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Topic: European Economic and Monetary Union

	Encyclopedia: European Economic and Monetary Union
		In economics, a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency among them.
		The 10 new countries that acceded to the European Union in 2004 all intend to join third stage of the EMU in the next ten years, though the precise timing depends on various economic factors.
		The European exchange rate mechanisms (or ERM) was a system introduced by the European Community in March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange-rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe, in preparation for Economic and Monetary Union and the introduction of a single...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/European-Economic-and-Monetary-Union (622 words)

	History of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the end of the war, a new impetus for the founding of (what was later to become) the European Union was the desire to rebuild Europe after the disastrous events of World War II, and to prevent Europe from ever again falling victim to the scourge of war.
		The European Union grew out of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was founded in 1951, by the six founding members: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (the Benelux countries) and West Germany, France and Italy.
		On the side of the European Union it was partly motivated by a desire to reunite Europe after the end of the Cold War, and an effort to tie Eastern Europe firmly to the West in order to prevent it falling again into communism or dictatorship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_European_Union (3987 words)

	Economic and monetary union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An economic and monetary union is a single market with a common currency.
		The only economic and monetary union at present is the Eurozone.
		The Eurozone consists of the European Union member states that have completed the third stage of the EMU and have adopted the Euro plus some non-EU members.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union (195 words)

	Global Economy: Glossary of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) terms - Expand Your Insight - FRB Dallas
		European Community (EC): Consists of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community.
		Council of Ministers: The primary decision-making institution of the European Union; consists of ministerial-level representatives of all EU states.
		European Commission: The executive branch of the European Union; responsible for implementing the decisions of the Council of Ministers and proposing new measures and directions for the EU.
	www.dallasfed.org /eyi/global/9902glossary.html (472 words)

	Euro article - Euro 4217 currency European Union monetary reform Roman Empire Single - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union relating to establishing an economic and monetary union.
		The ten newest European Union members should eventually use the euro (although not until 2008 at least), as EMU membership was part of their accession agreements.
		Having a single currency is expected to increase the economic interdependency of and the ease of trade between the EU members that have adopted the euro.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Euro (3564 words)

	South-Western: European Monetary Union
		The economic advantages of EMU [European Monetary Union] increase in proportion to the size and stability of the euro region.
		One of the shortcomings of the European Monetary Union is that three members of the European Union (Britain, Denmark, and Sweden) have chosen to not participate in the European Monetary Union.
		One of the major issues facing the European Union is the process of "Enlargement." As of 4/10/03, 13 additional countries (10 former Soviet bloc economies and Malta, Cyprus, and Turkey) have applied for membership in the EU.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/policy_debates/monetary_union.html (1625 words)

	Greece and the European Economic and Monetary Union
		Greece and the European Economic and Monetary Union
		The monetary integration of a large part of the European national economic spaces represents a qualitative difference in the history of unification efforts which, most of the times, were historically connected with catastrophic wars in the continent.
		Although the external expansion of the Union and its external economic relations are not expected to cause dramatic changes in the next few years, developments in the agricultural sector and textiles, to name two significant examples, are decisive for the economic and social stability of the country.
	www.hri.org /MFA/thesis/spring97/monetary_union.html (4069 words)

	EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION
		The most obvious benefit of creating a monetary union (MU) is the elimination of the need of having to convert EU member countries' currencies into each other, which some have estimated to add permanently possibly 1-2 percent to gdp of the member states.
		A European Commission report states: "According to this hypothesis, bilateral trade flows between countries with increased fluctuations in bilateral exchange rates should have declined relative to bilateral flows between countries with stable bilateral rates." But, continues the Report, "a significant link has not been established" and evidence for countries of the European union is inconclusive.
		Closely related to the political and economic components of the loss of sovereignty and autonomy of a country's policy institutions is the economic loss of one degree of freedom in the adjustment-policy instrument tool box, that of changing the exchange rate.
	www.ecsanet.org /conferences/ecsaworld3/kaufmann.htm (6401 words)

	The IMF & the European Economic and Monetary Union - Factsheet
		The IMF and the European Economic and Monetary Union
		In May 1998, the Council of the European Union, meeting at the level of the heads of state or government, announced that the 11 countries that had indicated their intent to be among the initial members—Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain—had qualified to participate in EMU.
		Third, in parallel with an analysis of monetary growth, a broadly-based assessment of the outlook for future price developments is to be made using a range of economic and financial indicators.
	www.imf.org /external/np/exr/facts/emu.htm (1291 words)

	European Monetary Union -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The EMU's goal was to fix monetary exchange rates at the beginning of 1999 and replace national currencies such as French francs, German deutsche marks, or Italian lire with a single currency known as the euro.
		The drive to achieve economic and monetary union by 1999 and preparations for the enlargement of the European Union during the coming decade dominated the EU's political agenda during 1996.
		The debate about economic and monetary union (EMU) and the introduction of a single European currency were overshadowed for much of the year by the effects of recession and high...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9311189 (950 words)

	Finance & Development June 1998 - Monetary Operations in the European Economic and Monetary Union
		The European Monetary Institute and Europe's national central banks have made good progress in preparing a "menu" of efficient, market-based monetary instruments from which the European Central Bank, to be established by July 1, 1998, will choose.
		THE MAASTRICHT TREATY created the European Monetary Institute (EMI) as a transitional institution to coordinate the preparatory work on monetary policy for the third stage of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the introduction of the euro, set to begin January 1, 1999.
		This would also contaminate the monetary statistics, rendering them unreliable—especially in the early stages of EMU when the extent of the distortions would be difficult to judge.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/06/enoch.htm (2948 words)

	AllRefer.com - Germany - Germany and the European Monetary Union \| German Information Resource
		In the statement, the council expressed regret that monetary union was moving forward more rapidly tha n a "comprehensive political union." It stated that such a political union was necessary if monetary union were to be effective.
		More problematic for the Bundesbank was the recognition that those other banks, through their influence on European monetary policy, would have a voice in German monetary policy, because the EMU could not function if separate states and central banks c ould ignore any ECB policy they disliked.
		Gleske also observed that one of the objectives of a European currency would be to assume the leading international role that even the deutsche mark could not assume and that such a European currency could gradually replace the dollar as a transactions and reserve currency.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/germany/germany117.html (2496 words)

	European Union -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The organization for the economic and political integration of Europe known as the European Union (EU) was officially created on Nov. 1, 1993.
		In practice, however, the union traces its origins back to 1950, and it has continued to grow in the 21st century.
		cooperative economic arrangement formed in 1991 between the European Communities (EC) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), two trade associations having different member nations; created world's largest (by volume) free-trade zone; EC and EFTA had similar views of trade policy, chief difference lay in their ideas of national sovereignty; after 1986 EC was...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9033265 (897 words)

	Economics 415 Syllabus
		Calcagnini, Giorgio, Fabio Farabullini, and Donald Hester, "Financial Convergence in the European Monetary Union?
		European Commission, "Practical Arrangements for the Introduction of the Single Currency," Green Paper, May, 1995.
		Lauer, Charlotte, "The Effects of European Economic and Monetary Union on Wage Behavior," Intitute for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 36, Centre for European Economic Research-Bonn, March 1999.
	www.oberlin.edu /~dcleeton/syll_415.htm (8766 words)

	European Business Journal: The trouble with EMU. (European economic and monetary union)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		There are valid reasons for seeking to reform the European Monetary System, but it is also important to recognize that there are risks associated with European economic and monetary union (EMU).
		The most significant risk with any monetary union occurs if there is insufficient convergence in the economic performance of the countries involved to allow all to benefit.
		A number of the Maastricht proposals have served to increase the risk associated with monetary union.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:20553726&refid=holomed_1 (195 words)

	Economic and Financial Affairs - Homepage - Welcome!
		Reforms of services of general economic interest, such as telecommunications, air transport and postal services, have produced clear benefits for European consumers in terms of lower prices...
		Prepared jointly by the Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs and the Economic Policy Committee as a factual analytical tool, this database collects annual information on enacted policy measures likely to have an impact on labour market performance.
		This paper presents an assessment of the overall economic impact of ageing for the EU Member States.
	europa.eu.int /comm/economy_finance/index_en.htm (291 words)

	EUROPA - Activities of the European Union - Economic and monetary affairs
		EUROPA - Activities of the European Union - Economic and monetary affairs
		In order to deliver steady growth and create jobs across the Union, member governments must run their economies according to the same sound principles of economic management.
		Opinions of the European Economic and Social Committee
	europa.eu.int /pol/emu/index_en.htm (179 words)

	Euro Conversion FAQ for I.T. systems, euro currency, euro archive
		And because of the three-year transition period, economic entities must be able to handle both kinds of money from those they deal with.
		And the European Commission has confirmed that "the euro is no longer divided into national currency units and legacy currency units cease to exist as units recognised by law." For further details, see www.euro.fee.be/special/IRLetter.asp
		Monetary amounts to be converted from one national currency unit into another shall first be converted into a monetary amount expressed in the euro unit, which amount may be rounded to not less than three decimal places and shall then be converted into the other national currency unit.
	www.sysmod.com /eurofaq.htm (3064 words)

	European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA
		to our "European Union A to Z Index" of EU websites in 5 seconds.
		European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the United States
	www.eurunion.org /infores/resguide.htm (45 words)

	EMU and Euro information, articles, FAQ, IT resources, euro links, europapers, book, course
		Economic and Monetary Union, conversion rates, information on notes and coins, exchange rates and online realtime currency converters from Xenon and Oanda.
		Blowing the Whistle Paul van Buitenen, Lorna Dale (Translator) In 1998 Paul van Buitenen, an assistant auditor in the Financial Control Directorate of the European Commission in Brussels, lifted the lid on the internal corruption and fraud he had unearthed at the heart of the Commission.
		We, like the Association for the Monetary Union of Europe, with which we have been proud to co-operate for much of our existence, are folding our tents.
	www.sysmod.com /emu.htm (2357 words)

	European Monetary Union and the Euro
		The European Monetary Institute web site provides an overview of the institute and contact addresses.
		The Association for the Monetary Union of Europe is a lobbying group for the establishment of monetary union backed by many European companies.
		European Monetary Union: Implications, Opportunities and Challenges is the text of a speech given by Richard Fuld, chairman of Lehman Brothers
	pages.stern.nyu.edu /~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm (541 words)

	European Parliament Fact Sheets (Index)
		The Maastricht and Amsterdam Treaties: prospects for the European Union
		The stages of economic and monetary union (1 file)
		The institutions of economic and monetary union (1 file)
	www.europarl.eu.int /factsheets/default_en.htm (216 words)

	The Banker: Bottomline. (European economic and monetary union)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The strong political will to create a monetary and economic union in Europe should make the move to a single currency an inevitability regardless of the differences in creative budgetary accounting being encountered by the players.
		Participants should not ignore the political and economic realities to avoid a catastrophe.
		The Dublin summit this month will yet again heighten the tensions on the road to economic and monetary...
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:18933234&... (199 words)

	Find in a Library: European economic and monetary union global finance, states and strategic concepts of monetary ...
		Find in a Library: European economic and monetary union global finance, states and strategic concepts of monetary sovereignty
		European economic and monetary union global finance, states and strategic concepts of monetary sovereignty
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/34012c7ee4b57927a19afeb4da09e526.html (67 words)

	EMU Links
		Statistics and their use for monetary and economic policy-making, (March 2005)
		The 33rd Economics Conference of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank
		The Relations between the United States and the European Union: Estranged Partners, Landau (November 2004)
	www.oberlin.edu /~dcleeton/emu.htm (999 words)

	Isle of Man Treasury Department - Economic Affairs - European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
		The Isle of Man Government is presently planning to ensure that necessary preparations will be in place for the introduction of the single currency.
		Treasury has already taken steps to amend Government's internal accounting arrangements so that in many cases it will be possible for payments to Government to be made in euros (eurocheques and transfers from 1999; notes and coins from 2002).
		A review of EMU and its practical implications for the Isle of Man has been issued by the Economic Affairs Division.
	www.gov.im /treasury/economic/emu/welcome.xml (176 words)

	Euro Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The euro is the currency of twelve Member States of the European Union.
		Information on UK Government policy on Economic and Monetary Union is available on the main Treasury web site.
		This does not affect the application of any statutory provisions that may be relevant.
	www.euro.gov.uk (299 words)

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