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	European Starling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Starling or Common Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is a passerine bird in the family Sturnidae.
		The 19-22 cm long European Starling must be one of the most familiar of birds in temperate regions, with its shiny fl plumage spangled with white.
		The European Starling has been adversely affected by intensive agriculture, and in countries like the UK it has been red-listed since its numbers are falling, although it remains a widespread and very common species.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Starling (871 words)

	European Starling
		The European Starling is a member of the class Aves (birds) and of the Sturnidae (starling) family.
		European Starlings are adapted for prairies, woodlands, suburbia and open fields, however they often reside in the centers of large cities where they are in close contact with humans.
		European Starlings are often outgoing and expressive during the breeding season, as well as at other times.
	www.radfordpl.org /wildwood/today/Animal_articles/European_Starling.htm (1019 words)

	Invasion Biology Introduced Species Summary Project - Columbia University
		European starlings are highly colonial, gathering in huge flocks which may number in the thousands, to feed and roost.
		European starlings are also flexible - in western France migrating populations have changed their wintering areas to take advantage of year round food supplies from livestock facilities.
		European Starlings are cavity nesters and are known to compete with woodpeckers, Great Crested Flycatchers, Tree Swallows, Eastern Bluebirds and Purple Martins for nests, possibly causing these populations to decline.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Sturnus_vulgaris.html (2126 words)

	issg Database: Ecology of Sturnus vulgaris
		European starlings cost hundreds of millions of dollars in agricultural damage each year and contribute to the decline of local native bird species through competition for resources and nesting space.
		The european starling is a small bird approximately 21.5 cm, (eight and a half inches) long and weighing around 70 to 100grms (2.5 to 3.5 ounces).
		European starlings are omnivores and subsist mainly on seeds, insects, invertebrates, plants and fruit.
	www.issg.org /database/species/ecology.asp?si=74&fr=1&sts= (743 words)

	starling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The European Starling was first reported in British Columbia in 1945 (Munro 1947b; Jobin 1952a), and the first specimen was taken in 1947 (Munro and Cowan 1947).
		The European Starling is a resident of most inhabited areas of the province, except in parts of the north and northeast, but seasonal changes in numbers reflect regional movements or migration.
		As much as 25% of the European Starling population that is in the Fraser River delta area in September may leave by the end of November.
	www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca /nh_papers/gracebell/english/starling.html (4418 words)

	European starling - Sturnus vulgaris: More Information - ARKive
		The European starling, a familiar bird in both urban and rural areas (3), may at first glance be confused with a flbird due to its yellow beak and flish plumage (2).
		The European starling however, has many differences; it is smaller, and the feathers have an iridescent bluish-purple and greenish sheen, there are also some yellowish spots on the body (4).
		The European starling is a gregarious bird; this is particularly in evidence during winter, when individuals feed in flocks and often roost in huge numbers (3).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/birds/Sturnus_vulgaris/more_info.html (779 words)

	Ornithology Paper
		Living in large flocks, starlings have become one of the most abundant and widespread birds in America (Stokes and Stokes 1989); starling populations are found from the east to the coast and from Alaska to southern Mexico (Kerpez and Smith 1990).
		Starlings have been found to have serious detrimental effects to native bird populations, such as with red-bellied and gila woodpeckers, bluebirds, and swallows.
		The negative effect of starlings and house sparrows is due to their growing population sizes and its subsequent effect on the competition for nest cavities between these non-native and native birds.
	www.sewanee.edu /biology/courses/Bio201/Introduced.html (1181 words)

	The Spread of the European Starling in North America, by May Thacher Cooke
		Because of the fact that the starling is constantly invading new territory and, as a consequence, is confused with birds long known, and is thus frequently misidentified, it seems desirable to present a general description of the bird in its various plumages.
		Starlings apparently do not breed on the coastal plain south of Virginia, but during the winter large, roving flocks of the birds are common there.
		Starlings reached Detroit and Ann Arbor, Mich., in 1924, and by 1927 they were breeding across the southern part of the State and had occurred locally north to Saginaw Bay, and a few near the Straits of Mackinac.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/COOK1928.htm (3926 words)

	European Starling
		The starling is an intelligent, attractive, and interesting bird, but it has a significant negative impact on native species, and its habit of forming large wintering flocks often make it an unwelcome pest.
		Starlings are cavity nesters, and will use a natural cavity in a tree, a woodpecker hole, an opening in a building, a ventilation pipe or a nest box.
		Starlings are cavity breeders, and are aggressive competitors against native species of birds, especially cavity nesting birds such as flickers, bluebirds and the Great Crested Flycatcher.
	www.wbu.com /chipperwoods/photos/estarling.htm (1088 words)

	European Starlings: Information Resource on Sturnus Vulgaris
		Starling (NZBirds Gallery) The starling is native to Europe, where it remains one of that continent's most common birds.
		In 1890 about 60 starlings were imported to the United States by a group who wanted to introduce all the birds mentioned by William Shakespeare in his plays.Due to the starling’s ability to mimic human speech Shakespeare chose to include the starling in Henry IV, “The king forbade my tongue to speak of Mortimer.
		Male Starlings that have developed the most involved songs are considered to be the most desirable to hens, and females seem to be able to recognize the song of their mates.
	www.starlingtalk.com /european_starling.htm (2077 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - European starling, common starling
		Starlings have always been thought of as a common bird in the UK, but their numbers in the UK have declined - possibly due to the use of pesticides and consequent lack of invertebrate prey.
		Starlings are 21cm in length, have a wingspan of 22-26cm and weigh 58-101g.
		Starlings are one of the most familiar birds in city areas, gathering in large numbers (sometimes millions) to feed and to roost in buildings or trees.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/254.shtml (384 words)

	European Starlings: Population Control Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		People simply see European Starlings nesting in crevices or cavities in city builds, shopping malls or lamp poles and say to their sons and daughters, "Look at the cute birds nesting there" not knowing that they are looking at highly intelligent killers in the making.
		As European Starlings continue to grow their unabated hordes, the costs incurred around the world by farming operations big or small will be nothing short of catastrophic.
		European Starlings are not known to migrate to any significant degree, so if they can not find cover, many will simply die due to winter exposure and the survivors can be easily baited to Bait Stations (see Bait Station) or Traps (see products page) to be dispatched in turn.
	home.earthlink.net /~wildwingco/id10.html (4156 words)

	Is Raising A Starling Right For You? -- Raising a European Starling Is Not Appropriate for Everyone!
		European starlings require animal protein in their main daily diet, and they also enjoy some fresh veggies and occasional nutritious treats.
		Some starling owners adopt more starlings because they worry that their single birds "need" other starlings for companionship (this is not true, for imprinted starlings see humans as their own kind).
		Starlings that were rescued as babies and raised together may or may not get along nicely when they are older.
	www.starlingcentral.net /keeping_a_starling.htm (2636 words)

	European Starling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Starlings are associated with man-altered environments, foraging in open country on short, mown, or grazed grassland while avoiding woodlands, arid chaparral, and deserts.
		Starlings exploit a variety of food sources, taking invertebrates, fruits and berries, grain, and temporarily abundant food such as animal feed or garbage.
		Starlings like to return to the same area to eat each day, usually early and late in the day, while traveling at other times in large flocks to more abundant but ephemeral food sources.
	www.glue.umd.edu /~ldavison/wildlife/american_birds/starling (253 words)

	European Starling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The starling is a European native that breeds as far north as the British Isles, northern Norway, and Russia and as far south as northern Italy and southern France.
		Starlings are diurnal migrants and move out of northern areas, following major river valleys or the coastal plain, between September and early December.
		European Starling song recorded by James W. Kimball, LNS catalog number 14868.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /BOW/EURSTA (774 words)

	TDEC: The Tennessee Conservationist Magazine
		Starlings seasonally occur in large flocks, inhabiting trees, the exterior of buildings, and to the dismay of electric distributors, power substations.
		Beyond their eating habits, starlings have impacted native birds most by their habit of being aggressive "landlords." Many native cavity-nesting species, including woodpeckers, martins and bluebirds, are evicted by starlings during the breeding season.
		Starlings, as members of the Sturnidae family, are cousins to the Mynah bird and are outstanding mimics.
	www.state.tn.us /environment/tn_consv/archive/starlings.htm (1443 words)

	The Cape and Islands NPR Stations - Bird News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		All the European Starlings in North America descended from 100 birds released in New York's Central Park in the early 1890s.
		Today, European Starlings range from Alaska to Florida and northern Mexico, and their population is estimated at over 200 million birds.
		Starlings also devour grain put out for cattle in feedlots, damage crops, foul buildings and walkways with their droppings, and may be involved in transmitting histoplasmosis, a serious fungal disease of human beings.
	www.wgbh.org /cainan/article?item_id=2648631&parent_id=0 (636 words)

	European Starling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first Nebraska record of European starling was obtained from near Hastings, Adams County 6 to 9 June 1937 (Hudson 1938).
		European starling ranked 13th in abundance among all nesting species, and made up 2.9% of the total breeding bird population in the study area those years.
		European starling is numerous in areas supporting an abundance of natural and man-made cavities that are occupied for nesting.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/distr/birds/platte/platte/species/sturvulg.htm (299 words)

	Cedar Bog Bird Field Guide Sturnidae
		Cedar Bog is operated by the Ohio Historical Society, a nonprofit organization that serves as the state’s partner in preserving and interpreting Ohio’s history,archaeology and natural history.
		In the summer, the starling is a fl bird with an irridescent green and purple back.
		The starling forages on the ground for insects, spiders, earthworms, garbage, salamanders, snails, seeds and berries.
	www.cedarbog.org /animalencyclopedia_birds/sturnidae.htm (232 words)

	European Starling
		The introduced European starling is the only fl bird with a yellow bill.
		Starlings are now permanent residents in the state, with large flocks of them being seen throughout the year.
		Today, the starling is considered an aggressive pest that has caused populations of many native species to decline because of forcing them out of their habitat.
	www.ohiohistorycentral.org /entry.php?rec=1066 (225 words)

	AgNIC Wildlife Damage Management Starlings
		While starlings are useful in that they consume vast quantities of insects, agricultural damage and human health and safety concerns have ensured the bird’s reputation as primarily that of a pest.
		Finally, starlings compete with native cavity-nesting birds such as bluebirds, flickers, and other woodpeckers for nesting space causing a decline in numbers for these species.
		Invasive European starlings were reported to the USDA's Wildlife Services program as causing damage in every state except North Dakota and Alaska. In the Great Plains, starlings often migrate and roost with flbirds. Consequently, the birds may not have been accounted for in every geographic location due to their mixing with flbirds.
	lib.colostate.edu /research/agnic/invspecies/starlings.html (575 words)

	European Starling
		The starling was first successfully established in the US when fewer than 100 birds were introduced in Central Park in 1890.
		Starlings frequently use the nest cavities excavated by woodpeckers, driving flickers, red headed and red bellied woodpeckers from their nests and even watching as woodpeckers excavate a new cavity, then ganging up on the woodpecker and commandeering the cavity.
		Luckily, starlings are less common in more remote areas where bluebirds, great crested flycatchers, tufted titmice, and other cavity nesters use natural cavities.
	www.americanartifacts.com /smma/per/star.htm (605 words)

	Common Starling: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Starling lives in a variety of habitats and can be found in any reasonable open environment from farmland to salt marsh marsh quick summary:
		Information on care of Starlings as well as recordings of a Starling talking can be found at.
		Although generally, evolution is taken to mean any process of change over time, in the context of life science, evolution is a change in the traits of living...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/common_starling.htm (1310 words)

	European Starling Species Account - Florida Breeding Bird Atlas
		European Starlings are found almost anywhere with suitable nesting sites, although they tend to avoid densely forested areas.
		The first European Starling record in the state occurred on 24 January 1918 in Nassau County (Howell 1932), and breeding was first observed at Pensacola in 1931 (Stevenson and Anderson 1994).
		European Starlings now occupy most of Florida; they are absent only from large, undeveloped areas of the state such as the Everglades, Big Cypress Swamp, isolated Keys, the Big Bend area, and the Apalachicola, Osceola, and Ocala national forests.
	www.floridaconservation.org /bba/eust.htm (416 words)

	Starlingkillers Page
		This page is devoted to the death and destruction of the European Starling.
		Adult starlings are chunky birds the size of robins.
		Starlings nest in holes or cavities almost anywhere, including trees, birdhouses, buildings or rock piles.
	www.geocities.com /starlingkiller (176 words)

	Starling Talk: The Care and Feeding of Injured and Orphaned Starlings
		The purpose of Starling Talk is to give assistance to people who have found an injured or orphaned European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris) or House Sparrow (Passer domesticus).
		The Starling Talk Message Board offers European starling owners an informative, friendly, relaxing atmosphere where they can gather together and chat about their birds or where they can ask questions and receive prompt expert advice.
		Even though European starlings are not protected in most states, it is a good idea to check with your state Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.
	www.starlingtalk.com (754 words)

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