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	Colonialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Colonialism is the extension of a nation's sovereignty over territory beyond its borders by the establishment of either settler colonies or administrative dependencies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled or displaced.
		The historical phenomenon of European colonisation may be broadly divided into two large waves, the first one starting with the "Age of Exploration" and the beginning of the Columbian Exchange, and the second one beginning in the second part of the 19th century with the New Imperialism period.
		Colonial abuse was criticized in the metropole on behalf of the colonized people's supposed citizenship, while it was justified in the colonies because of their non-membership to the nation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Colonialism (7936 words)

	European colonies in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		European colonies in India were set up by several European nations beginning at the end of the 15th century.
		The Portuguese established a chain of outposts along India's west coast and on the island of Sri Lanka in the early 16th century.
		Dadra and Nagar Haveli was occupied by India in 1954, and Goa, Daman, and Diu were annexed to India in 1961.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_colonies_in_India (919 words)

	History of India 2 - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded parts of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate at the beginning of the 13th century.
		The Slave dynasty managed to conquer large areas of northern India approximate to the ancient extent of the Guptas, while the Khilji Empire was also able to conquer most of central India, but they were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering most of the subcontinent, until the onset of the Mughals.
		In 1845, the Danish colony of Tranquebar was sold to the United Kingdom.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiahistory2.html (1455 words)

	British Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		European demand for sugar and tobacco led to the growth of plantations on the islands of the Caribbean and in SE North America.
		In India, from the 1740s to 1763, the British East India Company and its French counterpart were engaged in a military and commercial rivalry in which the British were ultimately victorious.
		Such colonies, of which one of the most enduring was Hong Kong, were ruled by a British governor and consultative councils composed primarily of the governor’s nominees; these, in turn, often delegated considerable powers of local government to local rulers.
	www.bartleby.com /65/br/BritEmp.html (1581 words)

	Patterns of Dominance
		As had been the case in India, Java, and Senegal small numbers of Europeans, who lived mainly in the capital city and major provincial towns, oversaw the administration of the African and Asian colonies, which was actually carried out at the local level mainly by hundreds or thousands of African and Asian subordinates.
		European women were once held to be the chief culprits in the growing social gap between colonizer and colonized, but male officials may well have been mainly responsible.
		The trend toward social exclusivism on the part of Europeans in the colonies and their open disdain for the culture of colonized peoples were reinforced by notions of white racial supremacy, which peaked in acceptance in the decades before the First World War.
	www.aldridgeshs.qld.edu.au /sose/modrespg/imperial/group1/patterns.htm (1994 words)

	The Colonies
		India, for many at this time, called up romantic thoughts of an uncivilized, primitive land inhabited by barbaric, simple people whose beliefs and practices were both repulsive yet fascinating.
		The popular propaganda at this time was Britain as the "parent" and the colonialized country as the "child," thus reinforcing the belief that it was not only Britain's right but her duty to protect the colonies and work toward civilizing the natives.
		That the penal colonies were lands where many with hard living conditions and sometimes death was accurate and there was much controversy surrounding the issue of penal colonies during the nineteenth century.
	gober.net /victorian/reports/colony.html (2661 words)

	Types of Colonies
		They cultivate the land and take possession of it.2 In exploitation colonies, the interests of the colonisers tend to be economic, political and strategic: metropolitan settlers manage and supervise the exploitation of resources or safeguard the geo-political interests of the metropolitan state, but they seldom stay on after the conclusion of their mission.
		In most settler colonies, the central administration of these new states was exclusively in the hands of the settlers; the original inhabitants were resettled in or confined to reserves, little islands of 'nativeness' in a sea of metropolitan settlers.
		Unlike the immigrants in most settlement colonies, the majority of settlers in exploitation colonies continued to regard themselves as outsiders, as citizens of the metropolitan state to which they would return after their term of duty was over.
	www.tibet.com /Humanrights/Unpo/chap1.html (1923 words)

	INDIA/History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The East India Company was formed in England in 1600 with a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I. During the 1600's, the company established important trading posts and forts at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.
		India adopted a policy of noninvolvement in the Cold War between Communist and democratic nations.
		India did not join the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, an alliance that existed from 1954 to 1977, because of the nation's neutrality and fear of involvement in international struggles.
	members.rediff.com /princevishal/indiahistory.html (4450 words)

	India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Republic of India is the second most populous country in the world and is the largest democracy with over one billion people speaking about 800 distinct languages.
		India is home to several major rivers as the Ganga (Ganges) the Brahmaputra the Yamuna the Godavari and the Krishna.
		India is the second most populous country the world with only China having a larger population.
	www.freeglossary.com /India (2734 words)

	End of Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus colonial administrations were not equipped to deal with the new responsibilities of the modern welfare state.
		This was a looser tie that provided for colonial independence in domestic and foreign affairs, but continued consultation in matters of mutual concern, economic coordination in financial and trade matters, and continued use of the British pound as a monetary yardstick.
		Europeans as a whole became more self-sufficient in agricultural goods and less involved in trade with their former colonies.
	www.appstate.edu /~brantzrw/history3134/ENDOFEMPIRE.HTML (2201 words)

	French India -
		The first French expedition to India is believed to have taken place in the reign of Francis I, when two ships were fitted out by some merchants of Rouen to trade in eastern seas; they sailed from Le Havre and were never afterwards heard of.
		In 1667 the French India Company sent out another expedition, under the command of François Caron (who was accompanied by Marcara), which reached Surat in 1668 and established the first French factory in India.
		The independence of India in August 1947 gave impetus to the union of France's Indian possessions with former British India.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/French_India (1225 words)

	British Colonies, National Liberation, Colonial Exploitation, Marxist Views, Karl Kautsky, India
		But India is highly developed, filled with the finest culture, a place, which has produced magnificent art and deep philosophy, has since the end of the Middle Ages formed the main object of every European colonial policy.
		India and the way to it: all colonial policy revolves around the striving for India and the search for a way to it.
		In ancient times and the middle ages India was famous for its riches and the well-being of its inhabitants.
	members.tripod.com /~INDIA_RESOURCE/kautskycolonial.html (691 words)

	13 Originals
		Sir Richard Grenville led the fleet that brought them to the New World, the Governor of the colony was Master Ralph Lane and among the colonists was Walter Raleigh's confidant Thomas Harriot, author of "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia", a chronicle of their adventure.
		Although the Dutch West India Co. explored and began to settle the New York area as early as 1614, the principal occupation of the area did not occur until 1624 when Dutch settlers arrived at Governors Island and then spread to other areas in the region.
		Although Rhode Island was one of the first colonies to embrace autonomy from the British and espouse Revolutionary ideals, it was the last of the 13 colonies to ratify the Federal Constitution and became a State in 1790.
	www.timepage.org /spl/13colony.html (4021 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Agriculture Tribune
		At present there is a standard requirement of over 150 million honeybee colonies in the country for pollination of crops and, in addition, they can produce over 2.25 million metric tons of honey.
		India has badly failed to recognise the importance of this humble creature, as has been done by China, a major honey exporting country.
		At present, the estimated number of honeybee colonies in India remains even less than 0.5 million against a fixed target of 6 million, and a potential of 150 million colonies.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2003/20030324/agro.htm (2005 words)

	The Indian Diaspora
		European immigrants were repulsed by the harsh climate and tropical diseases of the Caribbean basin, and did not settle in any significant numbers anywhere in the British Caribbean.
		Though the Dominion of Canada and the Australasian colonies barred Indian immigration on racist grounds, even more Indian labourers were recruited for the sugar plantations of Natal and the mines of the Transvaal.
		Even though the areas of north India from which most diasporic Indians traced their ancestry were rather less prosperous than the booming southern and western states, India's economic success inspired nationalistic pride among the members of the diaspora.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/indiasp.html (2652 words)

	ipedia.com: India Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The official name India is derived from Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the river Indus and is the most internationally recognisable of the country.
		India is home to several major rivers such as the Ganga (Ganges), the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna, the Godavari and the Krishna.
		Religion in India is very public with many rich and colourful practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities.
	www.ipedia.com /india.html (2648 words)

	Articles - Colonial India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1498, the Portuguese set foot in India, landing near the city of Calicut in the present-day state of Kerala in South India.
		The fractured kingdoms of India were eventually taken over by the Europeans, who indirectly assumed control by subjugating rulers.
		As a result of this, the British East India Company was abolished and India formally became a crown colony.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Colonial_India (195 words)

	The history of Indian and European scalping
		By inflicting the same mutilation on their enemies they had hoped to stem the onslaught of these white settlers that were invading their land.
		The western border of the colonies was being populated with settlers that were comprised of a dubious lot.
		The frontier was a breeding ground for conflict with the Indian population.
	ct.essortment.com /historyscalpin_rdrp.htm (535 words)

	Greater India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Modern India, while not covering all the territory of its predecessor, is nevertheless a powerful and influential state, not only in Asia but in the world at large.
		The Pratiharas came to power in western India and, from their capital at Kannauj, dominated western and northern India for centuries, before being overwhelmed in turn by the Ghurids of central Asia.
		Expanding it's power in India over the course of the 18th century, the peak of it's authority was reached between 1757-1773.
	www.hostkingdom.net /india.html (2722 words)

	The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Crisis of Christianity-1
		Europeans, with their long history of struggles against the Church have seen the Emperor without his clothes.
		Indians with their long association with European countries, backed by an unmatched pluralislic civilization of their own, should be in an ideal position to explore and expose the theocratic aims of Christianity.
		The only Europeans who look to the Church for liberation are those that have known tyranny worse than Christianity - at least in their recent memory - like Poland under the Communist yoke, and the Balkan countries under Ottoman Turkey.
	www.burningcross.net /crusades/dead-sea-scrolls-crisis.html (14124 words)

	Former Colonial Territories in India - European Overseas Empires Quiz
		This is a quiz about former colonial territories in India.
		After the Sikh wars it was held by a raja as part of British India in 1846.
		It was ruled by the Nizams since 1713, beginning with Asaf Jah, the Mogul governor of the Deccan.
	www.funtrivia.com /quizdetails.cfm?id=164399 (155 words)

	Articles - Meiji period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1885, the intellectual Yukichi Fukuzawa wrote the influential essay ´´Leaving Asia´´, arguing that Japan should orient itself at the "civilized countries of the West", leaving behind the "hopelessly backward" Asian neighbors, namely Korea and China.
		Following her defeat of China in Korea in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Japan broke through as an international power with a victory against Russia in Manchuria (north-eastern China) in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905.
		A key foreign observer of the remarkable and rapid changes in Japanese society in this period was Ernest Satow, resident in Japan 1862–83 and 1895–1900.
	www.wathcesa.com /articles/Meiji_period (2499 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Have Your Say \| Africa: Can the world do more?
		The bane of the continent is centred on the bad foundation laid by the West.
		The greed and unnecessary avarice for wealth by Africa leaders are part of the legacy bequeathed by the colonial master.
		Much of the IT and BPO juggernaut that we now have in India has been built on the very fact that we Indians have high level of English speaking skill, a legacy of the British Raj.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/talking_point/3719474.stm (3251 words)

	Santa Clara University - College of Arts and Sciences - Schedule of Classes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An introduction to the various and intersecting traditions of American literature from the European arrival in the New World to the Civil War.
		May focus on periods and issues such as the literature of cultural contact and European settlement, Puritanism, the Enlightenment, and the American Revolution.
		This upper division course explores cultural aspects of same-sex love and cross-gender behavior in historical and contemporary India, China, and Japan, and the impact of globalization on international and regional discourses of gender and sexual identities.
	www.scu.edu /cas/english/schedule.cfm (3426 words)

	Colonial America
		The Colony at Roanoke by Ralph Lane 1586
		The Colonial Settlers in New Jersey: Dutch, English, Swedes/Finns, Quakers and Moravians
		House of Burgesses: The colonial legislature of Virginia
	members.aol.com /TeacherNet/Colonial.html (1802 words)

	Empire writes back \| csmonitor.com
		All the writers or their ancestors hail originally from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, or Sri Lanka, but they also have a dual identity, living in locations as diverse as Trinidad, the United States, and Tanzania.
		Over the summers, he lives in a cultural no man's land between India and England: a "seedy mansion" rented by his Indian family "which lurked furtively in a nothing street" of London.
		The mansion's Eastern European doorman is a mentally handicapped former chess Grand Master.
	www.csmonitor.com /2005/0517/p16s01-bogn.html (982 words)

	P A T A N A
		With the arrival of East India Company, European colonies were created in India.
		Population in the pre colonial state was termed as "tribes".
		Thus the tribes are a creation of European colonization, which denied the people their indigenous status by this word "tribes" to a population of nearly 150 milions indigenous people from Asia, interfering with the tradditional customs.
	www.ambedkar.org /patana/patana6.htm (3721 words)

	Open Directory - Shopping: Antiques and Collectibles: Coins: World Coins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Asian Numismatic - Specializing in Asian, British Commonwealth and European colonial coins, banknotes and stamps and other foreign issues circulating in Asia.
		Coins of Tranquebar - Uno Barner Jensen describes and illustrates the coins of a Danish Colony in India 1620 - 1845, and coins of other European colonies of South India and Ceylon.
		Sedwick Coins - Specialist in Spanish Colonial, early Latin American, and shipwreck coins of all nations.
	dmoz.org /Shopping/Antiques_and_Collectibles/Coins/World_Coins (1452 words)

	SACW \| 26 May 2005
		to threaten India with a nuclear riposte to the
		India chose to suppress the jihad by inflicting
		Pakistan from the worry of an Indian attack.
	www.mail-archive.com /sacw@insaf.net/msg00331.html (3268 words)

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