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	European Rapid Reaction Force - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ERRF is not a standing army (units will remain with their national armies when not deployed or on exercise), and national governments will retain the power to decide if their forces will take part in any particular operation.
		Indeed, European governments may choose to deploy troops to any one of a number of conflicts in Africa upon the request of the UN and concern from the international community (typically France, for this sort of task).
		The presentation of the Single European Regiment concept as an ERRF at the European Parliament in June 2003.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Rapid_Reaction_Force (1570 words)

	European Rapid Reaction Force - Rival to NATO?
		The announcement that triggered the big debate was the formation of the Rapid Reaction Force by the nations of the European Union.
		The concern for America is that U.S. domination of the alliance may be ending, that the Rapid Reaction Force may be the beginning of the end for the EU-U.S. alliance.
		Europeans are reminded on occasion that they are as rich as the United States and should devote more of their national budgets to defense.
	www.ucgstp.org /lit/gn/gn034/nato.html (929 words)

	European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, in the United Kingdom one poll suggested that around 50% of the population are indifferent to the European Union and 20% voted for parties that wanted to withdraw from the EU in the 2004 EU elections.
		Supporters of the European Union argue that the growth of the EU is a force for peace and democracy.
		The European Communities are one of the three pillars of the European Union, being both the most important pillar and the only one to operate primarily through supranational institutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Union (6136 words)

	European Union rapid reaction mechanism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with European Rapid Reaction Force.
		The EU rapid reaction mechanism is a streamlining of existing European Union law and Framework Law regarding "the alleviation of crises, through human rights work, election monitoring, institution building, media support, border management, humanitarian missions, police training and the provision of police equipment, civil emergency assistance, rehabilitation, reconstruction, pacification, resettlement and mediation".
		It is sometimes portrayed as a "European Army", or the beginnings of one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/EU_rapid_reaction_mechanism (137 words)

	The EU Rapid Reaction Force
		In addition, the European Council recently endorsed intensifying interaction with the United Nations to ensure that EU training is compatible and enhances U.N. military and civilian crisis management.
		In the United Kingdom, ERRF opponents worry that it might become a standing army and drain scarce resources away from the U.K. military for the sake of serving the whims of the rest of Europe.
		The ERRF would agree to refrain from intervening in disputes between NATO members, which is a nod to Turkey and Greece’s dispute over Cyprus (Michael R. Gordon, “In Accord, Turkey Tentatively Agrees European Union Force May Use NATO Bases,” The New York Times, 5 June 2001).
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Papers/BP37.htm (4114 words)

	Europe Clause @ HigherPower.org (Higher Power) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The European Union, the successor to the European Community, has enlarged from 6 original members to 25 now.
		This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain.
		Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crayfish, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales.
	higherpower.org /encyclopedia/Europe (3036 words)

	European Rapid Reaction Force
		Force of up to 60,000 soldiers provided by member states of the European Union (EU) for peacekeeping or humanitarian relief purposes.
		It became operational for limited missions in 2001 and is planned to be fully operational by 2003, with the capability of deploying 60,000 troops within 60 days and sustaining this ground force for at least a year.
		It is not a European standing army or designed to fight wars.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0097405.html (271 words)

	Mon 20 Nov AM
		Asked for examples where the European Rapid Reaction Force might be put to work, the PMOS said that the Force might have been deployed in the Balkans to nip some of the problems in the bud before things had become really serious.
		Put to him that a European Rapid Reaction Force would not be able to operate without the use of NATO assets and that there would therefore have to be a formal agreement with NATO to set up this European Force, the PMOS disagreed that a Rapid Reaction Force would be unable to operate without NATO.
		Put to him that the European Rapid Reaction Force would undermine the effectiveness of NATO because it would be seen as rival to it, the PMOS replied that it would only be seen in that way if people continued to say that.
	www.number-10.gov.uk /output/page2019.asp (2641 words)

	European rapid reaction force - Reply by M. Alain Richard, Minister of Defence, to a written question in the Senate, ...
		European rapid reaction force - Reply by M. Alain Richard, Minister of Defence, to a written question in the Senate, Paris 11.01.2001 - French embassy - Ambassade de France
		As regards the European rapid reaction force, at the Cologne summit of 23 and 4 June 1999, EU States pledged to give the EU the necessary capabilities to carry out all the so-called Petersberg tasks defined in the Amsterdam Treaty.
		The level of training undergone by the various participants in a multinational operation is a clear pointer when it comes to assessing their operational effectiveness and ability to perform tasks in a defined framework.
	www.ambafrance-uk.org /article.php3?id_article=5699 (523 words)

	The Henry L. Stimson Center - EU Contributions to Peace Operations: Development of an European Rapid Reaction Force and ...
		European allies were unable to take a lead role early on in the Kosovo campaign and remained largely dependent upon the U.S. for strategic lift.
		A "Headline Goal" for the military component was set at the December 1999 Helsinki European Council meeting to establish an EU Rapid Reaction Force with 60,000 troops deployable in 60 days for one year by 2003.
		At the 2000 Feira European Council meeting, the European Union set an immediate goal to develop a roster of 5,000 civilian police officers prepared for international missions, 1,000 of which could be deployed within less than 30 days, by the year 2003.
	www.stimson.org /fopo?SN=FO20020425356 (5347 words)

	European Rapid Reaction Force: 12 May 2003: House of Commons debates (TheyWorkForYou.com)
		Although we want European Union nations to strengthen their military capabilities, there is no standing European rapid reaction force or any EU agreement to create one.
		Existing national or multinational forces, declared under the Helsinki headline goal, will be made available to the EU on a voluntary, case-by-case basis when required for a crisis management operation.
		First, if the intention is to provide a NATO rapid reaction force at the same time, we certainly have not enough forces for the purpose.
	www.theyworkforyou.com /debates?id=2003-05-12.9.0 (678 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --B--
		The star-shaped Brussels headquarters of the European Commission, symbol of bureaucracy, rented from the Belgian government and found in 1991 to be riddled with asbestos and uninhabitable until cleansed.
		It was designed to frighten the East European countries, which already had Soviet troops stationed in their territory, into passive acquiescence in Moscow's hegemony, as well as warning NATO and the EC not to meddle in the Soviet sphere of influence.
		The overall budgetary proportions are set by heads of government, meeting as the European Council, the last such financial perspective being agreed at the 1992 Edinburgh summit, covering the years from 1993 to 1999 and stipulating a 1% per year decrease in the percentage taken by agricultural guarantees.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/b.html (3876 words)

	CER \| NATO and the European Rapid Reaction Force
		The creation of a European Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) at Nice, intended to be complementary and not competitive to NATO, is a form of reconciliation between political realities on one hand and European ambitions for greater independence on the other.
		The option of a wholly autonomous European army was specifically rejected by the bulk of EU members as both unrealistic and undesirable.
		In the mid-1980s, there was some discussion of the so-called "Platform on European Security Interests"; in the 1990s the WEU was called upon to provide some of the naval logistics for the largely ineffectual monitoring of sanctions on Yugoslavia during the war in Croatia and Bosnia.
	www.ce-review.org /01/2/branimira2.html (1282 words)

	European Rapid Reaction Force to deploy in Macedonia
		At the inaugural ceremony for the force in Sarajevo, Solano said, “it was not without emotion that we will see for the first time our European colours adorn the national uniforms of our police officers in a mission on the ground...
		As the EU force is becoming a reality it is forcing political parties and parliaments in Europe’s capitals to take a political stand, for or against the development of the EURRF.
		Its officials insisted that the EU force was incapable of such a mission and if an already unstable political situation in Macedonia got out of control it would threaten the stability of the whole Balkan region.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/feb2003/mace-f01.shtml (1207 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Today's issues \| The European Rapid Reaction Force
		The foreign affairs committee says that the planned new force is mired in contradictions with existing commitments to Nato by most EU states.
		Tory critics seem especially worried about the notion that troops in the force will be obliged to wear a common EU badge on their uniforms.
		Supporters of the ERRF point out that it is not a standing army, and that national governments will retain the power to decide if their forces will take part in any particular operation.
	www.guardian.co.uk /theissues/article/0,6512,400394,00.html (701 words)

	CNN.com - European force 'no threat' to NATO - November 20, 2000
		The Europeans are not seeking to rival that or to duplicate that, but they are saying that the Europeans should do more in their own back yard," Robertson told BBC radio.
		Defence and foreign ministers from the 15 European Union countries met in Brussels on Monday to discuss troops and equipment for a force intended to be deployed by 2003 for peacekeeping or other missions NATO chose not to undertake.
		The rapid reaction force is meant to be fielded within 60 days and sustained on the ground for up to a year.
	edition.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/11/20/eu.defence (476 words)

	EU defence force under threat \| European Union Security & Defence
		European leaders agreed on a common defence strategy at the Cologne Summit on 3 June 1999.
		Greece demands assurances from the EU that the new rapid reaction force will not be used in any way that could damage Greece's security interests, especially in relation to Cyprus and the Aegean where Greece is in dispute with Turkey.
		The EU is planning to declare its 60,000-strong rapid reaction force operational at the summit of Laeken on 14-15 December.
	www.euractiv.com /en/security/eu-defence-force-threat/article-113420 (328 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/European Union
		Brussels is the seat of the European Commission and of the Council of Ministers and hosts the committee meetings and the mini-sessions of the European Parliament.
		The law ratifying Romania's Accession Treaty to the European Union was passed on 30 April 2005, at Victoria Palace, the headquarters of the Romanian Government.
		The term European Community (or Communities) was used for the group of members prior to the establishment of the European Union.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/EU (4478 words)

	NATO Response Force; EuroCorps; European Rapid Reaction; EDI; Gendarmerie
		The leading edge of that transformation is the NATO Response Force, a force of some 15,000 to 20,000 ground troops as well as air and naval components that is being formed to move a combat brigade quickly to world hot spots.
		As the forces rotate, the NRF will include approximately 25,000 well-trained, well-validated soldiers from NATO nations, another 25,000 soldiers will be preparing for the next standby period and 25,000 soldiers will just have finished their standby period.
		Under the plan, the "Europe Aid" force would have a command centre in Brussels and a training centre to prepare professionals employed by member states who would be sent to disaster areas under both their own national flag and the EU's flag.
	www.cybertime.net /~ajgood/forces2.html (5015 words)

	Turkey Puts Roadblock in EU Force Negotiations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The dispute, about how NATO helps a planned European rapid-reaction force, will be an early challenge for the Bush administration in deciding how far to go in helping the European allies develop their own military capability alongside the trans-Atlantic alliance, according to senior alliance officials.
		U.S. and European diplomats agreed that the planning issue illustrates the difficulties that have emerged as the 19 nation North Atlantic Treaty Organization tries to set practical working arrangements with the 15-member EU's planned rapid-reaction force.
		In addition, European forces that relied on NATO planning facilities - namely the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, or SHAPE, the large multinational military headquarters in Mons, Belgium - would have no reason to build up a large military staff of its own in Brussels that might someday rival NATO.
	www.kurdmedia.com /reports.asp?id=978 (2594 words)

	Pravda.RU:France calls for European rapid reaction force to have own intelligence services, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		M. Vedrine is reported to have presented various options for a European defence Force, one of which would be a force operating under its own structure and not under the control of SHAPE, the American-led supreme HQ of NATO at Mons in southern Belgium.
		The reaction from the USA is not immediately in favour.
		This victorious alliance having achieved its aim, the European continent was then thrown into a climate of belligerence and fear which lasted for more than four decades.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2001/03/11/2930_.html (413 words)

	albright on european rapid reaction force 11/20/00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We, along with the other Allies, are working closely with the European Union to make this initiative a success and to create a true strategic partnership between two key Western institutions -- NATO and the European Union.
		It is a key feature of the European Security and Defense Identity [ESDI], a NATO initiative that the U.S. has supported wholeheartedly.
		This EU force will be available to both NATO and the EU, in those cases where the Alliance as a whole is not militarily engaged.
	www.useu.be /ISSUES/albr1120.html (273 words)

	EuroPolls: EMU Forum - Defence Cuts Pose Threat To World Peace\|Iain Duncan Smith, UK Shadow Defence Minister\| (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		He also revealed his fears for the future unity of NATO after the advent of a European Rapid Reaction force at the Nice European Council meeting in December 2000.
		The Government's enthusiasm for the European Rapid Reaction Force, which Lord Chalfont insisted was a "Euro-Army with no bones about it," came under much fire by Mr.
		At the same time he believes that the European Union's current strategy is "a disastrous shift." He said that it could even pose a threat to peace, claiming that Annexe 7 of the Nice Treaty transfers defence policy away from member states and NATO into the hands of the EU.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /gajarvis/emudebate/emuforum/body2b.html (731 words)

	British Prime Minister defends European rapid reaction force.
		Speaking in Parliament on Wednesday, the British Premier rebuked critics of his plan to commit 12 thousand UK soldiers to a new European force.
		Responding to claims that the 60 thousand strong force would be a threat to NATO, Mr Blair said NATO had already approved of the proposal.
		European defence ministers recently finalised the plan to build a force of 60 thousand troops, to be used for low-level military intervention activities around the world.
	www.netlondon.com /news/2000-47/5F11B4121C4B31E8802.html (534 words)

	British Politics - John Major - House of Commons - European Rapid Reaction Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		House of Commons - Mr Major's response to the European Rapid Reaction Force - November 2000
		I have always favoured European co-operation on defence, as did the last Government, but only and exclusively as the European arm of the NATO alliance.
		Equally dangerously, the Secretary of State might reflect that, over time, what is proposed may even begin to erode our security arrangements with the United States which the Prime Minister, the Foreign Secretary and the Defence Secretary will know about, which have worked immeasurably to the advantage of the United Kingdom.
	www.johnmajor.co.uk /comm1.htm (351 words)

	Find in a Library: The European Union's Rapid Reaction Force and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Response Force ...
		The European Union's Rapid Reaction Force and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Response Force a rational division of labor for European security.
		The conclusion is that the ERRF and NRF are not redundant, but complementary in their focus, functions and likely capability.
		Also demonstrated are competing visions for European security and the fact that contemporary developments represent a decisive moment in which the early twenty-first century security environment is being defined and the struggle for continued transatlantic cooperation decided.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/861c05498c5d4408a19afeb4da09e526.html (281 words)

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