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Topic: European colonization of Africa

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African

Southern Africa

Colonization of Africa

Africa

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History of Europe

Scramble for Africa

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Berlin conference

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Colonialism

	Africa Continents Facts \| 4 Corners Club
		Africa is thus composed of two segments at right angles, the northern running from east to west, the southern from north to south, the subordinate lines corresponding in the main to these two directions.
		Africa is home to the oldest inhabited territory on earth, with the human race originating from this continent.
		In South Africa, which was unique in having a significant number of European settlers, English and Afrikaans are the native languages of a significant portion of the population.
	www.4cornersclub.com /adventure_trips/africa/continent_facts (2282 words)

	The long-term consequences of the colonization of Africa - Asia, Africa & Mideast History - Helium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		"The long-term consequences of the colonization of Africa"
		The long-term consequences of colonization of Africa are sadly, already evident within the most developed cities and amongst the poorest village communities; the Africa we see today is but a ravaged remnant of the natural...
		The primary reason why Africa still suffers from its colonization is that the countries who colonized it separated the continents according to what they possessed and not according to the geographical limits of tribes and...
	www.helium.com /channels/900-Asia-Africa-Mideast-History/knowledge/90838-consequences-colonization-africa (707 words)

	Africa
		In East Africa, this language was Swahili, while in West Africa, Cameroun, and Gabon the language was French, in Angola it was Portuguese, and in Biafra it was Ibo.
		West Africa and Yorubaland achieved particular success, as their successful tropical crops achieved record crops that were eagerly consumed by the First World, and as many Brazilian and western European firms relocated their simple manufacturing plants to western Africa, in order to take advantage of the region's generally high level of education and low wages.
		Both countries were colonized by their respective colonial powers, Spain and Brazil, in the late 19th century; both countries used their island territories as convenient sources of cocoa for domestic consumption and export; both countries handed the government of their islands over to corrupt and brutal colonial elites.
	www.ahtg.net /TpA/tpafrica.html (6127 words)

	The Newberry Library: Smith Center Publications
		Yet, as the European Enlightenment brought forth a newfound concern with the observation and classification of empirical fact and its distinction from myth or fable, African maps were held to a new epistemological standard.
		In one sense, topographical maps of Africa were in fact progressively filled in as the field observations of explorers were ratified by geographical institutions such as the Royal Geographical Society and subsequently recorded on “official” maps of the continent.
		As Africa became a prize in the imperial competition between European nation-states, the Enlightenment ideals of recording an accurate topography were subordinated to imperial mapping projects that aimed to consolidate administrative and cultural control over diverse colonial territories.
	www.newberry.org /smith/slidesets/ss30.html (2871 words)

	Adventure Trips visiting West Africa \| 4 Corners Club
		The northern section of West Africa is composed of semi-arid terrain known as Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara desert and the savannahs of the western Sudan to the south.
		Following the collapse of the Songhai Empire, a number of smaller states arose across West Africa, including the Bambara Empire of Ségou, the lesser Bambara kingdom of Kaarta, the Peul/Malinké kingdom of Khasso (in present-day Mali's Kayes Region), and the Kénédougou Empire of Sikasso.
		European traders first became a force in the region in the fifteenth century, with the 1445 establishment of a Portuguese trading post at Arguin Island, off the coast of present-day Senegal; by 1475, Portuguese traders had reached as far as the Bight of Benin.
	www.4cornersclub.com /adventure_trips/africa/west_africa/region_facts (2102 words)

	African Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa in the fifteenth century was done in part as an attempt to find a new route to the lands of Prester John.
		By the early nineteenth century, European colonization of Africa was in full swing, and explorers were venturing for the first time into the uncharted interior of the continent.
		Africa is depicted here as a woman, dressed exotically and surrounded by wild animals: something to be tamed, yet protected at the same time.
	www.library.yale.edu /MapColl/afexhib.html (1834 words)

	Africa - MSN Encarta
		West Africa also has cases of HIV-2, an apparently less virulent strain of HIV that seems to result in lower death rates.
		By the mid-20th century, European colonies in Africa had established one-way trade systems in which Africa’s wealth of raw materials were exported to enrich foreign coffers, with little regard for development within Africa.
		Fishing is a minor subsistence activity in most of Africa because of a general scarcity of good fishing grounds and because most of the continent’s rural population lives in the interior.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_17/Africa.html (1820 words)

	The Origins of Racism
		During this period Europeans exploited Africa's human and natural resources in as late as 1923, the views of the European historians and academicians during the colonial period could be summed up in a lecture by Professor A.P. Newton delivered that year.
		In general, the European anthropologists of the colonial period were attempting to justify the colonization of Africa by Europe: First, they were telling their audience in Europe that the superior white men with his superior culture were justified in colonizing the so-called inferior and primitive African.
		Secondly, the anthropologists were conveying to the European colonizer that the African was primitive and weak and would never have the strength to challenge them effectively.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2002/09/13-09-02/The.htm (2329 words)

	The Story of Zulu Beads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Africa is home to hundreds of tribes, all of which have a rich culture of traditional crafts and artifacts.
		Although these beads are not manufactured by the Zulu, their use has its roots not in the European colonization of Africa, but in trade between ancient African nations.
		Beads, therefore, became precious in their own right and were soon linked to whatever was valued in the cultures of the people who owned and crafted them into a variety of objects to be worn according to custom, as token of social status, political importance and for personal adornment.
	www.beadbugle.com /html/the_story_of_zulu_beads.html (1215 words)

	Media Technologies and Society / Jour 705
		Europeans introduced mass media "late in the game," that is, after they already had pioneered mining and farming industries and established colonial bureaucracies intended to support these industries (Bourgault, 1995, p.
		Colonizing countries said they intended simply to help get African countries on track for modernization and self rule, however colonists' exploitation of natural resources and their reluctance to leave suggest that philanthropic intentions were overstated.
		The effects of mass media on Africa are so intertwined with the effects of colonization on Africa that it is difficult to discern where colonization effects end and mass media, especially electronic media, effects begin.
	www.jour.unr.edu /j705/RP.MOODY.AFRICA.HTML (5434 words)

	History of Africa
		If Africa's population continues to increase at its present rate, it will double by the year 2019.Many of the challenges faced by missionaries working in Africa can be traced to the history of the continent and the impact of European colonization.
		The modern European colonization of Africa was begun by the Portuguese, who established trading stations on the coast in the 15th and 16th centuries.
		The dominant religion of northern Africa is Islam, which replaced Christianity in the 7th century and spread west and south across the Sahara and into the equatorial zones.
	www.cmdeaf.org /stats/h-africa.asp (1038 words)

	BeingBlue.com > Writing > Essays
		He does not call for an outrage against the Europeans; the colonization and the animosity between Europe and Africa appear to him as a problem that must be solved, not a sore to be exacerbated by furthering malignancy.
		The tie between Europe and Africa literally "at the navel" is a very intimate one and alludes to the umbilical cord that ties a mother to her baby.
		The recognition that European and African cultures are dependent on one another and that the intertwining of the two in a cultural exchange as a prerequisite for progress supports Senghor's theme of cross-culturalism that burgeoned into universality.
	www.beingblue.com /writing/essays/2000.05.12_senghor.php (3075 words)

	N'Dri Assie-Lumumba honored
		She currently is working on a book on educational innovations in Africa and is contributing to specific areas in which the United Nations is assisting Africa in the continent's effort to achieve sustainable development.
		Assié-Lumumba received a master's degrees in history in 1974 and in sociology in 1975, both from Université Lyon II in France, and her Ph.D. in economics and sociology of education from the University of Chicago in 1982.
		She is editor of the Journal of Comparative Education and International Relations in Africa, published by CEPARRED, and serves on the advisory board of the South African Journal of Higher Education and the Journal of Asian and African Studies.
	www.news.cornell.edu /Chronicle/01/4.26.01/Assie-Lumumba.html (827 words)

	Looking Both Ways \| @PEM \| Shonibare
		In Scramble for Africa the neutral, relatively plain brown table top with the map in the center contrasts with the various similar color patterns of the clothing on the figures that are seated around the table.
		Scramble for Africa - This title refers to the 1884-5 Berlin Conference, an international meeting aimed at settling the problems connected with the European colonization of Africa.
		Representatives of all the European nations, the United States and the Ottoman Empire met in Berlin, ostensibly to guarantee free trade and navigation on the Congo and Niger Rivers.
	www.pem.org /lbw/pair_shonibare.html (1154 words)

	Institute of Development and Education for Africa (IDEA)
		Most well-meaning historians, anthropologists, archaeologists and scholars of related disciplines have now acknowledged that Africa is the original home of the Homo Sapiens and that Africans are the custodians of civilization of antiquity and beyond.
		The coming of Emperor Tewodros to power (1855-1868) coincided with European colonization of Africa; the Senegambia was taken by the French and the long Ashanti wars subsided; the French had almost completed the construction of the Suez Canal and Tewodros committed suicide while fighting the English in 1868.
		News of the victory had reached South Africa, Somalia and Yemen; in the latter two countries the people welcomed the defeat of the Italians and the colonizers were worried that Adwa could be inspirational for the colonial people to rise up.
	www.africanidea.org /ethiopian_victory.html (4575 words)

	European History Papers
		European Union is a federation of European nations, which acts as a group to protect their interests.
		European Exploration During the 15th and 16th centuries around the world, the lure of economic opportunity, heroism, and adventure tempted explorers from Europe to travel hundreds of miles to explore the worlds that existed outside their own.
		Critically evaluate the claim that the European Commission is the most important of the European institutions In developing the discussion of whether the European Commission is the most important of the European institutions, it will be necessary to first provide a frame worked back ground of t...
	www.doingmyhomework.com /sub_categories/1/European_History.html (2363 words)

	The Scramble for Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Scramble for Africa (or the Race for Africa) was the proliferation of conflicting European claims to African territory during the New Imperialism period, between the 1880s and the start of World War I.
		Sub-Saharan Africa, one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by "informal imperialism" and "civilization", was also attractive to Europe's ruling elites for economic and racial reasons.
		Thus, one of the main proponents of American colonization of Africa was the same man who proclaimed, in his 1823 State of the Union address, the US opinion that European powers should no longer colonize the Americas or interfere with the affairs of sovereign nations located in the Americas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_colonization_of_Africa (6594 words)

	Internet African History Sourcebook
		Africa is both the most clearly defined of continents - in its geography - and the hardest to pin down in historical terms.
		Map of North Africa in which figures the Atlas Mountains, the king of Mali (Mansa Musa), the king of Organa, the king of Nubia, the king of Bablyon, and the Red Sea.
		Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497-1498 CE Cafraria: A Patre Michaele Boym Polono Missa Mozambico, 1644 Ianuar.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/africa/africasbook.html (4329 words)

	Compensation for Slavery and Colonialism: A Test of Wills?
		As for the former group, the West European States which were major colonial powers and which are consequently on the defensive in the compensation debate include: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom.
		The European transportation of slaves and indentured laborers from India and China–including the so-called "coolie system"–to supplement and, later, replace the use of African slavery further complicates the equation.
		West European States and the United States are not the only ones with a history of engaging in colonialism and repression.
	un.op.org /reports/racism/4.php (1333 words)

	Amazon.com: Africa: A Biography of the Continent: Books: John Reader (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Reader refutes the notion of the Egyptian Nile region as a fulcrum that conveyed civilization to sub-Saharan Africa; instead, he argues, the relationship was one of pillager and pillaged.
		Blaming European colonizers' near-genocidal slaughter, exploitation and imposition of artificial nation-states for much of contemporary Africa's malaise, he maintains that the "dark continent" has been woefully misunderstood and misused throughout history.
		This book covers up this important episode and the Arab colonization of East Africa because history of Africa today focuses on European-African relations, however it is totally forgotten that before European colonization of Africa, there was 600 years of Arab and Islamic colonization of the same continent.
	www.amazon.com /Africa-Biography-Continent-John-Reader/dp/067973869X (2481 words)

	Teacher's Guide for Africa - History for Kids!
		As the population of Africa expanded and the climate got drier, more and more people lived in the grasslands, as the Khoikhoi and the San do today, so you might talk about them next.
		As the people of North Africa gradually learned about farming from West Asians, you get the great civilizations of Egypt and then Carthage and Rome, but also important states south of the Sahara in Ethiopia, and across Chad to Mali and West Africa.
		Colonization and slavery are very important, but we might do well to remember that Africa had a long independent history before the Europeans arrived as well.
	www.historyforkids.org /teachers/guides/africaguide.htm (557 words)

	Effects of European Colonization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Understanding the ways in which European countries governed and developed their African colonies and how native peoples were impacted is important to understanding the obstacles that newly independent developing nations faced.
		Europeans had believed they would always have colonies, so they did not prepare them for self-rule.
		European colonists and adminstrators played an important role in exposing Africans to Western culture and ideas.
	home.rochester.rr.com /therobinsonplace/coleff.html (276 words)

	Civil War in Africa: Congo Cries Out For International Action
		A hundred years ago, under King Leopold II of Belgium, the Congo was the scene of the most brutal part of the European colonization of Africa.
		The king's private colony - and, to a lesser extent, the early years of the Belgian Congo that succeeded it - was based on a draconian system of forced labor that, over a 40-year period, slashed the territory's population roughly in half, an estimated drop of about 10 million people.
		This is the modern version of what happened hundreds of years ago, when American and European ship captains used muskets and ammunition as one of the currencies for purchasing slaves from African dealers.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views03/0609-06.htm (1033 words)

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