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	European languages: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The samogitian language (emaii kalba) is a language spoken in the samogitia (emaitija) region of lithuania....
		Semigallian is an extinct language appertaining to the baltic languages sub-family of indo-european languages....
		The mirandese language (lhéngua mirandesa in mirandese; língua mirandesa or mirandês in portuguese) is spoken in northeastern portugal....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/eu/european_languages.htm (3992 words)

	Indo-European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred languages and dialects (443 according to the SIL estimate), including most of the major languages of Europe, as well as many in Southwest Asia, Central Asia and Southern Asia.
		Tocharian languages, extinct tongues of the Tocharians, extant in two dialects, attested from roughly the 6th century.
		Archaic Proto-Indo-European languages occur in the Balkans (Starčevo-Körös-Cris culture), in the Danube valley (Linear Pottery culture), and possibly in the Bug-Dniestr area (Eastern Linear pottery culture).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indo-European_languages (2290 words)

	European languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is the smallest official language of the EU in terms of speakers.
		Three minor source languages for European borrowings are Arabic (esp. in mathematics and science, foreign plants and fruits), Italian (esp. in arts, esp. from the 15th to the 17th c.), German (esp. in arts, education, mining, trading from the 12th to the 20th c.
		A minority language can be defined as a language used by a group that defines itself as an ethnic minority group, whereby the language of this group is typologically different and not a dialect of the standard language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_languages (2846 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES - LoveToKnow Article on INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first group (generally known as the centum-group) is the Western and entirely European group, the second (generally known as the satem-group) with one exception lies to the east of the centum-group and much its largest part is situated in Asia.
		Till the latter part of the 18th century it was the universal practice to refer all languages ultimately to a Hebrew origin, because Hebrew, being the language of the Bible, was assumed, with reference to the early chapters of Genesis, to be the original language.
		The imperative, which was originally an exclamatory form to the verb, of the same kind as the vocative was to the noun, and which consisted simply o~ the verb stem without further suffixes, developed, partly on the analogy of the present and partly with the help of adverbs, a complete paradigm.
	32.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IN/INDO_EUROPEAN_LANGUAGES.htm (7637 words)

	Indo-European Languages - ninemsn Encarta
		Indo-European languages were first spoken in Europe and southern Asia and, because of European colonialism, are now widespread throughout the world.
		Proof that these highly diverse languages are members of a single family was largely accumulated during a 50-year period around the turn of the 19th century.
		Formerly, the Indo-European languages were routinely characterized as belonging either to a Western (centum) or an Eastern (satem) division.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563984/Indo-European_Languages.html (569 words)

	Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		The transmission of language by conquest, assimilation, migration, or any other ethnic movement is a complex and enigmatic process that this discussion does not propose to examine—beyond the general proposition that in the case of Indo-European no genetic conclusions can or should be drawn.
		The main outlines of the reconstructed language were already seen by the end of the 1870s, but it was only during the course of the 20th century that certain of these features received general acceptance.
		Language is a social fact; languages are not spoken in a vacuum but by human beings living in a society.
	www.bartleby.com /61/8.html (9441 words)

	Indo-European Languages
		One theory of the origin of the individual Indo-European languages suggests that as the ancient speakers of Proto-Indo-European migrated or moved away from each other, losing contact, their language broke up into a number of tongues.
		By studying the vocabulary and grammar of the various daughter languages of which there are records, scholars have tried to reconstruct Proto-Indo-European and infer some of its characteristics.
		The descendant languages have all tended to discard to a greater or lesser extent these features of the mother tongue and to become simplified.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/I/Indo-European_Languages.html (499 words)

	Indo-European languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Finno-Ugric language family, which includes Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish and the languages of the Saami, is an example.
		The Basque language is unusual in that it appears to be separate from all other language families.
		Recent theories have been proposed by the linguist John Colarusso that the Caucasian languages, particularly the Northwest Caucasian family, spoken in Georgia and Turkey, may be the closest relatives to the Indo-European stock.
	usapedia.com /i/indo-european-languages.html (690 words)

	EUROPA - Education and Training - Languages in Europe
		According to a Eurobarometer study the official languages of the Union are spoken as mother tongues by the following percentages of the population of the European Union:
		While it is the mother tongue for 16% of the European population, a further 31% of the EU citizens speak it well enough to hold a conversation.
		The teaching of languages in compulsory education in more widespread than before: In Denmark, Greece, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, teaching of a foreign language is obligatory for a longer period than it was ten years ago.
	ec.europa.eu /education/policies/lang/languages/index_en.html (1200 words)

	Languages : Indo-European Family
		Languages that are scattered around the world as their speakers are part of diasporas.
		Lithuanian is one of the oldest of the Indo-European languages.
		Armenian is spoken in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh (an enclave in Azerbaijan).
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_indoeuro.html (1883 words)

	Indo-European languages - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Indo-European languages
		Family of languages that includes some of the world's major classical languages (Sanskrit and Pali in India, Zend Avestan in Iran, Greek and Latin in Europe), as well as several of the most widely spoken languages (English worldwide; Spanish in Iberia, Latin America, and elsewhere; and the Hindi group of languages in northern India).
		Eastern Indo-European languages are often called the satem group (Zend ‘a hundred’) while western Indo-European languages are the centum group (Latin ‘a hundred’); this illustrates a split that occurred over 3,000 years ago, between those that had an s-sound in certain words and those that had a k-sound.
		In some languages, according to some authorities, the distinction of parts of speech does not exist; in many languages it is widely different from that to which we are accustomed in the Indo-European languages.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Indo-European+languages (371 words)

	European Day of Languages 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The European Day of Languages was created during the European Year of Languages in 2001, a Council of Europe initiative with the European Union.
		Celebrating languages means celebrating diversity; speaking to other people in their language means opening yourself to them and breaking down linguistic and cultural barriers.
		Learning a language is something we can all do regardless of age or education - enthusiasm to communicate is the key to success and even a little knowledge can open doors to new cultures and opportunities.
	www.ecml.at /edl?l=E (653 words)

	"Knowing" Words in Indo-European Languages
		Language, indeed, changes all the time, but this may not be noticed in an oral tradition.
		The language that resulted was tidied up a bit and not precisely identical to the surviving language of the Vedas.
		The exceptions are the languages of the Dravidian group, largely spoken in the south.
	www.friesian.com /cognates.htm (2865 words)

	Wikinfo \| Indo-European languages
		Most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia belong to one superfamily, referred to as Indo-European.
		In the past it has been proposed that Indo-European languages were part of the Nostratic language superfamily, but this theory is treated with skepticism by most linguists.
		Recent theories have been proposed by the linguist John Colarusso that the Caucasian languages, particularly the Northwest and South Caucasian families, spoken in Georgia and Turkey, may be the closest relatives to the Indo-European stock.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Indo-European (665 words)

	European Languages
		You may have noticed that a few languages spoken on the European continent are not included in the Indo-European family of languages.
		The western languages generally use /s/ as a plural marker, though it is silent in spoken French, while the eastern languages use vowels.
		The Slavic languages are spoken in Eastern Europe and Russia and are the harder of the three language groups analyzed to learn.
	www.ielanguages.com /eurolang.html (1517 words)

	Indo-European Languages—Satem Branch
		Click on any language block to view a map of where the language is or was spoken.
		Languages marked with a dagger (†) are extinct.
		Languages of the Kashmir Region and upper Indus valley
	www.danshort.com /ie/iesatem_c.shtml (65 words)

	European Languages and Studies - Welcome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Department of European Languages and Studies brings together the three long-standing Departments of French Studies, German and Italian along with the European Studies program, which was introduced in 1995.
		With the development of the European Union in particular, it has become important for Australian students to understand the wider implications of Europe beyond the immediate concerns of the individual nations and language groups.
		The first-year European Studies units, with their emphasis on political, social and cultural aspects of contemporary Europe, are designed to complement the language units, where language acquisition is the primary goal.
	www.european.uwa.edu.au (291 words)

	Indoeuropean
		The reconstruction of ancient languages may be likened to the method used by molecular biologists in their quest to understand the evolution of life.
		Living languages can be compared directly with one another; dead languages that have survived in written form can usually be vocalized by inference from internal linguistic evidence.
		Dead languages that have never been written, however, can be reconstructed only by comparing their descendants and by working backward according to the laws that govern phonological change.
	www.biblemysteries.com /library/indoeuropean.htm (2777 words)

	CILT, the National Centre for Languages : European Award for Languages
		We are pleased to announce that the Mary Glasgow Language Trust is offering a prize of £2,000 to one of this year's Award winners.
		CILT, the National Centre for Languages, assisted by an advisory group, is the UK co-ordinator of the initiative which has recognised over 600 innovative projects across Europe since the end of its pilot phase in 1999.
		In 2005 thirteen UK projects received a European Award for Languages in recognition of their innovative approach to language learning.
	www.cilt.org.uk /eal (452 words)

	Endangered languages in Europe: indexes
		On the initiative of Professor Stephen Wurm I was asked to compile the European section of the Unesco Red Book Report on Endangered Languages with a couple of weeks' notice in December, 1993.
		Languages belonging to the groups (a) and (b) are listed indifferently in the indexes, while (c) diaspora dialects appear unnumbered and unmarked, except in the index by country if they constitute the sole representative of the language in the country.
		Please keep in mind that for languages other than Finno-Ugrian I have had to rely on second-hand sources, and in a number of cases even they were difficult to obtain.
	www.helsinki.fi /~tasalmin/europe_index.html (581 words)

	Amazon.com: The Indo-European Languages (Routledge Language Family Descriptions): Books: Anna Giacalone Ramat,Paolo ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It also differs from, for example, the volume on the Uralic languages by not imposing one transcription scheme on all authors, and as a result, the range of opinion here varies between those who have embraced laryngeal theory and those who stick to a postulated schwa.
		Though this is to be a survey of languages, the very first chapter, by one Enrico Campanile, deals with the reconstructed culture of the speakers of Proto-Indo-European and the probable location of their urheimat.
		William R. Schmalstieg fails to even mention laryngeals in his contribution on the Baltic languages, hardly a surprise for one who as late as 1985 was proposing the weird alternative theory of monophthongizations.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/041506449X?v=glance (1054 words)

	EuroWordNet:Building a multilingual database with wordnets for several European languages.
		EuroWordNet is a multilingual database with wordnets for several European languages (Dutch, Italian, Spanish, German, French, Czech and Estonian).
		Via this index, the languages are interconnected so that it is possible to go from the words in one language to similar words in any other language.
		This top-ontology provides a common semantic framework for all the languages, while language specific properties are maintained in the individual wordnets.
	www.illc.uva.nl /EuroWordNet (371 words)

	Indo-European languages
		earliest attested branch, from the 18th century BC; extinct, most notable was the language of the Hittites.
		Phrygian language (extinct language of ancient Phrygia, fragmentary)
		The Basque language is unusual in that it does not appear to be related to any known languages.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/i/in/indo_european_languages.html (528 words)

	Indo-European Languages. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Most languages in Europe, the Middle-East, and India appear to descend from a common ancestral language known to scholars as "proto-Indo-European," as set forth by William Jones and his work with Sanskrit.
		This common ancestral language appears to be unrelated to other world languages spoken in China, Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, Africa, indigenous Australia and indigenous America, Polynesia, Finland, Hungary, the lands of classical Hebrew, and other regions.
		The various charts of Indo-European languages and the maps showing the spread of each Indo-European language, were created by Daniel M. Short for his website at http://www.danshort.com/.
	web.cn.edu /kwheeler/IE_Main.html (478 words)

	Ethnologue, Languages of the World
		Over 12,000 citations spanning 70 years of SIL International's language research in over 1,000 languages.
		Books about languages and cultures of the world for education, research, and reference.
		Computer resources including an extensive library for language researchers and software tools and fonts.
	www.ethnologue.com (74 words)

	i18n: languages, countries and character sets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Languages, countries, and the charsets typically used for them
		Note that UTF-8 can be used for all languages and is the recommended charset on the Internet.
		For more 2-letter language codes, see ISO 639.
	www.w3.org /International/O-charset-lang.html (210 words)

	Indo-European Documentation Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Nineteenth century comparisons of older languages such as Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Gothic showed that similarities among word forms with similar meanings were so systematic and so arbitrary as to rule out chance or borrowing as an explanation.
		The Indo-European Languages are divided into branches, which are traditional groupings of the languages for which texts are attested: IE (Sample) Texts.
		Semantic categories represented by words in the attested languages are likely to reflect IE Culture and the culture of areas where Proto-IE was once spoken.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie.html (267 words)

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