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Topic: European White Elm

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	European White Elm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European White Elm Ulmus laevis is a large tree native to Europe, from France northeast to southern Finland, and southeast to Bulgaria and the Crimea; there is also a disjunct population in the Caucasus.
		Like other European elms, it has little innate resistance to Dutch elm disease, but is eschewed by the vector bark beetles and only rarely becomes infected.
		The fruit is a winged samara 15 mm long and 10 mm broad with a single round 5 mm seed maturing in late spring.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_White_Elm (489 words)

	Elm Bark Beetles in North America: Native Elm Bark Beetle and European Elm Bark Beetle
		Both are exclusive carries of Dutch elm disease and spread the disease by moving from an infected tree to a healthy tree.
		The European elm bark beetle passes the winter as larvae within the folds of the bark.
		This fungus is carried on the bodies of both the European elm bark beetle and the native elm bark beetle as sticky spores.
	www.pestproducts.com /elm-bark-beetles.htm (687 words)

	Problems of Elm
		The European elm bark beetle and the native bark beetle are the major elm pests, partly because they burrow under the bark as larvae and spread the Dutch elm disease.
		Dutch Elm Disease - This lethal fungus is spread from tree to tree by Elm bark beetles, as well as by natural inter-grafting of tree roots.
		Elm Phloem Necrosis - This disease is thought to be caused by a mycoplasma-like organism (MLO), similar to a virus.
	www.yardener.com /ProblemsofElm.html (755 words)

	elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Elms are deciduous trees of the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae.
		There are between 20 to 45 species of elm; the ambiguity in the number is a result of difficult species delimitations in elms, due to the ease of hybridisation between them and the development of local seed-sterile vegetatively-propagated microspecies in some areas, mainly in the field elm group.
		This is a fungal disease that is borne by a vector, the elm-bark beetle.
	www.33beat.com /elm.html (948 words)

	Television Point \| Dictionary \| Meaning of elm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		{Elm borer} (Zo["o]l.), one of several species of beetles of which the larv[ae] bore into the wood or under the bark of the elm (esp.
		{Elm butterfly} (Zo["o]l.), one of several species of butterflies, which, in the caterpillar state, feed on the leaves of the elm (esp.
		The larva, which is white with a fl dorsal stripe, feeds on the leaves of the elm.
	www.televisionpoint.com /dictionary/default.asp?define=elm (207 words)

	T. Driscoll (Veneers) Ltd. - Elm Veneer
		Elm is basically a fairly difficult timber to work, tending to pick up during planing and moulding, and to bind on the saw.
		Wych elm is similar to oak in most strength properties, and almost equal to ash in toughness.
		While its uses are similar as those of English or Dutch elm, it is in greater demand for boat-building because of its straight grain and milder characteristics, for planking, keels, and deadwood.
	www.tdveneers.co.uk /elm.htm (725 words)

	Elm
		The causal fungus is carried in the mouth and on the bodies of the elm bark beetle, and trees are inoculated during feeding in the early spring.
		This is the larva of the mourning cloak butterfly that lays eggs in cylindrical clusters on the small twigs of elm, poplar and willow.
		They are striped lengthwise with brown and yellow, and are hairy, with four upright white tufts on the front half, two long fl hairs near the head, and a similar one on the tail.
	www.caes.state.ct.us /PlantPestHandbookFiles/pphE/pphelm.htm (2039 words)

	Dutch Elm Disease
		The smaller European elm bark beetle feeds in small twigs, usually high in the crown, while the native elm bark beetle bores under the bark of branches 2-4 inches in diameter to feed.
		Unless elm bark beetles are associated with Dutch elm disease, there is usually little need for control measures as the beetles' feeding and boring activity does not harm trees that are in a vigorous condition.
		Since elm bark beetles breed in dead elm wood with intact bark and in weak or dying elm trees, the first steps toward control of the beetle involve the destruction of all dead or dying elm wood present in the community.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/trees/pp324w.htm (4729 words)

	Elm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found throughout the Northern Hemisphere from Siberia to Indonesia, Mexico to Japan.
		Elm wood was valued for its interlocking grain, and consequent resistance to splitting, with significant uses in wheels, chair seats and coffins.
		Elms take many decades to grow to maturity, and as the introduction of these cultivars is relatively recent, their performance and ultimate size cannot be predicted with certainty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Elm (1677 words)

	Conservation of genetic resources of European elms
		The third elm species native to Europe, the European white elm (U. laevis Pall.), is less attractive to the elm bark beetle (Scolytus sp.) which spreads the spores of the fungus causing the disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier).
		However, the statement that ‘elms are endangered species’ needs to be scrutinized and the situation of each elm species must be considered separately.
		Factors of importance in elm gene conservation must be discussed before practical recommendations for the implementation of elm gene conservation can be made.
	www.cemagref.fr /Informations/Actualites/elm/index.htm (305 words)

	Native Elm Bark Beetle Control
		While it occurs along with the smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) in the southern one-third of the state, it is normally the exclusive vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma (Ceratocystis) ulmi, in the northern two-thirds of Minnesota.
		Gallery construction is directly opposite for the smaller European elm bark beetle which forms egg-laying galleries vertically (with the wood grain) and has larval galleries running across the wood grain.
		Crown spraying of elms to reduce beetle populations is not recommended, nor is it as effective as trunk treatments for native elm bark beetle control.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/horticulture/DG1420.html (1442 words)

	Elm Yellows
		Elm species of European or Asiatic origin, and hybrids between these and native species tolerant or immune.
		The response of Chinese elm is known from experiments in which the yellows agent was transmitted by grafting bark patches from diseased red elm.
		One vector of the elm yellows agent is the white-banded elm leafhopper, Scaphoideus luteolus.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /PLANTanswers/trees/elmyellow.html (1026 words)

	American Elm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Elms have been able to survive and to reproduce in areas where the disease had eliminated old trees, although most of these young elms eventually succumb to the disease at a relatively young age.
		Although the European elm bark beetle is known to have occurred across southern and central Alberta, it does not appear to be carrying the disease in these areas.
		In years past, the American elm was used widely as a shade tree and as a street tree, because of its graceful, arching, vase-like growth form and its tolerance of most stress factors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/American_Elm (1707 words)

	Exotic Wood elm
		In particular, both of the names "red elm" and "rock elm" each are used to refer to numerous different Ulmus species, even though in both cases the species that they refer to have characteristics that are different enough that they should NOT be give the same name.
		Well, it was INTENDED to be elm highlights, with narra highlights at 90 degrees from this, but the narra and the elm ended up swamping out the body due to poor planning on my part.
		I was, of course, turning across the grain on the narra and the elm which made the whole job rather tedious and required a lot of final turning with sandpaper.
	www.hobbithouseinc.com /personal/woodpics/elm.htm (1234 words)

	White Elm or American Elm Tree
		White Elm, American Elm (Ulmus Americana, Linn.)A tall, graceful, wide-spreading tree, 75 to 125 feet high, usually of symmetrical, vase shape, with slender limbs and pendulous twigs.
		There are narrower elm forms: tall trunks whose limbs form a brush at the top, not unlike a feather duster.
		The elms are in blossom; they are among the first in the flower procession that silently passes till the witch hazel brings up the rear in October.
	www.plantguide.org /white-elm-or-american-elm-tree.html (915 words)

	HON Allergy Glossary, Urticalea Pollens
		Elm refers to any of about 18 species of forest and ornamental shade trees of the family Ulmaceae, which are native in northern temperate regions.
		Elm are often cultivated for their attractive foliage.
		Characterised by their petalless flowers, which appear before the leaves and the nutlike fruit, which is surrounded by a flat, hairy (sometimes), winglike structure called a samara.
	www.hon.ch /Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/urticalea.html (375 words)

	[No title]
		VARIETIES This species, as limited here to the European and Caucasian small-leaved lime, displays little variation in the wild state, the varieties1 established by Schneider on the shape and size of the leaf and the amount of the pubescence on the fruit, being probably due to soil conditions, and not worth enumerating.
		Tilia 1673 TIMBER The wood of the lime is pale yellow or white, light, soft, and close-grained, and is not liable to become worm-eaten.
		This species, which promises to be a beautiful ornamental tree, is readily distinguished from the other limes with a pure white under surface to the leaves, by the glabrous branchlets and petioles, and the crenately serrate orbicular leaves.
	djvued.libs.uga.edu /text/7tgbitxt.txt (17488 words)

	Alien Invasive Species: Impacts on Forests and Forestry - A Review
		Dutch elm disease is a wilt disease caused by a pathogenic fungus, Ophiostoma ulmi sensu lato, which is spread by specialized bark beetles that breed under the bark of dying elm trees (Stack, McBride and Lamey, 1996).
		Asian elm species are generally much less susceptible than Euro-American native elms and although the Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifloia) is occasionally infected by the disease, it is much less susceptible than American elm.
		European starlings cost hundreds of millions of dollars in agricultural damage each year and contribute to the decline of local native bird species through competition for resources and nesting space.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/j6854e/J6854E12.htm (8791 words)

	american elm
		Elms are large trees, reaching 100 feet tall.
		American Elms are fast growing trees which will quickly take over a field if not diseased.
		American Elms continue to be a good food source and nesting site for wildlife.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/american_elm.htm (304 words)

	Chestnut Blight, Dutch Elm Disease, and White Pine Blister Rust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi, also known as Ceratocystis ulmi, was introduced in the United States in 1930 from Europe.
		White pine blister rust completes two phases of its life cycle in the bark of white pines.
		While white pine trees represent a small component of Maryland's forests, white pine blister rust is a major concern to Christmas tree growers, as well as landscapers.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /forests/healthreport/rust.html (536 words)

	Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Beetles emerge from under the bark of dead or dying elms in the spring and move to and feed on tender bark in twig crotches.
		Larvae are small, white, and grub-like and are found under the bark of dying or dead elms.
		The egg galleries are parallel with the grain of the wood and the larvae feed across the grain.
	www.ento.okstate.edu /ddd/insects/smeurelmbark.htm (549 words)

	elm ulmus Dutch treeguide at www.bomengids.nl, European trees
		An elm is easily recognized by its leaf that has a basis that is not equal.
		The European White Elm has often all veins not split up into smaller veins, where the others have their leaf-veins split up near the edges of the leaf.
		The English elm is supposed to be easily recognizable because of its thick crown of branches that begin low on the trunk.
	www.bomengids.nl /uk/iepfamilie.html (524 words)

	English Timbers Solid American White oak floor, Appalachian White Oak flooring, Quercus alba
		The early settlers used the native White Oak for much of their general carpentry and flooring.
		White oak is a generic name for a number of oak species under one banner.
		The name 'White Oak' should not be taken as a guide to the colour of the timber; it is as described below.
	www.englishtimbers.co.uk /pages/timbers/appwhiteoak.htm (394 words)

	European Elm Scale - Colorado State University Cooperative Extension - Tri River Area (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dieback of twigs and branches of elm trees is a common symptom of European Elm Scale feeding injury.
		The fl discoloration on the upper surfaces of the branches is due to `Sooty Mold' colonizing honeydew produced by feeding scale.
		The female is soft and immobile, olive-green to reddish-brown with a white waxy fringe around the edge of the body.
	www.coopext.colostate.edu /TRA/PLANTS/elmscale.html (134 words)

	New American Elms Restore Stately Trees
		Interest in the new American elms is shared by Roy Klehm of Klehm Nursery in South Barrington, Illinois, whose nursery is 1 of 17 propagating Valley Forge, New Harmony, and other elm hybrids previously released by the arboretum.
		Since an outbreak of elm yellows disease occurred in the Delaware, Ohio, site while the new American elms were being tested, Townsend believes there is a possibility the new elms may also have some tolerance to elm yellows.
		Ohio is a lacebark elm selection that is moderately V-shaped, with excellent resistance to the elm leaf beetle and Dutch elm disease.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/ar/archive/jul96/elms0796.htm (2186 words)

	Invasive insects in Wyoming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Roughly 50 miles north, BEBB was confirmed in a Siberian elm windbreak south of Terry Ranch Road south of Cheyenne, Wyoming (Laramie County) on September 29th, 2003 (Figure 1).
		The large Siberian elm in the background was verified as infested on September 29th, 2003 and will most likely die in summer 2004.
		Currently there are no literature citations found that suggest this beetle is known to transmit any pathogenic organism but there is speculation that it would be 'well qualified' as a potential vector of Dutch elm disease since BEBB is related to the smaller European elm bark beetle which is a vector for Dutch elm disease.
	slf-web.state.wy.us /forestry/invasive.aspx (792 words)

	News - Elm Grove Soccer Club Members Tour England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The purpose of the trip was to allow several club players and families the opportunity to tour some of England's famous football stadiums, to experience the excitement of attending English Premiership football games, and to give the players the chance to compete against area youth teams and train at the Premiership team academies.
		Gifts were exchanged between the teams and it was evident that the White Rose players appreciated the EGSC T-shirts, especially with the player autographs on the shirts.
		It was quite an honor for the group to meet and talk with Foulkes, who was kind enough to stand in for pictures and sign his autobiography, which was available for purchase at the megastore.
	www.elmgrovesoccer.com /n040130_england.html (856 words)

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