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Topic: European Monetary Union

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Economic and monetary union

Monetary union

European Monetary Institute

Euro

European Union

Eurozone

European System of Central Banks

European Monetary System

Enlargement of the European Union

History of the European Union

Monetary Policy

European Central Bank

ERM

European Council

European Exchange Rate Mechanism

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	Economic and Monetary Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In economics, a monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency among them.
		The 10 new countries that acceded to the European Union in 2004 all intend to join third stage of the EMU in the next ten years, though the precise timing depends on various economic factors.
		The European Monetary Institute is established as the forerunner of the European Central Bank, with the task of strengthening monetary cooperation between the member states and their national banks, as well as supervising ECU banknotes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Monetary_Union (648 words)

	European Union - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While the per-capita GDP of the European Union is high compared to the world average, it's lower than that of the United States, which had a per-capita GDP of USD 38,031 in 2004.
		The term European Community (or Communities) was used for the group of members prior to the establishment of the European Union.
		The "European Community" is one of the three pillars of the European Union, being both the most important pillar and the only one to operate primarily through supranational institutions.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /european_union.htm (3984 words)

	European Monetary Union: Operating Monetary Policy - Finance & Development - September 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Maastricht Treaty on European Union states that members of the European Union (EU) should decide before the end of 1996 whether the majority of member countries meet the specified convergence criteria to start Stage 3 of the Economic and Monetary Union and whether it is appropriate to enter Stage 3.
		Stage 3 is defined as the ultimate stage of economic and monetary union wherein the currencies of the participating EU countries are irrevocably locked and replaced by a single currency, the euro.
		As a monetary control device, reserve requirements help stabilize the relationship between reserve money and broader measures of money (this is usually called the money multiplier) and increase the extent to which the demand for money responds to a change in interest rates in case of less than full remuneration of the required reserves.
	www.worldbank.org /fandd/english/0996/articles/070996.htm (3528 words)

	European Union -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The European Union or EU is an (Click link for more info and facts about intergovernmental) intergovernmental and supranational organisation of (A native or inhabitant of Europe) European countries, which currently has (Click link for more info and facts about 25 member states) 25 member states.
		Regarding non-economic issues, supporters of the European Union argue that the EU is also a force for (The state prevailing during the absence of war) peace and (A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them) democracy.
		The term (An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members) European Community (or Communities) was used for the group of members prior to the establishment of the European Union.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/E/Eu/European_Union.htm (5101 words)

	South-Western: European Monetary Union
		The economic advantages of EMU [European Monetary Union] increase in proportion to the size and stability of the euro region.
		One of the shortcomings of the European Monetary Union is that three members of the European Union (Britain, Denmark, and Sweden) have chosen to not participate in the European Monetary Union.
		One of the major issues facing the European Union is the process of "Enlargement." As of 4/10/03, 13 additional countries (10 former Soviet bloc economies and Malta, Cyprus, and Turkey) have applied for membership in the EU.
	www.swlearning.com /economics/policy_debates/monetary_union.html (1625 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --E--
		In 1995, however, the European Council agreed to abandon the name in favour of the euro, in deference to German concern that the ECU would not be credible, given its track record of repeated devaluation occasioned by the weakness of several of its components, notably the lira, the peseta, the escudo and the drachma.
		Their assertions that European unity, even peace, depended on EMU had not convinced ordinary people, who remained largely resistant to losing their currencies in Germany, France, the UK, Sweden and Denmark (in Italy and Spain, as in the de facto D-Mark zone of Belgium and The Netherlands, the population was more favourable).
		Generally assumed to be the anthem of the European Union, the theme (Schiller's 'Ode to Joy' set to the last movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony) is in fact the anthem for the members of the Council of Europe, currently 44 countries, many of which are outside the EU.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/e.html (11086 words)

	AllRefer.com - Germany - Germany and the European Monetary Union \| German Information Resource
		In the statement, the council expressed regret that monetary union was moving forward more rapidly tha n a "comprehensive political union." It stated that such a political union was necessary if monetary union were to be effective.
		Gleske also observed that one of the objectives of a European currency would be to assume the leading international role that even the deutsche mark could not assume and that such a European currency could gradually replace the dollar as a transactions and reserve currency.
		A full EMU will come about when the Bundesbank is satisfied that all European governments are fully committed to stability and when they have shown this commitment by adhering to the convergence criteria and by passing whatever other tests the bank may yet pose.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/germany/germany117.html (2496 words)

	Regional: Europe: European Union - Open Site
		European flag is the symbol not only of the European Union but also of Europe's unity and identity in a wider sense.
		The European Union is built on an institutional system which is the only one of its kind in the world.
		The European Union is based on the rule of law and democracy.
	open-site.org /Regional/Europe/European_Union (636 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Euro sinks after Dutch 'No' vote
		Meanwhile, Dutch central bank chief Nout Wellink dismissed claims that European Monetary Union could break apart as a result of the vote.
		Analysts said that hostility to the euro, the sluggish European economy, fears of a European super-state and concerns about immigration had prompted 62% of Dutch voters to reject the constitution.
		European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso acknowledged that the Dutch vote meant difficult days ahead for the EU.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/newsFeedXML/moreover/-/1/hi/business/4602229.stm (479 words)

	European Monetary Union and the Euro
		The Association for the Monetary Union of Europe is a lobbying group for the establishment of monetary union backed by many European companies.
		European Monetary Union: Implications, Opportunities and Challenges is the text of a speech given by Richard Fuld, chairman of Lehman Brothers
		JP Morgan's EMU calculator makes a league table of the financial markets' expectations that any given country will participate in monetary union.
	www.stern.nyu.edu /~nroubini/Emu/Emu.htm (541 words)

	European Union information - Lawlinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters.This European Commission site links to the judicial system of all the member states, with information on the court structure, civil procedure, the legal professions, dispute resolution, etc. There is both general and state by state information
		European Commission Representation in the UK has a very useful website which includes daily and weekly news bulletins, and Background Briefings on EU policy matters
		European Constitutionalism, from Manchester University Institute of European studies.
	library.kent.ac.uk /library/lawlinks/european.htm (1601 words)

	EUobserver.com
		US president George W. Bush and European commission president Jose Manuel Barroso both reaffirmed their backing for a cut in world-wide agricultural subsidies on Tuesday, after the first visit of a commission president to the White House since 1989.
		The European Commission is concerned that its ambitious "Plan D" will not be implemented on time, as MEPs are set to initially block the money necessary for the scheme.
		The European Commission is to revive its original proposal on the next EU budget on Thursday with regional commissioner Danuta Hubner arguing that it is too late for revolutionary ideas on the budget.
	www.euobserver.com (695 words)

	Economics 415 Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Calcagnini, Giorgio, Fabio Farabullini, and Donald Hester, "Financial Convergence in the European Monetary Union?
		European Commission, "Practical Arrangements for the Introduction of the Single Currency," Green Paper, May, 1995.
		Lauer, Charlotte, "The Effects of European Economic and Monetary Union on Wage Behavior," Intitute for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 36, Centre for European Economic Research-Bonn, March 1999.
	www.oberlin.edu /~dcleeton/syll_415.htm (8766 words)

	European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the USA
		The EU is the biggest aid donor in the world, accounting for 55% of development assistance--20% of which is managed by the European Commission.
		European Union - Delegation of the European Commission to the United States
	www.eurunion.org /infores/euroweb.htm (89 words)

	European Monetary Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In this class, students will evaluate this process from the perspective of the European Monetary Union, which will replace many European currencies with a single monetary unit, the Euro.
		Designed with the hopes of streamlining trade within the European region, the Euro process has had considerable difficulty in bridging the political and economic differences among the various countries.
		While this class will give the student the opportunity to better understand this process for all of the countries involved, emphasis will be placed on understanding the implications of the single currency in Europe from the perspective of the United Kingdom.
	www.samford.edu /schools/business/LondonWebSite/emu.html (182 words)

	European Monetary Union
		"The UK Decision re EMU: Implications of Currency Blocs for Trade and Business Cycle Correlations," in Submissions on EMU from Leading Academics (H.M. Treasury: London), 2003, p.99-109.
		"EMU and the Euro: An American Perspective," for EMU Watch Series, DB Research, presented at Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, June 21, 2000; and the Lucchini Foundation, Brescia, June 22, 2000.
		To be reprinted also in The Political Economy of Monetary Union, edited by P. DeGrauwe, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, Edward Elgar, 2001.
	ksghome.harvard.edu /~jfrankel/EMU.htm (262 words)

	Enlarging European Monetary Union
		For the Central and East European Countries (CEECs), this means that the central parities of their currencies against the euro have to be defined carefully when they enter the erm Mark II.
		These parities need to be consistent with the requirements of nominal stability set out in the Maastricht Treaty, as well as with the needs of economic catch-up faced by the transition economies.
		The prospects of joining the emu now appear to be guiding the strategies of central banks: most countries are stabilizing their exchange rates against the euro, though not always at rates close to equilibrium parities.
	www.cepii.fr /anglaisgraph/publications/lettre/summary/2002/let217ang.htm (223 words)

	Information Sources: Western Europe & The European Union
		European Union Relations with the United States: quick and easy access to the New Transatlantic Agenda, the Joint EU-U.S. Action Plan...
		The Centre for European Reform is a think-tank devoted to improving the quality of the debate on the future of the European Union.
		WESSWEB (Western European Specialists Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries): WESSWEB has two goals: to provide Western Europe specialists with information for their work and to provide WESS members with information about the Section.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/lweb/indiv/lehman/guides/westoid.html (2387 words)

	Dossiers / Euro
		AND euro, EMU, E.M.U., emu, ewu, monnaie, money, unité monétaire européenne, european monetary unit, union monétaire, monetary union, union monétaire européenne, european monetary union, UEM, union économique et monétaire, economic and monetary union, franc, europe, europa, l'euro, fin-euro, fin euro, fineuro, espace européen, espace euro, eurospace,...
		European Commission DG II - Commission Européenne - DG II
		European Commission DG XV - Commission Européenne DG XV
	www.strategic-road.com /dossiers/eurofr.htm (793 words)

	Euro Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The euro is the currency of twelve Member States of the European Union.
		Information on UK Government policy on Economic and Monetary Union is available on the main Treasury web site.
		This does not affect the application of any statutory provisions that may be relevant.
	www.euro.gov.uk (299 words)

	Euro Conversion FAQ for I.T. systems, euro currency, euro archive
		In fact, the cash changeover period is different for each country (in Ireland, the 9th of February 2002 is proposed).
		And the European Commission has confirmed that "the euro is no longer divided into national currency units and legacy currency units cease to exist as units recognised by law." For further details, see www.euro.fee.be/special/IRLetter.asp
		Monetary amounts to be converted from one national currency unit into another shall first be converted into a monetary amount expressed in the euro unit, which amount may be rounded to not less than three decimal places and shall then be converted into the other national currency unit.
	www.sysmod.com /eurofaq.htm (3064 words)

	European Monetary Union
		European economic integration has created the largest trading block in the World.
		The most recent phase of this integration is European Monetary Union whereby twelve EU member states have united to form a single currency area.
		These pages offer a concise explanation of the economic theory behind the key aspects.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /peter.micklem/euro/euroindex.htm (58 words)

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