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	European Coal and Steel Community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was founded in 1951 (Treaty of Paris), by France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands to pool the steel and coal resources of its member-states, thus preventing another European war.
		The ECSC served as the foundation for the later development of the European Economic Community (later renamed the European Community by the Maastricht Treaty), and then the European Union.
		The institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community on www.ena.lu
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community (373 words)

	SCADPlus: Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community, ECSC Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The ECSC Treaty was signed in Paris in 1951 and brought France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries together in a Community with the aim of organising free movement of coal and steel and free access to sources of production.
		The first dealt with the European Coal and Steel Community, the second with the institutions of the Community, the third with economic and social provisions and the fourth with general provisions.
		A protocol on the financial consequeneces of the expiry of the ECSC Treaty and on the research fund for coal and steel is annexed to the Treaty of Nice.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/treaties/ecsc_en.htm (2352 words)

	Coal Encyclopedia Article @ LaunchBase.net (Launch Base) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining).
		Graphite formed from coal is the end-product of the thermal and diagenetic conversion of plant matter (50% by volume of water) into pure carbon.
		Coals are usually mined wet and may be stored wet to prevent spontaneous combustion, so the carbon content of coal is quoted as both a 'as mined' and on a 'moisture free' basis.
	www.launchbase.net /encyclopedia/Coal (2336 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Member nations of ECSC pledged to pool their coal and steel resources by providing a unified market for their coal and steel products, lifting restrictions on imports and exports, and creating a unified labor market.
		When overproduction of coal became a problem after 1959, especially in Belgium, the ECSC demonstrated its flexibility by reducing Belgium’s coal-producing capacity by 30% and by making available large sums of money to aid in retraining miners and developing new industries.
		The executive machinery of the ECSC provided an important precedent for the future growth of a united Europe: the nine-member High Authority, which became a part of the European Commission in 1967, was chosen by the member governments and made independent of those governments.
	www.bartleby.com /65/eu/EuropnCNSC.html (272 words)

	Background Note: European Community (EC)
		As three distinct European communities: On April 18, 1951, (effective July 23, 1952), when the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) Treaty was signed in Paris, and on March 25, 1957, (effective January 1, 1958), when the treaties for the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) and the European Economic Community (EEC) were signed in Rome.
		The Single European Act underlined the commitment of Community members to achieving "European Union." At a landmark summit held in Maastricht, Netherlands, in December 1991, the Heads of State and Government agreed to further amendments in the EC treaties to move the Community toward greater political union, including more unified foreign and defense policies.
		In January 1992, the Community announced its plan to negotiate partnership and cooperation agreements with the states of the former Soviet Union to replace the trade and cooperation agreement signed by the EC and the Soviet Union in 1989.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/igos/ec9301.html (6060 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The original members of the ECSC were France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
		The EPP was formed in 1953 as the Christian Democrat Group, which acted as a transnational political party in the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
		Luxembourg was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)—collectively called the European Union (EU).
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9033264 (932 words)

	European Union
		The merger of the basic production of coal and steel and the establishment of an authority whose decisions would be binding for France, Germany, and the other member countries, would create the first firm foundations for the European federation which was indispensable for the preservation of peace.
		The European Coal and Steel Community shall have as its task to contribute, in harmony with the general economy of Member States and through the establishment of a common market as provided in Article 4, to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living in the Member States.
		Of course, the European Community is not just a new power-bloc or a new coalition, although it has its pride, it is not a swollen version of 19th century nationalism, taking a continent rather than a country as its basis.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWeec.htm (8144 words)

	The European Commission's Delegation to Jamaica: what's new? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The European Coal and Steel Community treaty, the starting point of the European Union as we know it today, will expire on July 23, 2002, fifty years after coming into force.
		European countries were trying to emerge from the rubble and to set aside hatred and rivalries.
		To overcome these divisions, six European countries decided to pool their resources in the coal and steel sector, traditional drivers of the war machine, and to create an international organisation to manage peaceful use of these resources.
	www.deljam.cec.eu.int /en/whatsnew/ecsc.htm (192 words)

	Background Notes: European Community
		The primary aim of the Paris and Rome treaties establishing the European Communities (EC) was to remove the economic barriers that divided the member countries as the first steps toward political unity.
		The three communities-the ECSC, EEC, and EURATOM-had separate executive commissions and councils of ministers until their 1967 merger into the European Communities; a joint commission and a joint council of ministers were then established.
		The Community's trade policy is based on the principles and obligations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to which all Community members are contracting parties.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/igos/ec9101.html (5439 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community Treaty expires
		The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up by the ECSC Treaty, which was signed in Paris on 18 April 1951 by Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
		The members of the ECSC Consultative Committee were appointed by the Council of Ministers and divided equally between producers, workers and consumers/dealers in the two sectors covered by the ECSC Treaty - coal and steel.
		Thus, a symposium, entitled 'The history and future of the European Union' was organised on 23 July 2002 by the EESC to mark this event.
	www.eiro.eurofound.ie /2002/09/InBrief/EU0209203N.html (454 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Europe bids farewell to historic treaty
		The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was set up by six nations, led by France and Germany, which agreed to pool their key resources to lock themselves into a peaceful future.
		The flag of the historic community will be lowered in Brussels for the last time in a ceremony attended by European Commission president Romani Prodi and other top officials.
		Coal and steel were essentially weapons of war...
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/2146011.stm (572 words)

	The European Coal and Steel Community (from international trade) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		An important step in European integration was taken in May 1950 when the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, proposed that a common market for coal and steel be set up by countries willing to delegate powers over these sectors of their economies to an independent authority.
		The EC is the principal component of the European Union (EU).
		The ECJ originated in the individual courts of justice established in the 1950s for the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-61733 (925 words)

	CBC News Indepth: European Union
		The European Union evolved in the latter half of the 20th century to integrate European nations into a common market.
		The predecessor to the European Union – the European Coal and Steel Community – was established in 1951 to pool coal and steel resources among member nations.
		The European Union itself was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/eu (531 words)

	Daily Press Briefing (July 23, 2002)
		Like all its European partners, France strongly supports the action of the UNFPA, the only multilateral organization with competence for population issues, which is a key coordinator in implementing the plan of action adopted at the international conference on population and sustainable development in Cairo in 1994.
		The coal and steel sector will continue to be closely followed and supported if necessary on the basis of the EU treaty.
		The assets of the European Coal and Steel Community are being transferred to a special research fund of 1.6 billion euros-in addition to community research financed from other sources./.
	www.info-france-usa.org /news/briefing/us230702.asp (1745 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The ECSC was founded in 1951 by the treaty of Paris, and later merged with the European Community.
		The flag of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was blue over fl with three yellow stars on each stripe.
		Blue was for steel, fl for coal, while the stars represented the original six member states.
	www.fotw.us /flags/eur-ecsc.html (147 words)

	Schuman Plan - Britannica Concise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		European Coal and Steel Community - Administrative agency designed to integrate the coal and steel industries of France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
		European Coal and Steel Community - administrative agency established by a treaty ratified in 1952, designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe.
		The organization subsequently expanded to include all members of the European Economic Community (later renamed the European Community) and the European...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9066237 (438 words)

	[No title]
		The European Union of today is the result of a process that began half a century ago with the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community.
		This, together with the evidence that peaceful reconciliation among the member states was being achieved, encouraged them to see the European Coal and Steel Community as a first step, as Schuman had indicated, in a process of political as well as economic unification.
		The concept of the common market was extended to the whole of their mutual trade in goods when the European Economic Community (EEC) was founded in 1958, opening up the way to an integrated economy that responded to the logic of economic interdependence among the member states.
	www.askoxford.com /languages/culturevulture/general/eu?view=print (965 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The office of President of the EEA Council shall be held alternately, for a period of six months, by a member of the Council of the European Communities and a member of the Government of an EFTA State.
		Article 98 The Annexes to this Agreement and Protocols 1 to 7, 9 to 11, 19 to 27, 30 to 32, 37, 39, 41 and 47, as appropriate, may be amended by a decision of the EEA Joint Committee in accordance with Articles 93 (2), 99, 100, 102 and 103.
		In the cases where the Council of the European Communities is seized in accordance with the procedure applicable to the type of committee involved, the EC Commission shall transmit to the Council of the European Communities the views of the experts of the EFTA States.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~iea/TreatyTexts/1992-EuropeanEconomicArea.EN.txt (8113 words)

	European Unity
		He hoped that some form of European Parliament would be able to enforce the liberty of the press, free trade, the abandonment of all colonies and a reduction in the money being spent on armaments.
		The Schuman Plan, as it became known, was the basis for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) that was established in 1952.
		The typical example which shows how one community, for its very survival, has had to change from a league of sovereign and independent states to a more complex form of a union of states ruled by a central power, is given with unsurpassable clarity by the history of the United States of America.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWeuropeunity.htm (8937 words)

	Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Community and Turkey shall establish, in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement and in conformity with their obligations under the World Trade Organization, a free trade area in respect of the products referred to in Article 1.
		Turkey shall notify the Community in sufficient time of any public aid proposed to be granted in the ECSC steel sector.
		Turkey or the Community, whichever is concerned, may take appropriate measures under the conditions and in accordance with the procedures laid down in Article 16.
	www.dtm.gov.tr /ab/ingilizce/akctmeti.htm (2274 words)

	Research Guide - European Union
		Volume 1 includes the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris, 1951); Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome, 1957); Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Treaty of Rome, 1957); and Treaties revising the Treaties establishing the European Communities and Acts relating to the Communities.
		The Rome, Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties: The Treaty on European Union (the Treaty of Rome) and the Treaty Establishing the European Community (the Treaty of Maastricht), Amended by the Treaty of Amsterdam: Comparative Texts.
		This very infrequent series digests judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Communities, and a selection of judgments given by courts of Member States on the Convention on Jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (the Brussels Convention).
	holmes.uchastings.edu /library/Legal%20Research/Research%20Guides/eu.htm (2376 words)

	EUABC A dictionary on words related to the EU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One of the original three European communities, the others being the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.
		The idea of a supra-national community sharing coal and steel resources originated with the French cognac dealer and diplomat, Jean Monnet.
		Its High Authority for the administration of the coal and steel resources of France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries prefigured the supra-national EU Commission.
	www.euabc.com /index.phtml?word_id=404 (108 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY [European Coal and Steel Community] (ECSC), 1st treaty organization of what has become the European Union ; established by the Treaty of Paris (1952).
		The Council of Ministers has approved the appointment to the Consultative Committee of the European Coal and Steel Community of members from the three new Member States, Austria, Finland and Sweden
		EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY: COMMISSION PROPOSES POST-ECSC FRAMEWORK.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/E/EuropnC1N1S1C1.asp (675 words)

	EUROPA - Expiry of the ECSC Treaty - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Although its remit is limited to the two branches of industry, the ECSC has had a crucial impact on major economic and political developments in Europe for almost fifty years.
		Subsequently, when the coal and steel industry went into deep crisis in the 1970s and 1980s, the ECSC was able to marshal an organised response which made it possible to carry out the necessary industrial restructuring and conversion while placing particular emphasis on the protection of workers' rights, in keeping with the European social model.
		The ECSC was a precursor of the original form of organisation which characterises today's European Union, consisting of an autonomous regulatory system run by independent institutions vested with the power and authority needed to make the system work.
	europa.eu.int /ecsc/results/index_en.htm (303 words)

	European Coal and Steel Community
		ECSC - ECSC: see European Coal and Steel Community.
		European Union: Organizational Structure - Organizational Structure The EC, which is the core of the EU, originally referred to the group of...
		Jean Monnet - Monnet, Jean, 1888–1979, French economist and public official, proponent of European unity.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0817880.html (317 words)

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