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Topic: European Security and Defence Policy

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	Security and defence policy
		The goal of Finland's defence is to guarantee the country's independence, secure the livelihood of its citizens, prevent Finnish territory from being seized and secure the functioning of the state leadership.
		The Chief of Defence leads the Defence Forces, which are responsible for securing the territorial integrity of the country, and the defence of the nation and its military preparedness in general.
		From the perspective of Finland, the European Union, Russia and NATO are the central actors in security development in Europe.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/security.html (1541 words)

	EU Security Policy & the role of the European Commission - Overview
		However, the legal basis for such a policy was only laid down with the adoption in 1993 of the Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty) which first established a common foreign and security policy, and speaks of "the progressive framing of a common defense policy which might lead to a common defence".
		Following decisions taken by the European Union heads of state and government at the Helsinki and Nice European Councils in December 1999 and in December 2000, new and tailor-made structures in the military and political areas are being set up in Brussels to enable decision-making in crisis situations.
		ESDP needs a strong industrial and technological base to achieve its goals and industry is expecting appropriate measures to work in an adapted regulatory framework.
	ec.europa.eu /comm/external_relations/cfsp/esdp/index.htm (1584 words)

	Parliamentary scrutiny of the ESDP and CFSP - debates and replies to parliamentary questions
		on parliamentary scrutiny of the ESDP and CFSP -
		Calling for "modern armed forces as a pillar of reliable security and defence policy for the nation", it requested that a White Paper be published at an early date affirming the government's "commitment to the defence of Germany and its people and to contributing to international crisis management in the NATO and EU frameworks".
		European nations had learned from the war in Kosovo and developed the EU European Security and Defence Policy, but Europe had not been as united in every case, particularly over the crucial issue of the war on Iraq.
	www.assemblee-ueo.org /en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2004/1854.html (12836 words)

	[No title]
		However, when the discussion of the European Defence policy was brought in at the Council of the European Union, France and Britain had to face certain difficulties in transmitting their ideas to other heads of governments.
		In the research policy, the primary target of the policy is set to increase the industrial competitiveness, whereas in space, the driving force was coming from the development of the relationship between ESA and the Commission.
		To this end, it analysed the dynamics of ESDP from St. Malo to Thessaloniki and concluded that the three characteristics and duality of the purpose of ESDP tend to confuse the policy objectives.
	aei.pitt.edu /3035/01/EUSA2005paper(Suzuki)-revised.txt (7559 words)

	Security and defence between domestic politics and international relations: what “Europeanisation” means for a ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Security policy became the engine of integration in 1998 and might now again be losing that role; if it, on the other hand, previously was a high political issue, it now is more on the ‘lower’ side.
		Security is a EU matter, the era of conscription and territorial defence seem over, there are other ways of keeping the nation together than a conscript army.
		Defence in NATO is intergovernmental in outlook – something that does not refer so much to the mode of decision-making (as consensus achieved with various means actually may be the real decision-making mode in both organisations) than to the absence of linkages between issues, the spill-over potential.
	www.isanet.org /noarchive/hannaojanen.html (5946 words)

	European Security and Defence Policy: Strengthening a climate of Security in the Mediterranean and avoiding a ...
		European Security and Defence Policy: Strengthening a climate of Security in the Mediterranean and avoiding a North/South Rift
		Pace, R. European Security and Defence Policy: Strengthening a Climate of Security in the Mediterranean and avoiding a North/South Rift.
		The adoption of the European Security Strategy at the Thessaloniki European Council of 2001 finally equipped the ESDP with a coherent vision and a much needed scope, and reassured Arab suspicions that the EU’s security and defence policy would not target their interests.
	www.thesisabstracts.com /articles/publish/abstract_128.shtml (380 words)

	Where will defence be in 2025?
		The veracity of his statement can be seen in the rapid advances towards a European defence policy in recent years, against the backdrop of the period from 1954 to 1998 in which all efforts to build a European defence policy failed.
		Furthermore, ESDP cannot continue to disregard civilian crisis prevention – this leads to an increased tendency for knee-jerk military responses and inhibits the development of a larger political concept for crisis resolution.
		Failure to secure public support, by failing to take account of the opinions of EU citizens or their direct representatives in decisions on deployments will prevent the ESDP from becoming a modern and legitimate security policy mechanism.
	www.europeanvoice.com /current/article.asp?id=27042 (1338 words)

	Permanent Mission of Austria to the United Nations - New York
		The standing ESDP institutions (the Political and Security Committee, the Military Committee and the Military Staff) attained their final form during the first half of 2001, followed by the establishment of a joint military and civilian Situation Centre.
		The European Council in Feira in June 2000 also decided to develop capacities in the fields of policing, the rule of law, civil administration and civil defence, in order to strengthen peace and stability internationally.
		One of the consequences of the terrorist attacks on September 11 is the acceptance of the ESDP by the United States.
	www.un.int /austria/policy/01/security.shtml (1129 words)

	Security, defence and arms control - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is why, in the area of security, increasing attention is being given to the deployment of civil resources (police, civil protection, judges) for crisis management, in addition to other EU instruments such as diplomacy, immigration policy, the fight against organised crime and trade and development policy.
		This broadening of the scope of the ESDP is wholly justified and strategically grounded.
		ESDP resources must be raised to a level that reflects the political discourse.
	www.diplomatie.be /en/policy/policynotedetail.asp?TEXTID=2045 (893 words)

	European Security and Defence Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Security and Defence Policy or ESDP is a major element of the Common Foreign and Security Policy pillar of the European Union (EU).
		Formally, the European Security and Defence Policy is the domain of the Council of the European Union, which is an intergovernmental body in which the member states are represented.
		The document was approved by the European Council held in Brussels on 12 December 2003 and drafted under the responsibilities of the EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy CFSP Javier Solana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_Policy (1948 words)

	European Security and Defence Identity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Security and Defence Identity is a term which was used to describe a European common defence and security policy in the 1990s, now effectively replaced by the European Security and Defence Policy.
		Europe's first step towards a common foreign and security policy was contained in the Maastricht Treaty as the Common Foreign and Security Policy, under which signatories agreed..
		In Helsinki in December 1999 European leaders agreed to strengthen European defence capabilities and establish the European Rapid Reaction Force.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_Security_and_Defence_Identity (345 words)

	EUROPA - Glossary - European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP)
		The European security and defence policy (ESDP) aims to allow the Union to develop its civilian and military capacities for crisis management and conflict prevention at international level, thus helping to maintain peace and international security, in accordance with the United Nations Charter.
		The Political and Security Committee (PSC), the EU Military Committee (EUMC) and EU Military Staff (EUMS) are the permanent political and military structures responsible for an autonomous, operational EU defence policy.
		At the Göteborg European Council of June 2001, the European Council spoke of its willingness to improve EU capacities in the fields of conflict prevention and crisis management, making use of military and civilian means.
	europa.eu /scadplus/glossary/european_security_defence_policy_en.htm (446 words)

	The way ahead for the European Security and Defence Policy and its democratic scrutiny - reply to the annual report of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nevertheless, it must be realised that despite the adoption of the European Security Strategy, differences of views persist among the member states, and in the mind of the public at large, as to the EU's world ambitions, its degree of autonomy from NATO, the nature of the ESDP and its practical aims.
		Only the European Parliament is informed by the Council of the European Union, after the event, in an annual report on the main aspects and basic choices of the CFSP and their financial implications for the general budget of the European Union, on the basis of an inter-institutional agreement between both bodies.
		The European Union and Russia are bound by a partnership and cooperation agreement which provides among other things for the development of a common area of cooperation in the field of external security and also holds out the prospect of ESDP cooperation.
	www.assemblee-ueo.org /en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2005/1915.php (10390 words)

	?The Development of a Common European Security and Defence Policy - The
		It is a policy which touches at the very heart of the sovereignty of the nation state.
		The European Union has a wide range of instruments at its disposal, particularly in the economic sphere.
		This is the first of the basic building blocks of an effective Security and Defence Policy.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/europe/991217-eu-fp.htm (2832 words)

	EU Facts: European Defence and Security Policy
		Since the collapse of Communism in the late 1980s, the EU has tried to expand its role in defence through part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) called the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).
		ESDP came into being at the 1999 Helsinki European Council where member states set themselves a defence capability target called the Helsinki Headline Goal (HHG).
		The European Defence Agency (EDA) was created at the Thessaloniki European Council in 2003 and is designed to push EU member states to improve in areas of defence technology weakness.
	www.civitas.org.uk /eufacts/FSEXR/EX4.htm (740 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - European Union
		As recent events have demonstrated, this policy is part of the quest for peace and greater stability.
		The aim is not to impose a vision or a policy, but to give the European Union new capabilities, which will be further strengthened by the Constitutional Treaty, to support the action of the United Nations.
		This is the purpose of the European defence and security policy, which is about to move into a significant new phase, and is why we want the actions we take under this policy to remain open to participation by our partners.
	www.info-france-usa.org /news/statmnts/2005/europe_mediterranean051005.asp (1048 words)

	European Security and Defence Policy Foreign & Commonwealth Office
		The EU has agreed on the establishment of a European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) to ensure the EU has the tools to undertake crisis management operations, where NATO as a whole is not engaged, in support of its Common Foreign and Security Policy.
		The ESDP underpins the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) by allowing the European Union to play a more comprehensive role in both military and civilian international crisis management.
		ESDP offers the international community a further option when considering how to respond to crises - there is no geographical limit on where ESDP can be used.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394212 (234 words)

	Välisministeerium : Estonia’s European Security and Defence Policy and the Western European Union
		The WEU is closely tied to NATO when it comes to forces deployment and to the European Union inasmuch as the latter is seeking to define a common foreign and security policy.
		It is also possible that future negotiations with the European Union, the continuation of the structural dialogue in addition to the intensive dialogue we have with NATO and through our co-operation in PfP could play an important role in fostering co-operation.
		The European Union, NATO and the WEU share common strategic interests as well as a broad approach to stability and security encompassing political, economic, social and environmental aspects, along with a defence dimension.
	www.vm.ee /eng/kat_140/1307.html (2289 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - European Defense
		The strategic partnership between the European Union and NATO, which is based on the declarations of the Berlin and Washington Summits, has already enabled the European Union to use NATO assets to conduct its first operation in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
		This European rapid reaction capability can be reinforced by troops from other interested States and will be available for European operations, NATO operations as well as operations conducted by the European Union under the auspices of the United Nations.
		The European operation in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is currently being carried out in application of that arrangement, which is one of the pillars of the strategic partnership between the European Union and NATO.
	info-france-usa.org /news/statmnts/2003/defense_europe042903.asp (1773 words)

	European Security and Defence Policy: The First Five Years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This book chapter is published in EU Security and Defence Policy—the first five years (1999-2004), edited by Nicole Gnesotto (EU Institute for European Studies, 2004) and is reproduced by permission of the EU Institute for Security Studies.
		Over the past five years, enormous amounts of European leaders' and officials' time and energy have been devoted to developing the institutions and guidelines for European defence and for coordinating those efforts with national and other multinational organisations.
		There are risks involved in EU defence autonomy, but nothing that cannot be managed with a modicum of goodwill and pragmatism on both sides (characteristics that have admittedly been lacking in recent years).
	www.brookings.edu /views/articles/gordon/20040901.htm (817 words)

	European Security and Defence Policy
		The European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) is part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the European Union.
		In the context of the ESDP, civil operations are equal in importance to military missions.
		The scope of civil ESDP operations covers mainly policing, the establishment or consolidation of structures to uphold the rule of law, reinforcement of civil administration and observer missions (in the field of human rights, for example).
	www.eu2006.at /en/Policy_Areas/General_Affairs_and_External_Relations/ESDP/index.html (265 words)

	Conservative Party - News Story
		One of these goals is to use defence procurement as a means to lock Britain irrevocably into a European megastate, with its own government, laws, and armed forces.
		Defence procurement is a powerful instrument for integration, because individual decisions often receive little public attention.
		Unless a new direction is given to British policy, one which reduces the obligation to look always to European procurement options rather than simply the best available option for British military needs, America may not be able to count on Britain, if the rest of the EU refuses support for US policy.
	www.conservatives.com /tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=127940&speeches=1 (3846 words)

	Platter: Security and defence policy a future pillar of the EU
		Platter: Security and defence policy a future pillar of the EU Skip to content.
		The coordinated deployment of civil and military instruments in the area of the European Security and Defence Policy in particular was therefore crucial.
		On the subject of EU operations Platter said: “The European Union is in a position to ensure stable, safe conditions anywhere in the world”.
	www.eu2006.at /en/News/Press_Releases/March/0603Verteidigungsminister.html (324 words)

	military policy in european union - spectrezine
		As far as the other policies are concerned, the Convention confined itself to reproducing the provisions currently featuring in the EC Treaty, with only a few alterations." In the same document, the content of the EU draft constitution is described as follows: "...
		The present neo-liberal and neo-imperialist policy of the EU states - two sides of the same coin - should not be codified as part of the future constitution of the European Union.
		The EU constitution is the result of a mistaken policy of the governments of the European Union.
	www.spectrezine.org /europe/WRI.htm (2098 words)

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