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Topic: European Political Cooperation

	Common Foreign and Security Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Council defines the principles and general guidelines for the CFSP as well as common strategies to be implemented by the EU.
		A Political and Security Committee or PSC, which monitors the international situation in the areas covered by the CFSP and contributes by delivering opinions to the Council of Ministers, either at its request or its own initiative, and also monitors the implementation of agreed policies.
		The CFSP can be considered the outgrowth and replacement of the European Political Cooperation which had been formally established in the Single European Act (in effect since 1987), and informally introduced already from 1970 in response to the Davignon report.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee (924 words)

	European Political Cooperation: 1 July 1987 - 31 December 1988: I. Recognition
		European Political Cooperation has become known as the joint foreign policy of the now twelve Member States of the European Community.
		It manifests itself through a variety of documents: official declarations, speeches delivered on behalf of the Twelve in international fora, answers to questions by members of the European Parliament, etc. The range of topics treated in those documents is generally underestimated for the documents themselves are not easily accessible.
		We also express our support to the Secretary-General in his mission of good offices and ask those concerned to cooperate with him in the search for a solution to this problem of international concern and to refrain from words or actions that might adversely affect the prospects of a solution by peaceful means.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol1/No1/sr3.html (1055 words)

	index
		This essay is an analysis of European Political Cooperation during the 1973 Oil Crisis, through an examination of aspects of the pre-Crisis European dependence upon oil, the actions and reactions of the Community during the Crisis itself, and during its aftermath.
		The partial failure of EPC in the winter of 1973 highlighted the tension present in Community political cooperation, whether informal or institutionalized, between Community and State interests.
		The Davignon Committee proposed the idea of a closer political cooperation between member States of the Community and facilitated the regular meetings of the foreign ministers and the approbation of the Paris Summit of October 1972.
	www.geocities.com /dbslkk123/temporarypreviewfile.html (3572 words)

	Delegation of the European Commission to the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although the founding fathers of the European Union always understood that Europe’s ultimate vocation would be as a political union and not merely an economic one, development of cooperation and joint action in the realms of foreign and security policy has remained largely an intergovernmental affair.
		When European political cooperation (EPC) was launched in the early seventies it was a significant landmark in the process of political integration.
		The current functions of Western European Union (WEU) necessary to fulfill the new EU responsibilities are to be transferred to the Union.
	www.delphl.cec.eu.int /index.cfm?pagename=eu_guide&id=2 (642 words)

	EU Glossary: E-F (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The political and economic reforms carried out by the applicant countries are monitored and assessed regularly, and the pace of negotiations is determined by the results.
		European political cooperation (EPC) was introduced informally in 1970 (in response to the Davignon report) and formalised by the Single European Act with effect from 1987.
		Each successive European Council (Helsinki, Feira and Nice) has gradually given substance to this desire to give the Union a capacity for autonomous action in international crisis management, where NATO as such is not engaged, in compliance with the principles of the UN Charter and acknowledging the prerogatives of the UN Security Council.
	www.dadalos-europe.org /int/materialien/begriffe_e-f.htm (4557 words)

	EUROPEAN UNION - UNITED STATES FACTS AND FIGURES - STATISTICS
		The United States has maintained diplomatic relations with the European Union and its forerunners since 1953, when the first US Observers to the European Defence Community and the European Coal and Steel Community were nominated.
		Cooperation in the fields of economy (liberalization, OECD, competition policy, etc.), education, science and culture and transnational challenges was established.
		and cooperation across a wide range of activities under four broad chapters: promoting peace and stability, democracy and development around the world; responding to global changes; contributing to the expansion of world trade and fostering closer ties; building bridges across the Atlantic.
	www.eurunion.org /profile/facts.htm (680 words)

	UTLink: Hainsworth, Susan. Coming of Age: The European Community and The Economic Summit
		Most political topics treated in the economic summitry process fall within the jurisdiction of European Political Cooperation (EPC), which is officially represented in debates at the economic summits exclusively by the Council Presidency, due to its intergovernmental character.
		In 1980 and 1982, the Europeans were united in their opposition to U.S. proposals for the imposition of economic sanctions against the Soviet Union to achieve political ends.
		The pinnacle of European foreign policy solidarity in the context of economic summitry, however, occurred at the Tokyo Summit of 1986 in the political debate concerning terrorism.
	www.g7.utoronto.ca /scholar/hainsworth1990/bispolit.htm (1132 words)

	Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
		The failure of EPC members to effectively coordinate a response to the OPEC oil price rises in 1973 contributed to a failure to move further forward with EPC in the 1970s.
		As a consequence the Single European Act (SEA) (1986) sought to formalize EPC by committing EC member states to a readiness "to coordinate their positions more closely on the political and economic aspects of security" (Title III Article 30).
		However, while EPC may have been enhanced, there was nevertheless a tension between on the one hand, the political and economic aspects of security and on the other, the military aspect.
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/eu/Cfsp/cfsp3.html (658 words)

	A union, not a unity: The Briand Memorandum
		That is to say, that the search for a formula of European cooperation in conjunction with the League of Nations, far from weakening the authority of that body, should not, and could not, tend but to increase it, for it is in close keeping with the ideals of the League.
		There are, in fact, certain questions of particular interest to Europe for which, in the interests of peace itself, the European States may feel the need of special, more immediate and more direct action, and with which they are, moreover, especially competent to deal, because of their racial affinities and their common ideals of civilisation.
		The work of European coordination meets requirements so immediate and so vital that it seeks to be an end in itself, by doing positive work which can in no way be directed or allowed to be directed against anyone.
	www.ellopos.net /politics/briand-union.htm (991 words)

	Background Notes: European Community
		Peaceful union of European countries had been a dream for centuries, but not until the devastation of World War II was unity perceived as a necessity.
		In the political sphere, the Council of Europe was organized by the pact members along with Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Italy, and Sweden.
		The ministers also discuss political cooperation during the twice-yearly meetings of the European Council, at which the 12 EC heads of government meet.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/igos/ec9101.html (5439 words)

	THE GLOBAL BEAT-EUROPEAN UNION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In terms of population, the European Union is larger than the United States and relatively well educated, but internal differences still make it difficult for Europeans to respond coherently to international crises.
		European leaders are meeting to discuss defense, taxation, foreign policy, and constitutional reform.
		The Western European Union is releasing this week a report-- "The United States and European Defense" -- that examines U.S. reactions to the European Union's plan for a common security and defense policy.
	www.nyu.edu /globalbeat/emu.html (2374 words)

	NATO Review - No. 2 - April 1991
		German unification certainly acted as a catalyst and accelerated this process, in so far as both the Federal Republic of Germany and its European partners and neighbours had felt a more acute need for a solid European political structure within which to channel and, as it were, absorb the growing might of Germany.
		But it is equally natural that Europeans - particularly those organized within a Community of 340 million people (the largest concentration of wealth and human resources in the world) should also now wish to play a role commensurate with their position, especially where their direct vital interests are concerned.
		A European pillar, then, but not in place of, or in opposition to, the North American pillar, but on an equal footing within an Alliance where decisions are taken by genuine consensus, dialogue and the mutual convergence of views.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/1991/9102-1.htm (2100 words)

	PfP Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The external political action of the Union in the framework of CFSP, is organized in the form of an intergovernmental cooperation in the second pillar.
		The Political Committee: This permanent committee of Political Directors monitors the international situation, contributes to the formulation of policies by giving the Council opinions, either at the latter's request or on its own initiative, and also oversees the implementation of the policies that are agreed upon.
		Cooperating voluntarily, they will be able to rapidly deploy and maintain forces capable of fulfilling the full range of Petersburg Tasks as set out in the Amsterdam Treaty, including the most demanding in operations up to corps level (up to 15 brigades or 50,000-60,000 persons).
	www.pfpconsortium.org /PRODUCTS/publications/athena/athena2/athena2_en.htm (11652 words)

	EU Enlargement: A historic Opportunity (The European Union: A Global Player) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Then came a process called 'European political cooperation', launched in 1970, which sought to coordinate the positions of member states on foreign policy issues of the day.
		It continues to be a top priority for the European Union which contributed 40 million to this effort in the years 2000-2002 alone.
		This is why the European Union is determined to act more effectively to prevent conflicts from happening in the first place.
	www.delkhm.cec.eu.int /en/eu_global_player/3.htm (784 words)

	PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs - Jerusalem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The main aim of the new European drive was the strengthening of previous achievements.
		The Maastricht Treaty gives new rights for European citizens including freedom of residence in any member state, and the right of every citizen of the Union to participate in local and European elections where ever he or she resides.
		The powers of the European Parliament have also been reinforced including involvement in the enactment of legislation, in some areas now having a power of co-decision with the Council.
	www.passia.org /seminars/95/s1-7.htm (705 words)

	Background Note: European Community (EC)
		In the political sphere, the Council of Europe--organized the same year by the five members of the Brussels Pact with Ire-land, Denmark, Norway, Italy, and Sweden--had as its goal greater European unity and the protection of human rights.
		The Single European Act underlined the commitment of Community members to achieving "European Union." At a landmark summit held in Maastricht, Netherlands, in December 1991, the Heads of State and Government agreed to further amendments in the EC treaties to move the Community toward greater political union, including more unified foreign and defense policies.
		In January 1992, the Community announced its plan to negotiate partnership and cooperation agreements with the states of the former Soviet Union to replace the trade and cooperation agreement signed by the EC and the Soviet Union in 1989.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/igos/ec9301.html (6060 words)

	European Foreign Policy Unit
		The European Foreign Policy Unit (EFPU) was set up within the International Relations Department to act as a focus for research and teaching on issues relating to the steadily more serious attempts to create a collective European foreign policy since 1970.
		These efforts began with European Political Cooperation, which was associated with but not legally part of the European Community, and currently revolve around the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union, including the European Security and Defence Policy launched at Helsinki in December 1999.
		EFPU is the British member of FORNET - a European Foreign Policy Research Network - which represents the first formal attempt to structure and co-ordinate a network of researchers across Europe focusing on foreign policy governance.
	www.lse.ac.uk /Depts/intrel/EuroFPUnit.html (662 words)

	European Political Institutions
		The European Regional Development Fund is intended to help to redress the main regional imbalances in the Community through participation in the development and structural adjustment of regions whose development is lagging behind and in the conversion of declining industrial regions.
		Implementing decisions relating to the European Regional Development Fund shall be taken by the Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251 and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions.
		In the conclusions of the European Council in Berlin in 1999, it was provided that, mid-way between 2000 and 2006, the Commission would report to the Council on developments in the cereals, oilseeds, beef and dairy sectors, together with the development of expenditure on agriculture.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /LCIS/Euro/lie501/eunotes.html (11540 words)

	- The Twelve on International Terrorism II
		They reaffirm their support for urgent progress in the search for a just, lasting and comprehensive solution by peaceful means of the problems of the region and their readiness to play a part in efforts towards that end.
		They are ready to embark on a dialogue in the most appropriate manner with the countries of the region on the problem of international terrorism and the need to tackle its roots.
		In this respect they welcome and fully support the resolution of the European Parliament of 16 January 1986 in which the representatives of the European peoples condemned in the strongest terms these barbaric acts of terrorism and asked Ministers to step up consultations and cooperation on anti-terrorist measures and public security.
	www.sipri.org /contents/expcon/eu_libya8601.html (791 words)

	NEW PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF LUXEMBOURG PRESENTS CREDENTIALS
		Hoscheit served in the Permanent Mission of Luxembourg to the European Union, where he was in charge of various working groups. During that time, his country served as president of the European Union in 1991 and 1997. From 1993 to 1998, he was the Deputy Permanent Representative of
		Hoscheit worked in the Directorate of Political Affairs, in charge of various geographical sectors. From 1985 to 1986, he was Chargé de Mission at the Foreign Affairs Ministry when
		held the European Union presidency in 1985. Also in the 1980s, he was his country’s European correspondent to the European Political Cooperation.
	www.un.org /News/Press/docs/2003/bio3522.doc.htm (236 words)

	EUROVOC - Military cooperation
		Official Journal L 253, 07/10/2003 P. Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Lithuania on the participation of the Republic of Lithuania in the European Union-led forces (EUF) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
		Official Journal L 234, 20/09/2003 P. Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the participation of the Republic of Turkey in the European Union-led forces in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
		Official Journal L 229, 13/09/2003 P. Agreement between the European Union and the Republic of Estonia on the participation of the Republic of Estonia in the European Union-led forces (EUF) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
	www.ius-software.si /EUII/Eurovoc/military_cooperation.htm (1881 words)

	EPC - TheBestLinks.com - Disambig, European Political Community, European Patent Organisation, European Patent ...
		EPC - TheBestLinks.com - Disambig, European Political Community, European Patent Organisation, European Patent Convention,...
		EPC, Disambig, European Political Community, European Patent Organisation...
		European Patent Convention (the Convention instituting the European Patent Organisation)
	www.thebestlinks.com /EPC.html (121 words)

	Bibliographic Resources - EuroSim European Union Simulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		EuroDocs: Western European Primary Historical Documents is an interesting collection of documents pertaining to Western Europe at Brigham Young University.
		There is a connection to the Library Catalogue of the European University Institute in Florence.
		Two other bibliographic sources are: the Western European Specialists Section based at the University of Virginia; and the guide to West European Studies Research Resources based at the University of Pittsburgh.
	www.fredonia.edu /org/eurosim/eubiblio.asp (181 words)

	"The European Union's Common Foreign & Security Policy--Where do we stand?" A short introduction to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Nevertheless, one characteristic of the European Political Cooperation was, and still is, that it remained intergovernmental.
		This decision by European leaders was based on the assumption that in order to create a successful economic and monetary union, not only trade but foreign policies had to be in alignment.
		The EU expresses its foreign policy mainly in political declarations and demarches (a diplomatic tool whereby the local EU representative formally submits an opinion or criticism to the foreign ministry of a third country).
	www.austria.org /press/253.html (1808 words)

	ARCHIVE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on European political ...
		ARCHIVE OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION - Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on European political cooperation and the role of the European Parliament.
		Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on European political cooperation and the role of the European Parliament.
		Ellis, Lady Report drawn up on behalf of the Political Affairs Committee on European political cooperation and the role of the European Parliament.
	aei.pitt.edu /archive/00001927 (127 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		"European Security Cooperation: The European Union’s Evaluations and Responses," in S. Victor Papacosma and Pierre-Henri Laurent (eds.), NATO and the European Union: Confronting the Challenges of European Security Cooperation (Kent: Lyman L. Lemnitzer Center for NATO and European Union Studies, 1999).
		"The ‘Europeanization’ of European Political Cooperation: Trust, Transgovernmental Relations, and the Power of Informal Norms," presented at a conference on "Supranational Governance," Center for German and European Studies, UC Berkeley (Berkeley, CA, November 1996).
		Brian Salter and M.E. Smith, "The UK’s Stake in the European Union Biotechnology Debate," 4th pan-European international relations conference of the European Consortium for Political Research, University of Kent (Canterbury, United Kingdom, September 2001).
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwpol/smith.html (1679 words)

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