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Topic: European Defence Community

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	European Community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Community (EC), most important of three European Communities, was originally founded on March 25, 1957 by the signing of the Treaty of Rome under the name of European Economic Community.
		European Communities is the name given collectively to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), when in 1967, they were first merged under a single institutional framework with the Merger Treaty.
		The European Economic Community (EEC) was an organization established (1958) by treaty between the ECSC countries Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, known informally as the Common Market (the Six).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Community (720 words)

	European Defence Community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Defence Community (EDC) was a plan proposed by René Pleven, the French prime minister at the time, in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany.
		Its intention was to form a pan-European defence force as an alternative to Germany's proposed accession to NATO, meant to harness its military potential in case of conflict with the Soviet bloc.
		Today, the Western European Union, the European Union and NATO all carry out some of the functions which it was envisaged the EDC would have, although none approach the degree of supernational military control that the EDC would have provided for.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Defence_Community (482 words)

	EU Glossary: E-F (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The European Community is the generic term for three different European communities: European Coal and Steel Community (Treaty of Paris 1951), European Atomic Energy Community (Treaty of Rome 1957) and the European Economic Community (Treaty of Rome 1957).
		European political cooperation (EPC) was introduced informally in 1970 (in response to the Davignon report) and formalised by the Single European Act with effect from 1987.
		Each successive European Council (Helsinki, Feira and Nice) has gradually given substance to this desire to give the Union a capacity for autonomous action in international crisis management, where NATO as such is not engaged, in compliance with the principles of the UN Charter and acknowledging the prerogatives of the UN Security Council.
	www.dadalos-europe.org /int/materialien/begriffe_e-f.htm (4549 words)

	Western European Union - Wikipedia
		Western European Union (WEU): Not to be confused with the European Union, a largely dormant European defence and security organization composed of those states members of both NATO and the EU.
		Established under the Modified Brussels Treaty, in response to the failure of the European Defence Community treaty.
		The Secretary-General of the WEU is Javier Solana[?], who is also Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union and High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /we/WEU.html (175 words)

	European Union
		The European Coal and Steel Community shall have as its task to contribute, in harmony with the general economy of Member States and through the establishment of a common market as provided in Article 4, to economic expansion, growth of employment and a rising standard of living in the Member States.
		The Community's institutions consist of a Council of Ministers, a European Economic Commission, an Assembly, which is a kind of Parliament, and a Court of Justice, which is an embryo Supreme Court.
		Of course, the European Community is not just a new power-bloc or a new coalition, although it has its pride, it is not a swollen version of 19th century nationalism, taking a continent rather than a country as its basis.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWeec.htm (8144 words)

	In Europe's Defence? \| European Union Future EU
		New impetus was given to the project of European defence by the Franco-British summit of St Malo in December 1998.
		The proposals of the European Convention on defence questions are a culmination of this process, allowing a perhaps initially very small group of member states to use the framework of the European Union to promote among themselves ‘structured co-operation’, a concept evolved specifically for application to the field of European defence policy.
		Defence may well be one of the unresolved questions ensuring that the IGC continues its work into the next year.
	www.euractiv.com /en/constitution/europe-defence/article-117254 (3654 words)

	German Unification and the European Community
		Given that both the FRG and GDR felt that unification should be achieved within the framework of the Community, the essential question related to the method to be followed to extend the Community treaties to the territory of the ex-GDR.
		Extension to the whole territory of the enlarged state of treaties concluded by either component is, as in the case of union of States, possible, with a reservation as to rules relating to restricted multilateral treaties, for which agreement of all parties is necessary to bring it about.
		The European Council was well aware of this since, without taking a position on the substance of the debate, it closed the dispute when at its special meeting in Dublin on 28 April 1990 it indicated that application of the Community Treaties to the FRG after unification would take place without revision.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol2/No1/art1.html (3301 words)

	SCADPlus: Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, EEC Treaty - original text (non-consolidated version)
		The establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in July 1952 was the first step towards a supranational Europe.
		The development of these policies was accompanied by the creation of a European Social Fund whose aim is to improve job opportunities for workers and to raise their standard of living as well as to establish a European Investment Bank in order to facilitate the Community's economic expansion by creating new resources.
		The Maastricht Treaty brought the three Communities (Euratom, ECSC, EEC) and institutionalised cooperation in the fields of foreign policy, defence, police and justice together under one umbrella, the European Union.
	europa.eu.int /scadplus/treaties/eec_en.htm (2285 words)

	NATO Mini. Comm. Paris, 15th-18th December 1952
		For the future the Council directed that more emphasis should be given to increasing the effectiveness of the forces of the alliance and the units necessary for their support rather than to the provision of greater numbers, to the extent that resources were not available for both tasks.
		At this meeting the Council paid particular attention to the struggle in Indo-China, to the European Defence Community Treaty, and to the situation in Eastern Germany.
		Recalling the decisions taken by the Council at Brussels and at Lisbon regarding German participation in Western defence, and the resolution of the 26th May 1952 by which the Council noted the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community fulfilled the conditions embodied in the Brussels and Lisbon decisions;
	www.nato.int /docu/comm/49-95/c521218a.htm (1464 words)

	Defence markets and industries in Europe: time for decisions?
		WEU was recognised in the Treaty on European Union as an integral part of the development of the European Union and is to form the European pillar of the Atlantic Alliance, which is itself undergoing considerable development.
		The first of these characteristics of the European order carried forward from the period prior to 1945 is the primacy of the national framework and the privileged areas in which it found its expression: national foreign and defence policy, especially industrial and technological defence policies.
		The European defence industry is undergoing a far-reaching process of adaptation that goes beyond a mere reduction in its activities, because the economic and political context in which the industries are developing has changed.
	www.iss-eu.org /chaillot/chai21e.html (18314 words)

	EU Timeline
		The European Deputy Altiero Spinelli presents to the European Parliament a draft treaty establishing the European Union.
		In February the draft Treaty on the establishment of the European Union (Spinelli draft) is passed by the European Parliament by a large majority.
		In the margins of the European Council, the Presidents of Parliament, the European Council and the Commission formally proclaim the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
	www.evropa.bg /en/del/europe-a-to-z/eu-timeline.html (2890 words)

	European Community - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993 the European Economic Community changed its name and became the European Community.
		The European Economic Community (EEC) was an organization established (1958) by treaty between Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany, known informally as the Common Market.
		After the proposal was vetoed by France, the UK engineered the formation (1960) of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and was joined by other European nations that did not belong to the Common Market.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Community_Pillar (768 words)

	European Defence Community - TheBestLinks.com - EDC, Benelux, France, Germany, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		EDC, European Defence Community, Benelux, France, Germany, Italy, United States...
		The European Defence Community (EDC) was a treaty signed in May 1952 by France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries in response to the American call for the rearmament of West Germany.
		However, because of the failure to obtain a majority in the French Parliament, the EDC was never ratified and the initiative collapsed in August 1954.
	www.thebestlinks.com /EDC.html (114 words)

	QL :: View an article
		The WEU, NATO and the failed EDC all arose from the clear threat to western Europe from the huge armaments of the Soviet Union and, later, of the Warsaw Pact.
		Though apologists for Communism always denied it, it was perfectly clear that the Warsaw Pact was always an aggressive alliance which developed, for example, the tank capacity of an invading army, roughly nine times greater than would have been required if it had ever planned to defend its own boundaries.
		The process of European integration was paused during the 1960s by De Gaulle’s empty chair strategy and during the 1970s and 80s the focus switched instead to enlargement, with the Community growing from six member states to 12.
	www.quentinlangley.net /?id=22 (1389 words)

	Article by minister Antonio Martino in "Ideazione": a free and armed union - Europainformationen des EUD Internet ...
		The concept of defence (an "exclusive" notion, in the sense that it refers to the Countries that are not members of the Alliance) has been replaced by security thinking (an "inclusive" notion, because the larger a security organization, the greater its efficiency, especially if membership includes the militarily stronger nations).
		The European Union is already replacing NATO as the lead organization for the mission in Macedonia: a small-scale operation, yet a significant achievement for European defence.
		The agreement reached by the fifteen ministers of defence of the European Union can be considered an epoch-making event because it creates the conditions for the birth, after fifty years, of the Europe of Defence.
	www.europa-web.de /europa/03euinf/01GASP/martino.htm (1228 words)

	Altiero Spinelli - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He is sometimes referred to as one of the "godfathers of European Union" due to his strong influence on the first few decades of post-War European integration.
		As in many European left-wing political circles, this sort of move towards federalist ideas was a reaction to the destructive excesses of nationalism.
		In 1993, one of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was dedicated the Altiero Spinelli Building in honour of his lifetime of work toward building the European community.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Altiero_Spinelli (562 words)

	Jean Rey, Belgium (1902-1983) - Hall of Freedom - Politics - Liberalism
		On his return to Belgium at the end of the war Rey was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies and campaigned for social progress and european construction.
		He was also involved in the development of the European Defence Community.
		In July 1967 Rey headed the Commission of the newly named European Communities (EC), formed of the merged executives of the three original communities.
	www.liberal-international.org /editorial.asp?ia_id=1022 (184 words)

	NATO Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The expression 'member of the European Defence Community' in paragraph (i) of this Article means any of the following States which is a member of the Community, namely, Belgium, France, the German Federal Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
		The Government of the United States of America shall inform all the Parties to the North Atlantic Treaty of the date of the receipt of each such notification and of the date of the entry into force of the present Protocol.
		Article IV The present Protocol, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited in the Archives of the Government of the United States of America.
	www.nato.int /archives/1st5years/annexes/b2.htm (369 words)

	Western European Union - Gurupedia
		Not to be confused with the European Union, the Western European Union (WEU) has been said to be largely dormant European defence and security organization composed of those states members of both NATO and the EU.
		Council of Europe, which, fearful for its future existence with the winding up of the WEU, has been lobbying for itself to be recognized as the "European Security and Defence Assembly".
		Supposedly this was to occur in the year 2000; however, as of 2004 the WEU is still very much alive and much European military planning takes place within its constituent cells.
	www.gurupedia.com /w/we/weu.htm (235 words)

	Assembly of WEU
		With the emergence of new possibilities for nuclear and conventional disarmament and the risk of a weakening commitment by the United States to the defence of Europe, the nations of western Europe took the initiative to strengthen their role in matters of European security and defence.
		WEU became the defence arm of the European Union and was to act as a bridge between NATO and the EU.
		The decisions taken by the heads of state and government at the European Council in Nice in December 2000 formally established the necessary decision-making bodies (a Political and Security Committee and a Military Committee reinforced by a Military Staff) within the second pillar of the EU.
	www.assemblee-ueo.org /en/presentation/historique.html (1799 words)

	FT.com - Special Reports / Euro
		He proposed that France and Germany in particular and other European countries should pool their coal and steel resources in order to "lay a true foundation for economic unification".
		The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is established by the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
		The French statesman Pierre Mendès fails to weaken the supranational character of the European Defence Community (EDC).
	specials.ft.com /euro/FT3HR7DACWC.html (243 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 00027836 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Table of contents for The rise and fall of the European defence community : Anglo-American relations and the crisis of European defence, 1950-55 / Kevin Ruane.
		Anglo-American Relations and the European Defence Community, May 1952 to December 1953
		Phoenix from the Ashes: The Birth of the Western European Union, October 1954 to May 1955
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/hol051/00027836.html (168 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2002018817 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2002018817
		Table of contents for The UK and the European community / Alan S. Milward.
		Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy037/2002018817.html (62 words)

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