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Topic: European Monetary Institute

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	European Monetary Union: Operating Monetary Policy - Finance & Development - September 1996
		The Maastricht Treaty on European Union states that members of the European Union (EU) should decide before the end of 1996 whether the majority of member countries meet the specified convergence criteria to start Stage 3 of the Economic and Monetary Union and whether it is appropriate to enter Stage 3.
		Stage 3 is defined as the ultimate stage of economic and monetary union wherein the currencies of the participating EU countries are irrevocably locked and replaced by a single currency, the euro.
		As a monetary control device, reserve requirements help stabilize the relationship between reserve money and broader measures of money (this is usually called the money multiplier) and increase the extent to which the demand for money responds to a change in interest rates in case of less than full remuneration of the required reserves.
	www.worldbank.org /fandd/english/0996/articles/070996.htm (3528 words)

	European Monetary System - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM [European Monetary System] arrangement by which most nations of the European Union (EU) linked their currencies to prevent large fluctuations relative to one another.
		In the early 1990s the European Monetary System was strained by the differing economic policies and conditions of its members, especially the newly reunified Germany, and Britain permanently withdrew from the system.
		The European Commission challenged that move, however, and the EU high court annulled the finance ministers' decision in 2004.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-europnm1s1.html (686 words)

	European Union (EU)
		In 1967 the EEC joined together with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community to form the European Communities, or EC (the plural was dropped from the name in the 1980s).
		European Parliament is the directly-elected democratic expression of the political will of the peoples of the European Union, the largest multinational Parliament in the world.
		European Monetary Institute: the function of the EMI is to make possible the monetary unification.
	www.itcilo.it /english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/blokit/eu.htm (1530 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --E-- (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1995, however, the European Council agreed to abandon the name in favour of the euro, in deference to German concern that the ECU would not be credible, given its track record of repeated devaluation occasioned by the weakness of several of its components, notably the lira, the peseta, the escudo and the drachma.
		The ECSC was the institutional model for the EEC, with a Council of Ministers representing the member states, a High Authority (equivalent to the Commission, with Monnet as its first president), an Assembly of national parliamentarians and a Court of Justice, all based in Luxembourg.
		The European Council (not to be confused with the Council of Ministers) refers to the twice-yearly, or occasionally more frequent, summit meetings of EU heads of government (plus the directly elected presidents of France and Finland) and the president of the Commission.
	www.euro-know.org.cob-web.org:8888 /dictionary/e.html (11083 words)

	South-Western: European Monetary Union
		The economic advantages of EMU [European Monetary Union] increase in proportion to the size and stability of the euro region.
		Monetary policy for the EU will be under the control of the European Central Bank.
		One of the shortcomings of the European Monetary Union is that three members of the European Union (Britain, Denmark, and Sweden) have chosen to not participate in the European Monetary Union.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/policy_debates/monetary_union.html (1625 words)

	European Economic Community, by Barry Eichengreen: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and ...
		Today it is conventional to refer to the European Community (aka the EC or the Community) in the singular, whether one means the Economic Community or all three initiatives.
		In 1988, with European integration gathering momentum, the governments of the EC member states appointed a committee, chaired by Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission, to study the feasibility of complementing the single market with a single currency.
		Barry Eichengreen is the George C. Pardee and Helen N. Pardee Professor of Economics and Political Science at the University of California at Berkeley, a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a research fellow of the Centre for Economic Policy Research in London.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/EuropeanEconomicCommunity.html (2056 words)

	Global Economy: Glossary of European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) terms - Expand Your Insight - FRB Dallas
		Council of Ministers: The primary decision-making institution of the European Union; consists of ministerial-level representatives of all EU states.
		European Council: The name given to the Council of Ministers when it meets in the form of EU heads of state or government.
		European Commission: The executive branch of the European Union; responsible for implementing the decisions of the Council of Ministers and proposing new measures and directions for the EU.
	www.dallasfed.org /eyi/global/9902glossary.html (472 words)

	BBC News \| Despatches \| Euro: Italy and Belgium under scrutiny
		At the same time, a report from the European Monetary Institute, the forerunner of Europe's central bank, said there were grounds for concern over the Italy's financial position in the long term.
		The European Monetary Institute, which will eventually fix interest rates and set monetary policy for the single currency area, is watched carefully by the markets.
		The European Commission has no worries - 11 countries will be in because they have met the most important single condition - a budget deficit lower than 60% of their national product.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/despatches/69552.stm (293 words)

	Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 10 new countries that acceded to the European Union in 2004 all intend to join third stage of the EMU in the next ten years, though the precise timing depends on various economic factors.
		The European Monetary Institute is established as the forerunner of the European Central Bank, with the task of strengthening monetary cooperation between the member states and their national banks, as well as supervising ECU banknotes.
		On 1 June 1998, the European Central Bank (ECB) is created, and in 31 December 1998, the conversion rates between the 11 participating national currencies and the euro are established.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Monetary_Union (873 words)

	European Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The European Institute convened a roundtable discussion with The Honorable George Alogoskoufis, Minister of Economy and Finance of Greece, who elaborated on the challenges and opportunities in the Euro-Zone and on Greece’s experience in the area.
		This was the conclusion of The European Institute’s 2004 Roundtable on Financial and Monetary Affairs on April 23.
		On April 14, 2003 in Washington, DC, The European Institute convened a discussion of its Roundtable on Financial and Monetary Affairs to address the current geopolitical tensions and difficult economic circumstances that have contributed to a slowdown of GDP growth in both the European Union and United States.
	www.europeaninstitute.org /content.php?section=banking (3577 words)

	European Monetary Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		European commercial and banking entities are expected to accelerate their consolidation to better compete with large global financial institutions such as those already formed in the United States and Japan.
		Europeans created a mechanism called the ''snake in the tunnel,'' through which their currencies would be tied to the deutschemark.
		Instability stemming from the formation of the monetary union itself, the continuing effects of the Asian financial crisis and a new currency or financial crisis, perhaps in the neighborhood of the EU, such as in Central or Eastern Europe, could require that emergency operations and international coordination be undertaken.
	commdocs.house.gov /committees/bank/hba48311.000/hba48311_0.HTM (12735 words)

	Report to the Council of the European Monetary Institute
		For issuing institutions, in general, the most important reason to take part in the development of electronic purse schemes is, perhaps, the gain of float income that would otherwise accrue to other parties (private individuals, business enterprises or, in the case of banknotes, central banks).
		For credit and financial institutions, the advantage of issuing or promoting electronic purses would be that they could be designed in such a way that they are a relatively cheap, off-line, substitute for other non-cash payment instruments with no risk of overdrawing bank accounts.
		Therefore, it is very important that the liquidity regime which applies to credit institutions serves to ensure that the issuers of prepaid cards are able to meet their liabilities to retailers in the settlement of transactions made with the cards.
	www.kuner.com /data/pay/prepaid.htm (5039 words)

	CNN - Spat over bank leadership could mar landmark euro summit - May 1, 1998
		Europeans hope their euro will create an economic block to rival that of Japan and the United States.
		The European Monetary Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, that Duisenberg heads is considered the prototype for the new central bank.
		And an estimated 250,000 Europeans employed in currency exchange may eventually lose their jobs when currency exchange becomes extinct in the region.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/europe/9805/01/euro.currency (1428 words)

	European Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The European Institute is the leading Washington-based public-policy organization devoted to transatlantic affairs.
		Shortly before the spring meetings of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, U.S. and European officials and experts engaged in a discussion to assess the European agenda for growth, the challenges facing the implementation of structural reforms in the EU, and the prospects for the enlargement of the Euro Area.
		The European Institute convened a roundtable discussion with The Honorable Dr. Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of the Republic of Malta.
	www.europeaninstitute.org (1184 words)

	European Union - Topics and Issues: EMU - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The purpose of the European Monetary System (EMS), which was established in 1979, is to stabilize exchange rates between the currencies of member states in the European Union.
		In December 1991 a treaty was concluded in Maastricht by the then 12 EG states pursuant to which a European Economic and Monetary Union is to be completed by 1999 at the latest.
		Participants in the Monetary Union have undertaken to transfer their monetary sovereignty to a politically independent European Central Bank, the foremost objective of which will be to maintain price stability.
	www.indiana.edu /~unionet/topics2-1.htm (1125 words)

	European Monetary System — FactMonster.com
		European Monetary System, arrangement by which most nations of the European Union (EU) linked their currencies to prevent large fluctuations relative to one another.
		European Economic Community - European Economic Community (EEC), organization established (1958) by treaty between Belgium,...
		monetary agreement - monetary agreement, attempt by two (bilateral) or more (multilateral) nations to regulate and...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0817895.html (607 words)

	The EURO - Europe's New Currency
		Decision on participating member states by the European Council on a recommendation from the Council of Ministers on the basis of reports and recommendations from the Commission and the European Monetary Institute (EMI).
		The EMI is directed by a council consisting of the governors of the NCB and a president that is appointed by accord of the European governments.
		In addition, a Monetary Committee with advisory status is set up to review the monetary and financial situation of the member states and review other matters of monetary integration.
	fx.sauder.ubc.ca /euro/euro.html (4597 words)

	Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP - European Law - corporate law practices
		This structure was effectively accepted at the Madrid European Council in June 1989 when it was decided that the first stage of EMU should begin in June 1990.
		Stage two, which is the current stage, began on January 1, 1994 and is geared toward the establishment of a common institutional structure.
		The acts and omissions of the ECB are to be subject to review by the European Court of Justice under the same conditions that apply to other Community institutions.
	www.cm-p.com /publications_newsletters_1998_april_european.htm (645 words)

	Five Years of the Euro - Economic Research Events - FRB Dallas
		He was director for economy of the Euro zone and of the European Union at the European Commission in Brussels from 1999 to 2002.
		Fratianni served as economic advisor to the European Commission in Brussels, senior staff economist with the U.S. President’s Council of Economic Advisers, and advisor to the governments of Italy, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Vietnam.
		He has served as a member of the European Monetary Committee and the Economic and Financial Committee and was an alternate governor of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
	www.dallasfed.org /news/research/2004/04euro.html (2176 words)

	European Union Basics (FAQ), Part6/8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Then the Institutions and Governments have, as per the T reaties, a certain amount of time to present their observations.
		The European Court of Justice, based in Luxembourg, is not to be confused with the European Court of Human Rights based in Strasbourg, which is only competent for issues arising from the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Personal Freedoms, and is recognised by all member states of the Council of Europe[5].
		The European Monetary Institute (based in Frankfurt) has the task of co-ordinating monetary policy of the central banks of the member states within the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), and to prepare the so-called third stage of Economic and Monetary Union, in which a single European currency will be introduced.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/european-union/basics/part6 (1377 words)

	European Luncheon
		He is Chairman of the Working Group on Monetary and Exchange Rate Policy Instruments and Procedures, in which the European Central Bank and the national central banks of the European Union are represented.
		In this capacity Paul Mercier participated in the design of the monetary policy and foreign exchange policy instruments of the European Central Bank (ECB).
		Before joining the European Monetary Institute in November 1994, he served in the National Bank of Belgium (the Belgian central bank) in Brussels where he worked in the field of monetary policy.
	www.faccsf.com /Events/ECMluncheon_paulmercier.html (309 words)

	CBC News Indepth: The Euro
		The Single European Act increased political co-operation between the six EEC countries in 1986.
		The treaty created the European Union and laid the groundwork for a single monetary and exchange rate policy and shared economic policies.
		It was the precursor to the European Central Bank, which was created in 1998.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/euro/history.html (564 words)

	European Monetary Union and the Euro (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Association for the Monetary Union of Europe is a lobbying group for the establishment of monetary union backed by many European companies.
		European Monetary Union: Implications, Opportunities and Challenges is the text of a speech given by Richard Fuld, chairman of Lehman Brothers
		Hugo Paemen, the EU ambassador to Washington, and Fred Bergsten, president of the Institute for International Economics, discuss EMU and its impact on the US on National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation phone in programme.
	www.stern.nyu.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm (550 words)

	American Monetary Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A foundation dedicated to the study of monetary history, monetary theory and monetary reform.
		Zarlenga's monetary interpretation of history to the proposed structure for the European Central Bank, which:
		Describes in detail the proposed monetary powers, and real sovereignty about to be ceded to this body.
	www.monetary.org /emu.htm (231 words)

	European Institute Home page
		The European Institute (EI) was established in 1995 with the aim of promoting research and debate on European matters.
		Social Exclusion and Social Protection in the European Union: Policy Issues and Proposals for the Future Role of the EU
		The Implications of the European Monetary Union for Regional Development: Comments on the Contribution of Begg and Hodson
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /euroinst (403 words)

	European Monetary Institute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Monetary Institute (EMI) was the forerunner of the European Central Bank (ECB).
		Created 1st January 1994, it was the key monetary institution of the second phase of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, and was dissolved with the creation of the ECB and the European System of Central Banks.
		This article about the European Union operations is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Monetary_Institute (118 words)

	The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Economic and Monetary Union. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		European Central Bank Home Page provides a good introduction.
		The European System of Central Banks (ESCB), commonly referred to as the European Central Bank, is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of the EU Member States.
		Return to EUROPEAN UNION: Economic and Monetary Union.
	www.library.pitt.edu /subject_guides/westeuropean/wwwes/emu3.guide.html (151 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Euro Special Report
		Updated daily news, official texts, commentary and analysis on European Monetary Union.
		Read news and background about the different institutions of the European Union, including an explanation of the European Monetary Institute – the organization that will oversee monetary union.
		Read a press release on the report and get background information and more links on the European Monetary Union.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/euro/weblinks.htm (128 words)

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