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Topic: European liberalism

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	Liberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		European liberals, particularly after the French Constitution of 1793, thought that democracy, considered as majority rule by propertyless men, would be a danger to private property, and favored a franchise limited to those with a certain amount of property.
		Liberals are in favour of a pluralist system in which differing political and social views, even extreme or fringe views, compete for political power on a democratic basis and have the opportunity to achieve power through periodically held elections.
		European "liberals" are less willing to extend freedom to people who require others to wear the burqa or take part in arranged marriage, practices which they see as contradictory to individual freedom (especially for women).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalism (6828 words)

	Liberalism - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Liberalism can trace its roots back to the humanism that began to challenge the authority of the established church during Renaissance, and the Whigs of the Glorious Revolution in Great Britain, whose assertion of their right to choose their king can be seen as a precursor to claims of popular sovereignty.
		Liberals are in favour of a pluralist system in which differing political and social views, even those viewed as extreme or fringe compete for political power on a democratic basis and have the opportunity to achieve power through periodically held elections.
		European "liberals" are less willing to extend freedom to people who require others the wearing of the burqa, arranged marriage, and female circumcision, which they see as contradictory to individual freedom (especially for women).
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/i/b/Liberalism.html (8779 words)

	Classical liberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Classical liberalism is a political philosophy that supports individual rights as pre-existing the state, a government that exists to protect those moral rights, ensured by a constitution that protects individual autonomy from other individuals and governmental power, private property, and a laissez-faire economic policy.
		The early liberal figures that libertarians now describe as their fellow "classical liberals" rejected many foundational assumptions which dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion, and focuses on individual freedom, reason, justice and tolerance.
		Early in the 20th century, classical liberalism took a backseat to the ideas of modern liberalism which embraced central planning of the economy by the state and social welfare.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_liberalism (2448 words)

	Liberalism
		Liberalism is a political current embracing several historical and present-day ideologies that claim defense of individual liberty as the purpose of government.
		Liberals throughout the world understand liberalism as embracing a tradition rooted in the Enlightenment, the American War of Independence, the more moderate bourgeois elements of the French Revolution, and the European Revolutions of 1848, with philosophical roots going back to the Renaissance traditions of empiricism (Sir Francis Bacon), humanism (Erasmus), and pragmatism (Niccolò Machiavelli).
		Liberalism was to make a third dramatic transformation: the creation of a more elaborate state apparatus was argued for as the bulwark of individual liberty and the continuation of capitalism without resorting to dictatorship.
	liberalism.ask.dyndns.dk (6966 words)

	“Thus far, European integration has operated largely around market integration serving only to embed neo-liberalism ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The European Court of Justice gradually became a forceful and effective advocate of the quasi-constitutionalisation of the treaties, the general expansion of the European-level policy competence and the supremacy of Community law above that of the member-states (Wincott, 1996: 3).
		European integration itself has changed over the years, and it is reasonable to assume that in the process agents’- thus the institutions - identity and subsequently their interests and behaviour have equally changed (Christiansen, 1999).
		As the development of the European institutions took place at a time when neo-liberal ideas and theories were both popular and generally excepted, it is now time to look at the future of the European Community.
	www.xs4all.nl /~rwolff/neoliberalism.htm (3549 words)

	War Of Greek Independence - LoveToKnow Watches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		European Liberalism, too, gagged and fettered under Metternich's " system," recognized in the Greeks the champions of its own cause; while even conservative statesmen, schooled in the memories of ancient Hellas, saw in the struggle a fight of civilization against barbarism.
		This latter belief, which was, moreover, flattering to their vanity, the Greek leaders were astute enough to foster; the propaganda of Adamantios Coraes (q.v.) had done its work; and wily brigands, like Odysseus of Ithaka, assuming the style and trappings of antiquity, posed as the champions of classic culture against the barbarian.
		The worst enemy of the P Y Greeks was their own incurable spirit of faction; in the very crisis of their fate, during the siege of Missolonghi, rival presidents and rival assemblies struggled for supremacy, and a third civil war had only been prevented by the arrival of Cochrane and Church.
	www.1911ency.org /G/GR/GREEK_INDEPENDENCE_WAR_OF.htm (3821 words)

	Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century - Mises Institute
		In the meanwhile, economic liberalism in the form of the ideas of Adam Smith had penetrated the German academic world, especially at Göttingen and at Königsberg, where Christoph Jakob Kraus, a close friend of Kant's, was their chief proponent.
		Liberals who constantly preach against war are blind to reality, refusing to see, in their one-sided concentration on the economy (sic), the existence and influence of "the sense of state" of the people.
		The central "problem" that engendered a certain liberal drift towards the authoritarian state was the emergence of a political movement that claimed the allegiance of the bulk of the industrial working class, and that proposed to destroy the social order based on private property.
	www.mises.org /story/1787 (8003 words)

	Graham Watson MEP
		Speech by Graham Watson MEP, Leader of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Group in the European Parliament, to ELDR Rally, Zaventem, April 29 2004.
		After twenty years of backroom dealing between the left and right, European Liberals have put the politics back in Brussels and it is there to stay.
		European Liberalism is a growing family and a growing movement.
	www.cix.co.uk /~euro-office/files/200404291speech.htm (1040 words)

	Top 20 Encyclopedia
		Hume's contributions were many and varied, but most importantly his assertion that fundamental rules of human behavior would overwhelm attempts to restrict or regulate them.
		Liberalism ideologies spent most of the 20th century defining itself as an opposition to various strains of totalitarianism.
		The French liberals are close to the libertarians, but most other European liberal parties do not share there main values.
	encyc.connectonline.com /index.php/Liberalism (8891 words)

	Liberty and Justice
		As Fjordman explains, European governments have restricted the freedom of speech of their citizens, because they know that certain Muslims (/ Muslim organizations) will get angry when they - once again - feel insulted an may use violence against those who have insulted them.
		In other words, the different European governments, led by the EU, simply think they cannot adequately protect the citizens from Muslim violence.
		As a liberal conservative I wonder (this is generally spoken, not specifically / directly related to this news from the WaPo) whether the US economy isn't made high artificially.
	www.freeandjustice.blogspot.com (11850 words)

	QMUL > Department of Politics > Staff
		I am presently completing a study of political thought in France from the eighteenth century to the present day for Oxford University Press and is preparing an edition of Tocqueville’s writings for Cambridge University Press.
		I am one of the editors of the European Journal of Political Theory and was formerly an editor of the British Journal of Politics and International Relations.
		This session figured as one of a series of conferences held on the subject of Le XXe siècle des historiens.
	www.politics.qmul.ac.uk /staff/jennings (879 words)

	Research Support Scheme - A Transformation of the Philosophical Thought of West European Liberalism in the ...
		A Transformation of the Philosophical Thought of West European Liberalism in the Multi-National Central and South-Eastern European Milieu
		Irmanova, Eva: A Transformation of the Philosophical Thought of West European Liberalism in the Multi-National Central and South-Eastern European Milieu
		This leads to the conclusion that a major effort is needed to help Romanies' social integration.
	rss.archives.ceu.hu /archive/00001014 (322 words)

	Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Full Texts
		One of the earliest modern considerations of homosexuality from a Liberal perspective.
		The Failure of European Liberalism, 1824 [At Warwick]
		Gay Liberation Front (London): Manifesto, 1971 (rev. 1979)
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/modsbookfull.html (4279 words)

	Liberalism by Ludwig von Mises (1929)
		"The program of liberalism, therefore, if condensed into a single word, would have to read: property, that is, private ownership of the means of production...
		All the other demands of liberalism result from his fundamental demand."
		Mises.org Hosting by Inter Web Data Concepts, LLC.
	www.mises.org /liberal.asp (96 words)

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