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	European System of Central Banks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 25 EU Member States.
		The "Eurosystem" is the term used to refer to the ECB and the NCBs of the Member States which have adopted the euro (also known as eurozone).
		In accordance with the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank, the primary objective of the Eurosystem is to maintain price stability (in other words control the inflation).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks (1278 words)

	bank - TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE [Law-Ref.org]
		The European Central Bank, together with the national central banks of the Member States whose currency is the euro, which constitute the Eurosystem, shall conduct the monetary policy of the Union.
		In the specific cases provided for in the Constitution, European laws and framework laws may be adopted at the initiative of a group of Member States or of the European Parliament, on a recommendation from the European Central Bank or at the request of the Court of Justice or the European Investment Bank.
		The Statute of the European System of Central Banks is laid down in the Protocol on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank.
	www.law-ref.org /EU/kw-bank.html (5270 words)

	European Constitution - Protocols & Annexes - Department of Foreign Affairs - Ireland
		The European Central Bank may offer advice to and be consulted by the Council, the Commission and the competent authorities of the Member States on the scope and implementation of legally binding acts of the Union relating to the prudential supervision of credit institutions and to the stability of the financial system.
		The European Central Bank shall be legally committed to third parties by the President or by two members of the Executive Board or by the signatures of two members of the staff of the European Central Bank who have been duly authorised by the President to sign on behalf of the European Central Bank.
		The European Central Bank shall enjoy in the territories of the Member States such privileges and immunities as are necessary for the performance of its tasks, under the conditions laid down in the Protocol on the privileges and immunities of the European Union.
	www.europeanconstitution.ie /constitution/en/protocols_4_en.asp (6145 words)

	ECB: ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem
		The legal basis for the single monetary policy is the Treaty establishing the European Community and the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank.
		The Statute established both the ECB and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as from 1 June 1998.
		The ECB was established as the core of the Eurosystem and the ESCB.
	www.ecb.int /ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html (333 words)

	central - TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE TREATY ESTABLISHING A CONSTITUTION FOR EUROPE [Law-Ref.org]
		Companies or firms formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having their registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the Union shall, for the purposes of this Subsection, be treated in the same way as natural persons who are nationals of Member States.
		The Union shall not be liable for or assume the commitments of central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of any Member State, without prejudice to mutual financial guarantees for the joint execution of a specific project.
		A Member State shall not be liable for or assume the commitments of central governments, regional, local or other public authorities, other bodies governed by public law, or public undertakings of another Member State, without prejudice to mutual financial guarantees for the joint execution of a specific project.
	www.law-ref.org /EU/kw-central.html (5149 words)

	Oesterreichische Nationalbank – Reden und Präsentationen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The national central banks of the Member States which do not participate in the euro area, that is, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden and the 10 new Member States, however, are members of the ESCB with a special status.
		Accountability and transparency for European monetary policymaking is the perfect starting point for the discussion of the second important role that the national central banks have to fulfill: they represent the interface between the single monetary policy and the general public as well as economic policymakers in the Member States.
		The national central banks are indispensable intermediaries between the policymakers at the ECB and the Eurosystem counterparties in that they ensure that all of the many Eurosystem counterparties have equal and equitable access to central bank liquidity.
	oenb.at /de/presse_pub/reden/re_20040706_the_role_and_functioning.jsp (4502 words)

	Bundesbank - Tasks and organisation - Tasks - Eurosystem/European System of Central Banks
		The Bank is required to support the general economic policy of the Federal Government only "as far as possible without prejudice to its tasks as part of the European System of Central Banks" (section 12 of the Bundesbank Act).
		Transactions by the national central banks with their remaining foreign reserves above a certain volume require the approval of the ECB; this is intended to ensure consistency with the single monetary and exchange rate policy.
		This system is used by the ECB, the NCBs and credit institutions to transfer cross-border payments as quickly and as safely from one participant to another as domestic payments in their national systems.
	www.bundesbank.de /aufgaben/aufgaben_aufgaben_eszb.en.php (708 words)

	[No title]
		The Maastricht Treaty amended the Treaty of Rome and introduced the Protocols on the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank ("the Statute") and the Protocol on the Statute of the European Monetary Institute.
		The two main tasks of the EMI were: to strengthen central bank co-operation and monetary policy co-ordination; to make the preparations required for the establishment of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), for the conduct of the single monetary policy and for the creation of a single currency in the third stage.
		The European Parliament may hold a general debate on the Annual Report, and the members of the Executive Board may, at the request of the European Parliament or on their own initiative, be heard by the competent committees of the European Parliament.
	www.mv.helsinki.fi /tasplund/eusemma.doc (5829 words)

	Banque centrale du Luxembourg - The European System of Central Banks from the experience of the Central Bank of ...
		It was often believed that, out of the fifteen European Union countries, Luxembourg was the one for which it was most easy to move towards monetary union, as it was the only Member State which fully respected the convergence criteria of the Maastricht Treaty well before the launch of the single currency.
		In this context, Parliament was faced with the sensitive issues of the independence of the Central Bank together with the elimination of monetary financing of the State.
		Coming from the smallest European country, it is of course particularly interesting to see that the "one man, one vote principle" that underlies decision-making at European monetary level, is considered as undermining the efficiency of decision-making.
	www.bcl.lu /fr/media/discours/1999/19990513 (2461 words)

	Inauguration ceremony for the European System of Central Banks - Frankfurt, 30 June 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Inauguration ceremony for the European System of Central Banks - Frankfurt, 30 June 1998
		Secondly, the European Central Bank must succeed in exercising its authority.
		Finally, we must demonstrate that a federal European Central Bank is able to function without a real federal government.
	cibs.tamu.edu /gaspar/HTML/EURO/HTML/00198/5/sommaire.htm (70 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Suggestion for amendment of Article 21
		The Bank shall adopt such measures as are necessary to carry out its tasks in accordance with the provisions of Articles [A-B] of Part II of the Constitution, and with the conditions laid down in the Statutes of the Bank and of the European System of Central Banks.
		Within its areas of competence, the Bank shall be consulted on all proposed Union acts, and all proposals for regulation at national level; and may given an opinion.
		The organs of the Bank, their composition and operating methods are set out in articles X to Y of Part II, as well as in the Statute of the Bank.
	www.am.gov.lv /en/eu/news/4336?print=on (358 words)

	Category:European System of Central Banks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 25 European Union member states.
		Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland
		This page was last modified 20:41, 11 January 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:European_System_of_Central_Banks (100 words)

	informationsphere.com: European System of Central Banks
		The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) comprises the ECB and the national central banks of all 15 Member States of the European Union.
		It includes, in addition to the members of the Eurosystem, the national central banks of the Member States which have not adopted the euro.
		The ESCB is governed by the Governing Council, the Executive Board and the General Council of the ECB.
	www.informationsphere.com /html/2710.htm (87 words)

	The Federal Design of a Central Bank in a Monetary Union: The Case of the European System of Central Banks
		Moreover, the development during the period 1990-99 of the total, economics and research staffing of the ECB and the national central banks in the EU will be investigated and also the staff ratios of the national central banks in 1999.
		Furthermore, the research activities of the central banks in the European Union over the period 1990-99 will be analyzed both in terms of input (economics and research staff) and output (quality-weighted number of articles in scientific journals).
		"The federal design of a central bank in a monetary union: The case of the European system of central banks," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol.
	ideas.repec.org /p/chb/bcchwp/160.html (607 words)

	EUROPA - Constitution - 4. PROTOCOL ON THE STATUTE OF THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF CENTRAL BANKS AND OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		PROTOCOL ON THE STATUTE OF THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF CENTRAL BANKS AND OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK
		The key for subscription of the European Central Bank's capital, fixed for the first time in 1998 when the European System of Central Banks was established, shall be determined by assigning to each national central bank a weighting in this key equal to the sum of:
		In accordance with Article III-187(4) of the Constitution, the Council shall adopt European regulations and decisions establishing the measures referred to in Articles 4, 5(4), 19(2), 20, 28(1), 29 (2), 30(4) and 34(3) of this Statute.
	europa.eu.int /constitution/en/ptoc99_en.htm (6612 words)

	The European System of Central Banks
		Vaubel, R. (1997a) The Bureaucratic and partisan behavior of independent central banks: German and international evidence.
		- On the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank
		ECSA (European Community Studies Association) Association to promote the studies and research in European integration.
	selene.uab.es /jbacaria/ESCB.html (1239 words)

	Law of the EMU and euro: ECB publication: “Legal aspects of the European System of Central Banks”
		Opinion of the European Central Bank of 4 October 2005 on the HICPs (CON/2005/33) »
		The role of the ESCB in banking supervision
		Central bank independence and responsibility for financial supervision within the ESCB: the case of Ireland
	www.lawofemu.info /blog/2005/10/ecb_publication.html (503 words)

	The European System of Central Banks - Mark (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Role of a Regional Bank in a System of Central Banks - Goodfriend (1999)
		Wynne, Mark, "The European System of Central Banks," Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Economic Review, First Quarter 1999.
		European Equity Markets and EMU: Are the differences between..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /473452.html (291 words)

	The European System of Central Banks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The national central banks (NCBs) of the European Union, along with the European Central Bank (ECB), make up the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).
		Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom, have a special status which allows them to conduct their own national monetary policies, but not to take part in deciding and implementing monetary policy for the euro area.
		The national central banks of the euro area together with the ECB are known as the Eurosystem.
	www.euro.ecb.int /en/what/system.html (159 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		Paragraph 2(c) shall be without prejudice to the holding and management by the governments of Member States of foreign-exchange working balances.
		The European Central Bank shall have the exclusive right to authorise the issue of euro bank notes in the Union.
		(b) European decisions necessary for carrying out the tasks entrusted to the European System of Central Banks under the Constitution and the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank;
	heiwww.unige.ch /humanrts/instree/euroconpart3l.html (983 words)

	The American Journal of Economics and Sociology: Unemployment and the Independent European System of Central Banks: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Unemployment and the Independent European System of Central Banks: prospects and some alternative arrangements.
		This paper scrutinizes the case for an Independent European System of Central Banks (IESCB).
		We propose different arrangements, which are focused on high levels of employment throughout the European Union as the prime objective.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:20243383&refid=ink_tptd_mag (259 words)

	Springer WienNewYork - The European System of Central Banks: An Autonomous Actor?
		With the communitarisation of monetary policy and the establishment of a European Central Bank (ECB), the idea of insulating a central bank from the political process was realised to a degree yet undreamed of.
		In this regard, EMU can be conceived as a parable for the respective difficulties of the European Union.
		By means of comparison with the American central banking system, the book probes the ECB´s institutional design, attempts to define the ECB´s status in EMU, and looks for ways towards a more democratically legitimated economic and monetary policy.
	www.springer.at /main/book.jsp?bookID=3-211-83861-9&categoryID=51 (210 words)

	1.Statute of the European System of Central Banks and the European Central Bank (Protocol N. 3)
		DESIRING to lay down the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank provided for in Article 4a of the Treaty establishing the European Community,
		HAVE AGREED upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to the Treaty establishing the European Community:
		CHAPTER VI - FINANCIAL PROVISIONS OF THE ESCB
	cibs.tamu.edu /gaspar/HTML/EURO/HTML/00106/5/page11.htm (95 words)

	Find in a Library: The European system of central banks : an autonomous actor? : the quest for an institutional balance ...
		The European system of central banks : an autonomous actor?
		Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.)
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/40533b4725c831d3a19afeb4da09e526.html (87 words)

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