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	Europa rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Europa rocket was an early expendable launch system of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO), which was the precursor to the European Space Agency and its Ariane family of launchers.
		The programme was initiated by the UK and the first launch occurred in August 1967.
		Tasks were to be distributed between nations: the United Kingdom would provide the first stage, France would build the second and Germany the third stage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Europa_rocket (116 words)

	Hotel Europa
		Although the name "Europa" was suggested by Simon Marius soon after its discovery, this name and the names of the other Galilean satellites curiously fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and was not revived in common use until the mid-20th century.
		Europa is somewhat similar in bulk composition to the terrestrial planets, being primarily composed of silicate rock.
		Europa's surface is extremely smooth; few features more than a few hundred meters high have been seen.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/91/hotel-europa.html (797 words)

	Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana
		The original rocket launching facilities in French Guiana were built by French Space Agency, CNES, along a stretch of coastal land some 60 kilometers wide from the town of Kourou to the town of Sinnamari.
		Rocket stages can be transported to the site by sea (booster stages) and by air (upper stages and payloads).
		Since the potential commercial payloads only allowed vertical integration with the rocket, the launch complex designers have decided to install payload module onto the rocket after it is rolled out and erected into vertical position on the launch pad.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /kourou.html (1347 words)

	Ariane (rocket) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France first proposed the Ariane project in early 1973 and it was officially agreed upon at the end of 1973 after delicate discussions between France, Germany and the UK, thanks to the negotiating skills of Charles Hann, Belgian Minister of Research
		The project was Western Europe's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project.
		Arianespace launches Ariane rockets from the Centre Spatial Guyanais at Kourou in French Guiana, where the proximity to the equator gives a significant advantage for the launch.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ariane_(rocket) (834 words)

	Europa launchers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The first launch (F6) of a Europa rocket with two active stages, in August 1967, ended in a failure due to the Coralie 2nd stage.
		The Europa 2 program was funded 90% by France and Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy having left the project in 1969.
		Europa 3 was never born, but its first stage was used as a basis for that of the Ariane European launcher.
	www.univ-perp.fr /fuseurop/europa_e.htm (843 words)

	IP-fuel-costs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Gas core fission rocket motors would stretch hydrogen supplies even more, but I doubt that these will be useful for routine space flight as they really push the limits of materials.
		The atomic rockets themselves could be made of plastics and graphite for high mass ratio.
		If a hypothetical 100 ton rocket needs a dV of 5 kps we can use the rocket equation to find that it needs 193 tons of 'fuel' of which 16% or 30.9 tons is hydrogen.
	www.moonminer.com /IP-fuel-costs.html (2148 words)

	CNN - In Brief - September 7, 1999
		Europa's ocean tides rise and fall a distance of 30 meters.
		Initial radio signals indicated the launch was a success and the rocket, a commercially made Thikiol Castor IVB topped by a government second stage, released its scientific payloads, called atmospheric interceptor technology or ait.
		A plume of smoke from the rocket motor hung in the air for several minutes after launch, tracing the rocket's path into space.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9909/17/in.brief.9.17 (588 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Europa's ice crust probed
		Beneath this crust there is probably an ocean of water kept liquid by heat from Europa's interior, and protected by the ice shield for tens of millions of years at least.
		A Europa mission was being studied but the US space agency (Nasa) eliminated all funds for it in the 2003 budget.
		The engineering basics of a Europa mole are being developed in the exploration of the ice-covered lakes of Antarctica, such as Lake Vostok.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3030925.stm (644 words)

	The Lure of Europa :: Astrobiology Magazine ::
		The reason we think that there is a liquid ocean on Europa is from the behavior of the induced magnetic field around Europa that was measured by the magnetometer on Galileo.
		The total surface area of the three icy moons of Jupiter (Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) is greater than the surface area of Mars, and, in fact, is about equivalent to the entire land surface of Earth.
		Europa is a very high priority for exploration, and in recognition of that priority, this mission is likely to happen.
	www.astrobio.net /news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1697&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 (1992 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Professor Hubert Curien
		Professor Hubert Curien, who has died aged 80, was known in France as the father of the European space programme and admired by the international scientific community for his ability to combine technical success with political effectiveness.
		When the British-led Europa rocket (based on Blue Streak, with added French and German stages) ended in disastrous failure in the 1970s, Curien, then director-general of France's space agency, was alarmed at the prospect that America and the Soviet Union would have a complete monopoly of the developing space industries.
		As the first chairman of the European Space Agency, formed after the Europa rocket fiasco, he and Roy Gibson, its first director-general, created the system of "just returns", which persuaded other countries to join the agency.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/02/09/db0903.xml&sSheet=/portal/2005/02/09/ixportal.html (463 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Europa is for me a small Dot in my Telescope, an interesting Place - in the Articles about the Pioneer- and Voyager - Flybys - in my Books, and a getting more and more interesting Place as stated on the Galileo Website in the Internet.
		Also could the Public be included to name newly discovered Features on Europa, but please not in a commercial way to sell the right to name something out there, it should be more like the contest to name the "Sojurner" Marsrover.
		If it is really proven, that there is no life on Europa at all, then this small Shrimps could serve as the first Europeans and possibly could be released as the first Aliens for Europa.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /galileo/features/life-result.html (2064 words)

	Ariane (rocket): Encyclopedia topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The project was Europe's second attempt to develop its own launcher following the unsuccessful Europa project (Europa project: the europa rocket was an early expendable launch system of the european launcher development...
		Arianespace launches Ariane rockets from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (Centre Spatial Guyanais: the guiana space centre (french: centre spatial guyanais) is a french/european...
		[follow hyperlink for more...]), Europa rocket (Europa rocket: the europa rocket was an early expendable launch system of the european launcher development...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /reference/ariane_rocket (660 words)

	Europa Orbitor Delayed Until 2010
		First: there have been rumors for several months that the launch of the Europa Orbiter -- which will orbit Jupiter's moon Europa and try to settle conclusively the important question of whether it currently has a subsurface ocean (or smaller water bodies) underneath its ice crust -- will be delayed for up to two years.
		The Europa probe's electronics must resist very high radiation levels from Jupiter's powerful radiation belts -- a total dose of 4 megarads over the entire mission, much more than the "Galileo" spacecraft -- and it must also carry out a series of large trajectory maneuvers (totalling 2.5 km/sec), while remaining lightweight.
		The original plan was to launch both the Europa and Pluto probes on Space Shuttles equipped with IUS solid-fueled upper stages.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/europa-orbitor-00a1.html (923 words)

	Blue Streak
		Rolls Royce would provide the rocket engines and decided that it would be quicker to licence an existing rocket engine rather than start development from scratch, so they purchased the technology of Rocketdyne?s S3D rocket engine and improved it, making it lighter, more powerful, and more efficient.
		ELDO's first rocket, Europa I, was really nothing more than a redesigned Black Prince: Blue Streak as a first stage, a French second stage, a German third stage, and satellites produced by Belgium and Holland.
		The Europa I project allowed work to continue on Blue Streak, and the first Blue Streak was taken from the de Havilland factory at Derby to be tested at Spadedam, taken down again, shipped to Adelaide, driven to Woomera, and finally assembled on launchpad 6a.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/6133/bluestreak.html (749 words)

	Difficult beginnings: Europe, quo vadis? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		It set up Europe`s first rocket range at Woomera in the South Australia desert and in 1964 began developing its own launcher, which was soon to be given the name Europa-1.
		Contrary to initial US assurances, the go-ahead to use an American rocket to launch Europe`s first geostationary communication satellites Â— the Franco-German Syphonie satellites Â— was forthcoming only after Europe had given its assurance that these systems were to be used exclusively for experimental purposes and not for operational commercial ends.
		On the contrary, the United States was winding up its fleet of rocket launchers in favour of developing the reusable Space Shuttle.
	science.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_1003907.php (1588 words)

	SpaceViews February 1997: News
		A Delta II rocket carrying an Air Force satellite exploded just thirteen seconds afte r launch from Cape Canaveral on January 17, showering the launch pad with tons of debris.
		Film of the explosion appeared to show the explosion starting at the base of the rocket, and some observers reportedly saw one of the boosters come loose immediately before the explosion.
		The rocket had reached an altitude of less than 450 me ters (1500 feet) when it exploded.
	www.seds.org /spaceviews/9702/news.html (2920 words)

	[No title]
		Problem: How much water resource is needed for propulsion to send just the rocket ship to the destination: trip to Europa (Callisto) The entire problem can be defined by the minimum delta-V the rockets must develop to get to their destinations.
		LH2 rocket only takes 1.22 tons per ton tank mass calculations tank:.001 water tank:.01 LH2 LH2 tank weighs 10 x more than water tank but it needs 1.22 / 29.87 less tanks, which results in the liquid hydrogen tank being 0.41 times less than the mass of the water tank.
		The water required for the LH2 rocket is therefore 9 times the LH2 mass, or 9 x 1.22.
	www.neofuel.com /liq_hydrogen_vs_water.doc (1562 words)

	The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
		Rocket fuel disposal: confronting a critical environmental security risk
		After the collapse of the Soviet Union, large amounts of rocket fuel were left on the territories of the former republics.
		The OSCE is helping to address the security and environmental threat posed by the toxic chemicals and their ageing storage tanks.
	www.osce.org (275 words)

	Britain's Cold War Super Weapons from Channel4.com
		By 1959, both rocket programmes were picking up speed and reaping the benefits as seemingly endless funds were poured into the very latest – and huge – electronic computers to aid their calculations.
		Of course, this argument was something of a non-starter because, unlike the V-bombers, exposed on a runway, these weapons would be protected within their silos and could be launched whenever required, still guaranteeing mutually assured destruction.
		Blue Streak was to be the first stage of the new Europa rocket, in partnership with France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Belgium.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/B/britains_cold_war_super_weapons/missile.html (1114 words)

	Deutsches Museum - Astronautics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Rocket research was prohibited in Germany until the fifties.
		The beginning of the German aerospace industry is marked by the construction of the third stage of the EUROPA rocket (1971), under the auspices of Ludwig Bölkow.
		The two rocket motors on display are the HM-7 (1982) and the VIKING (1979).
	www.deutsches-museum.de /ausstell/dauer/raum/e_raumf1.htm (418 words)

	Rocket Dog · Boots Overview
		Rocket Dog's classic motorcycle-inspired boots have a touch of femininity with its rhinestone and stud detailing.
		Rocket Dog's motorcycle boot has a detachable rhinestones & studded belt and is just right to soften a tough-as-nails get up or give a cutting edge to a too-sweet feminine look.
		Rocket Dog's motorcycle boot is embroidered just right to soften a tough-as-nails get up or give a cutting edge to a too-sweet feminine look.
	www.rocketdog.com /wps/wcm/connect/RocketDog/Cool+Shoes/Boots (261 words)

	NewsNotes: Jan 01 2001
		There are toy rockets that fly using air pressurizing by hand-pump or a stream of water from a garden hose.
		The longer the tube length to the surface the greater the air is compressed in the chamber.
		The compressed air pocket propels the rocket upward with great force as it is chased up the tube by the high-pressure water.
	www.pietro.org /Astro_Home/NewsNotes/NN010101.htm (2343 words)

	Roswell Controversy (Morgana's Observatory)
		Europa (Phoenician): A mortal; daughter of Agenor and sister of Cadmus.
		Rockets and airplanes that were secret in 1947 are not secret now.
		By July 1947, rockets launched from White Sands were fitted with self-destruct mechanisms so that an errant rocket could be destroyed before leaving the test range.
	www.dreamscape.com /morgana/europa.htm (8213 words)

	Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt Museum
		His early books "The Rocket into Interplanetary Space" (1923), and "Ways to Travel in Space" (1929), established the scientific basis for a technology, that enabled mankind to leave the planet earth.
		Almost any of our present space projects, from the first rockets and satellites, to the landing on the moon, interplanetary probes, international manned space-stations, and reusable space-ferries are anticipated and discussed in these books.
		In the course of many years we have acquired from the German aerospace industry crates full of genuine materials that are used in rockets and satallites.
	www.oberth-museum.org /index_e.html (942 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		After both all three orbital test flights of the Europa-1 rocket and the maiden flight of the Europa 2 had failed in a string of bad luck the program was terminated in 1972.
		In the upper section of the chamber, the engine is connected mechanically to the propellant pipes and electrically to the measuring and control lines.
		The suction system is supplied with the necessary propulsion steam by two rocket steam generators.
	www.la.dlr.de /ra/va/P4/P4.html.en (1225 words)

	Woomera Travellers Village
		During the next 30 years, 4000 different missiles and rocket projects came and went, some successful some not.
		Redstone, Blue Streak and Europa were also associated with the attempts to put satellites into orbit from Woomera.
		The first stage of the rocket which put Wresat into orbit was recovered from the Simpson desert, 1000km north of Woomera by a team in April 1990 and is now on display at the missile and aircraft park.
	www.woomera.com /pages/history_3_info.htm (290 words)

	videos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The RTV or Rocket Test Vehicle was a research vehicle to study the problems of steering missiles.
		The fuel in the nearly empty tanks began sloshing from side to side, and eventually the rocket tumbled.
		All three rocket stages were successful, but the Italian fairings at the top of the vehicle failed to separate!
	www.spaceuk.org /videos/vid.htm (278 words)

	UNE News and Events: Archaeologist to re-establish international space link
		Dr Alice Gorman, an Honorary Research Associate at the University of New England, will tell staff of the European Space Agency how, in 1971, their predecessors moved from Woomera Rocket Range to the “spaceport” at Kourou in French Guyana to develop the Europa II rocket, the ancestor of the Ariane launch vehicle.
		A vivid product of this interaction, and a focal point for her talk, is a bark painting from Gove that transforms a traditional symbol for a ceremonial ground into the depiction of a rocket, full of pale-coloured people.
		Rocket scientists from Colomb-Bechar ended up working at Woomera and at Kourou on the Europa rocket.
	www.une.edu.au /news/archives/000181.html (609 words)

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