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	Ecma International - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ecma International - European association for standardising information and communication systems came into existence in 1994, when the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) changed its name in order to reflect the international activities of the organisation (the long form of "ECMA" was dropped then, and capitalization changed to reflect this).
		ECMA was founded in 1961 to standardise computer systems in Europe.
		Membership is open to companies which produce, market or develop computer or communication systems in Europe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association (133 words)

	Welcome to Ecma International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ecma is the inventor and main practitioner of the concept of "fast tracking" of specifications drafted in international standards format through the process in Global Standards Bodies like the ISO.
		Ecma is driven by industry to meet the needs of industry, generating a healthy competitive landscape based on differentiation of products and services, rather than technology models, generating confidence among vendors and users of new technology.
		Ecma improves the Existing Standards for C# and CLI by Publishing the Third Edition.
	www.ecma-international.org (198 words)

	ECMA - European Computer Manufacturing Association
		European Computer Manufacturers Association, a regional member of ISO headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that often initiates and issues standards that are precursors of subsequent ISO standards.
		(European Computer Manufactures Association)—The ECMA (known since 1994 as ECMA International) is an industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems.
		The C# and CLI specification were ratified by the ECMA on December 31, 2001 as international standards, and assigned to them the ECMA standards designations of ECMA-334 (C#) and ECMA-335 (CLI), and Technical Report TR-84.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/ECMA.asp (297 words)

	Tape drives, tape backup, removable storage: Certance - News & Info: European Computer Manufacturers Association adopts ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		ECMA is an international industry association dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems.
		ECMA Standards are developed by highly-qualified experts from the information technology and telecommunication industries with a commitment to providing consensus-based technical solutions ready for implementation in product development and conformity testing.
		ECMA Standards and Technical Reports are made available free of charge and copyright to all interested parties without restriction.
	www.certance.com /news-info/newsreleases/2001/European_Computer_Manufacturers_ (705 words)

	ECMA-10 - ECMA STANDARD for Data Interchange on Punched Tape
		All ECMA standards, past and present, are not copyright, and so may be distributed without restriction in any form.
		On March 29, 1963 ECMA adopted their Standard ECMA-1 for a 6 Bit Character Code for Input and Output purposes and on April 30, 1965 their Standard ECMA-6 for a corresponding 7 Bit Code.
		Whilst these tolerances are within the limits of almost all known punches as manufactured, it will be necessary to check the punch regularly in use to ensure that wear or bad setting has not caused any of the specified values to be exceeded.
	www.srcf.ucam.org /~jsm28/ECMA-10 (3385 words)

	European Computer Manufacturers Association - Wikipedia
		Die European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) ist eine private Normungsorganisation und wurde 1961 gegründet, um Computersysteme, genauer Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme in Europa zu standardisieren.
		Die ECMA versteht sich als Organisation von der Industrie für die Industrie, was im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen von Staaten oder Staatenbünden getragenen Standardisierungsorganisationen wie DIN, ISO, CEN, etc. steht.
		Selbst bezeichnet sich die ECMA deswegen als Erfinder des "fast tracking" Konzeptes von Spezifikationen ("inventor and main practitioner of the concept of "fast tracking" of specifications drafted in international standards...").
	de.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Computer_Manufacturers_Association (360 words)

	XML and Web Service Glossary: ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association)
		ECMA is an international, europe-based industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems.
		Many ECMA standards have been accepted as a base for international and european standards.
		ECMA standards are developed by highly qualified experts from information technology and telecommunication industry with the commitment to provide in a consensus mode technical solutions ready for implementation in product development and conformance testing.
	dret.net /glossary/ecma (158 words)

	CONSORTIUM AND STANDARDS LIST
		ECMA is an international industry association focused on the standardization of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Systems.
		ECMA has established formal liaisons with all European and international standardization bodies.
		The aims of ECMA are to develop, in co-operation with the appropriate National, European and International organizations standards and technical reports in order to facilitate and standardize the use of ICT systems; to encourage the correct use of standards; and to publish and promulgate the various standards that ECMA produces.
	www.consortiuminfo.org /links/detail.php?ID=32 (89 words)

	5/6/99 - SUN SUBMITS JAVA TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRY STANDARDIZATION
		ECMA, formerly known as the European Computer Manufacturers Association, has almost 40 years of experience as an international information and communications technology standardization body.
		ECMA is a Class A ISO liaison, and this unique relationship allows ECMA standards to be forwarded to ISO for adoption as international standards.
		ECMA and ISO are headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland (http://www.ecma.ch and http://www.iso.ch).
	www.sun.com /smi/Press/sunflash/9905/sunflash.990506.1.html (737 words)

	ECMA and usability standards \| Websickle Consulting affordable web site usability testing evaluation auditing speed ...
		The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) is an organization officially founded in 1961 in order to meet the need for standardizing computer operational formats, including programming languages and input/output codes.
		The ECMA is based in Geneva, Switzerland, near the headquarters of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
		As ECMA is an association of companies and not an official standardization institute, they often collaborate with official national or international institutes.
	www.websickle.com /ECMA_standards.htm (336 words)

	[No title]
		Johansson, Stig, in collaboration with Eric Atwell, Roger Garside, and Geoffrey Leech.
		Computational analysis of present-day American English, with a foreword by W. Twaddell, a study by Mary Lois Marckworth and Laura M. Bell, and an analytical essay by John B. Carroll.
		The screen-formatted copy of this document was produced by Waterloo Script GML, version 89.1, running on the IBM 3090 at the University of Illinois at Chicago Academic Computer Center (to which thanks), and using a set of macros extending the GML Starter Set of tags with spe- cialized tags designed for this document.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/gwydion/docs/sgml/P3BACK.DOC (1525 words)

	ECMA Approval of Microsoft's C# Will Not Affect Java
		The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) has approved Microsoft's C# programming language, but this approval will not give C# Java's ability to operate on all computing platforms.
		ECMA's approval does little to give C# the key characteristic of Java — its ability to operate on all computing platforms.
		ECMA has made C# a formal standard, but enterprises make few decisions on the basis of formal standards.
	www.gartner.com /DisplayDocument?doc_cd=103381 (710 words)

	European Computer Manufacturers Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This house, charming as it was, could not of course compare with Yarleys was pure Elizabethan, although it contained an oak-roofed hall former house.
		There was no electric light or other modern convenience its exceeding beauty and its historical associations.
		The moat by three sides of a square, the mullioned windows, the towered gateway of Vernons, the sloping park and the splendid oaks that stood about, of the most lovely of English homes, and oddly enough its.
	www.termsdefined.net /eu/european-computer-manufacturers-association.html (339 words)

	Standards group ratifies Microsoft development language - Computerworld
		The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) ratified Microsoft's C# (pronounced C-sharp) development language and Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), the runtime environment for the tool, this week.
		The ECMA is a Geneva-based standards organization, whose 30 voting members include industry giants Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard Co. and IBM.
		"ECMA is recognized as a real standardization body by the European Union and the [International Telecommunication Union]," he said.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2001/0,4814,66591,00.html (386 words)

	[No title]
		Fortunately, ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) has tackled this problem previously and has issued a technical report called "Handling of Bi-Directional Texts".
		ECMA TR/53, as it is called, was used to update the Standard ECMA-48 which in turn was used as the basis for ISO/IEC 6429 which was adopted under a special "fast track procedure".
		Implicit Implicit directionality is a presentation method in which the direction is determined by an algorithm according to the type of characters and their position relative to the adjacent characters and according to their primary direction.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc1556.txt (683 words)

	E
		Ethernet was publicly introduced in 1976 with the publication of the paper "Ethernet: Distributed Packet Switching for Local Computer Networks" by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs.
		The transceiver, which may or may not be a part of the controller, taps into the network to send and receive packets for the controller.
		However, many DOS based computers do have more than 1Mb of memory on the motherboard Certain DOS applications, (such as Windows 3.x), and the OS/2 operating system do use extended memory because they were specifically written to use extended memory..
	www.35pickup.com /mulligan/e.htm (2442 words)

	European Computer Manufacturers Association: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about European Computer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		European Computer Manufacturers Association: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about European Computer Manufacturers Association
		The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) was founded in 1961 to standardise computer systems in Europe.
		It was renamed in 1994 to ECMA International - European association for standardising information and communication systems in order to reflect the international activities of the organisation.
	www.encyclopedian.com /eu/European-Computer-Manufacturers-Association.html (117 words)

	CNN - Sun cancels Java standard plans - December 9, 1999
		ECMA officials earlier had hinted they might go forward on their own if the dispute could not be resolved.
		Ironically, Sun proposed the project to ECMA last May, after scrubbing a similar proposal to a group affiliated with the International Organization for Standardization.
		Sueltz's decision means that the Java language and its associated APIs and services remain firmly in Sun's control.
	archives.cnn.com /1999/TECH/computing/12/09/java.std.cancel.idg (561 words)

	Enterprise Integration and Communications Systems GLOSSARY
		The set of rules (i.e., previously established) for operating the example manufacturing plant to achieve the goals of management.
		A computer system that embodies the specialized knowledge of one or more human experts and uses that knowledge to solve problems.
		A feature of many expert systems that tells what steps were involved in the process by which the system arrived at a solution.
	www.pera.net /Tools/Glossary/Enterprise_Integration/Glossary_E.html (476 words)

	[No title]
		In a surprise move, Microsoft was among 23 companies--all ECMA members--meeting in Kyoto, Japan, voting in favor of having ECMA develop a formal Java international standard.
		Cargill said the next step will be for ECMA to form a technical committee to do the actual hands-on work of turning the Java specifications from a de facto industry standard to a formal international standard.
		Going the ECMA route is a major departure for Sun, which has fought a hard, two-year battle to be accepted as a presenter of the standard to ISO's JCT 1 committee, a joint technical committee comprised of members of both ISO and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
	www.reed-electronics.com /electronicnews/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA70212 (1328 words)

	Microsoft gets backing for .Net tools - ZDNet UK News
		Microsoft submitted the technology to ECMA last year with the hope that a standardised version of the software -- administered by ECMA -- will be adopted by other software makers for building.Net-compliant programs running on operating systems other than Windows, and thus expanding.Net's popularity.
		"ECMA's decision to ratify C# and the CLI technology confirms Web services are and are going continue to play an important role in the development of future innovations," Microsoft spokesman Dan Leach said.
		While in theory, ECMA's blessing of the technology could mean that other software companies adopt C# and the CLI, so far Microsoft has not announced that it is working to deliver commercial implementations of.Net for any other operating system.
	news.zdnet.co.uk /software/developer/0,39020387,2100916,00.htm (645 words)

	Software Magazine: NIST, ECMA join forces: agree to cooperate on integrated Case model - National Institute of ...
		The study of the ECMA model, which led to the working relationship, was done by engineers Maria Penedo of TRW, Redondo Beach, Calif., Richard Drake of IBM, Gaithersburg, Md., and Marvin Zelkowitz of the University of Maryland in Baltimore.
		The adoption of the ECMA model is intended to provide a frame of reference for identifying and mapping common elements of other Case integration approaches for both commercial information systems and largescale engineering applications.
		The technical contributions were made to help broaden and complete the experience and perspectives of the ECMA conceptual framework, said Ian Thomas, an engineering official at Hewlett-Packard Co., Cupertino, Calif., and a key intermediary between the U.S. and European standards groups.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0SMG/is_n12_v10/ai_9536763 (660 words)

	ECMAScript
		It was originally designed to be a Web scripting language, providing a mechanism to enliven Web pages in browsers and to perform server computation as part of a Web-based client-server architecture but it can provide a core scripting capabilities for a variety of host environments.
		ECMA Standard was adopted by the ISO/IEC JTC 1 as ISO/IEC 16262 [5] in April 1998.
		For example, a variable is not required to have its type declared nor are types associated with properties, and defined functions are not required to have their declarations appear textually before calls to them.
	users.tkk.fi /~ahkarppi/ecma.html (2784 words)

	Northwest Product Stewardship Council
		The European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) is an international industry association founded in 1961 and dedicated to the standardization of information and communication systems.
		The European Union's eco-labeling program was launched throughout the European Community in 1993 to encourage the manufacture of less environmentally damaging products.
		Design for the Environment (DfE)-The Computer Display Partnership is assessing the life cycle impacts of flat panel displays (FPDs) and conventional cathode ray tube monitors (CRTs) by combining Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) approaches.
	www.productstewardship.net /productsElectronicsGreenPurchasingRating.html (1569 words)

	Windows standards goes 'public' - Computerworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Despite opposition by Microsoft Corp., a European standards organization has established a formal definition of Windows that is outside of Microsoft's direct control.
		The ECMA plans to forward the new standard to the International Standards Organization (ISO), which could vote to make it a formal international standard.
		ECMA officials invited Microsoft to examine the API-W specification and identify any errors in the specification within the next two months.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/1995/0,4814,12585,00.html (406 words)

	Sun renews Java standards effort \| CNET News.com
		Sun has submitted a proposal to the European Computer Manufacturers Association to bring a Sun-controlled Java standard to the International Standards Organization, documents obtained by CNET News.com show.
		In an April 30 letter to ECMA secretary general Jan Van Den Beld, Sun Java Software president Alan Baratz said Sun proposes to make Java 2 a standard, including the programming language, the virtual machine that powers the "write once, run anywhere" universality of Java, and supporting software libraries.
		Going through ECMA apparently is an attempt to make sure that future modifications to Java come from Sun's Java community process, as opposed to turning over the evolution of Java to JTC1.
	news.com.com /2100-1001-225464.html?legacy=cnet&st.ne.fd.gif.h (949 words)

	EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
		The data alphabet used in all IBM computers except the PC; it determines the composition of the eight-bit string of zeros and ones representing each character (alphabetic, numeric or special).
		A method of transmission in which characters are echoed from the distant end the echoes are presented on the terminal; this provides a constant check of the communications circuit to the user.
		A form of connector consisting of a row of etched contacts along the edge of a printed circuit board that is inserted into an expansion slot in the computer.
	www.ssiltd.co.uk /glossary?let=e (787 words)

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