corners of the earth.
		Not every language shows this pattern, but almost every Amerindian language family has one or more languages that have it, suggesting that all are derived from an original language in which first and second person pronouns started this way.
		In the course of classifying the languages of the Americas, Dr. Greenberg realized that their major families were related to languages on the Eurasian continent, as would be expected if the Americas had been inhabited by people migrating through Siberia.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~anthro/articles/archaeo-language.html (2142 words)

	Evolution of Human Languages
		A primary goal of EHL researchers is to provide a detailed classification of these languages, organizing them into a genealogical tree similar to the accepted classification of biological species.
		They are frequently restricted to individual macrofamilies (such as Eurasiatic, Afroasiatic etc.), but a significant number of such matches have already been found between the macrofamilies themselves, pointing to the probability of common origin.
		The number of etymological matches between languages is a good measure of the distance between them and they can also be employed for evaluating the time depth of any linguistic family.
	ehl.santafe.edu /intro1.htm (867 words)

	Greenberg Conference - Global Perspectives on Human Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Greenberg's study of both the structure of language and the similarities between different languages gained him worldwide recognition.
		In the first part of his career, Greenberg focused on understanding how languages are organized, doing pioneering work in the field of typology.
		Greenberg most recently labored to prove the links between what he called "Eurasiatic" languages -- claiming that most of the languages of Europe and Asia, ranging from English to Korean, had common threads.
	greenberg-conference.stanford.edu /Frame1c.htm (207 words)

	Eurasiatic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Eurasiatic languages are a hypothetical language group from which allegedly descend several language families of Europe and Asia, including Indo-European languages, Uralic and Altaic.
		The theory was rejected by many linguists, mainly due to the controversial method used, mass lexical comparison.
		Joseph Harold Greenberg, Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, Volume 1, Grammar, Stanford University Press 2000, ISBN 0804738122
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eurasiatic (118 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Latin and its descendants, the Romance languages, attested from the 1st millennium BC.
		In general, the "eastern" languages are Satem, and the "western" languages are Centum.
		Estonian, Finnish and the languages of the Sami, is an example.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Indo-European_languages.html (696 words)

	Figure - Nature Genetics
		The Eurasiatic superfamily includes six families (most of which are recognized by most linguists) and an isolate, Gilyak, listed in the central column.
		Other African languages are Niger-Kordofanian (mostly west Africa), Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic (that includes Semitic languages like Arab and Hebrew).
		American languages belong to three families: Amerinds were the first to migrate from Asia, according to some (Fagan, ref. 89) as late as 15 kya, and Amerind shows affinities with Eurasiatic.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v33/n3s/fig_tab/ng1113_F5.html (150 words)

	Amazon.ca: Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives : The Eurasiatic Language FamilyVolume 1, Grammar: Books: Joseph ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Greenberg argues that the Indo-European language family should be seen as part of a superfamily that also includes the Uralic, Altaic, Yukaghir, Gilyak, and Chukotian families; Korean, Japanese, and Ainu (seen as distantly related members of a single family); and the Eskimo-Aleut languages, another family.
		Even a small subset of the evidence he presents (for example, the material on first- and second-person pronouns and verb endings) is hard to account for except by genetic relationship of the languages involved.
		Perhaps the most provocative element of the title is the word "closest." Greenberg argues here for only one linguistic superfamily, equal in status to a number of others--one galaxy, as it were, in the starry heavens.
	www.amazon.ca /Indo-European-Its-Closest-Relatives-Eurasiatic/dp/0804738122 (935 words)

	LINGUISTIC SHADOW-BOXING
		Language relatedness is irrelevant here - compare, just to mention a few Finnic examples, the fact that some Ingrians have called themselves "Russians" and the Latvian ethnonym for the Krevins means "little Russian".
		The fact that AM does not understand the historical dimension of language actually becomes evident everywhere in her book as an unability to distinguish present-day superficial similarities and differences from historical linguistic processes and taxonomies.
		AM discards the hypothesis of a common Ugric proto-language on the basis of well-known phonological difficulties with the reconstruction, as well as an historical argument: she claims that the belief in Hungaro-Ob-Ugric relatedness is merely based on the erroneous etymology hungarus ~ Yugria.
	homepage.univie.ac.at /Johanna.Laakso/am_rev.html (4343 words)

	Linguistics 201: World Language Handout
		Austronesian family--the languages of Malaysia, Indonesia, Madagascar, and the islands of the Pacific (including Hawaii, New Zealand, Tahiti). Even the splitters admit that all these languages are related.
		Khoisan superfamily--the languages of the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert in southwest Africa, famous for their clicks. If all languages do indeed stem from a common source, this group is probably one of the oldest offshoots.
		Language isolates--several isolated languages that cannot easily be fit into any of the above large families. Isolates include Basque of northern Spain, Ket of central Siberia, Georgian of the Caucasus mountains, and Burushaski of northern India. Isolates are thought to be remnants of ancient families once spoken more widely.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test3materials/Lang_familiesHANDOUT.htm (712 words)

	Language_families_and_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Language_families_and_languages (736 words)

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