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	minnow on Encyclopedia.com
		The carp is generally considered the largest of the minnow family, although the squawfishes of the Columbia and Colorado rivers average 30 lb (13.5 kg) and the mahseer, a game fish of India, is also large.
		Minnows are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Osteichthyes, order Cypriniformes, family Cyprinidae.
		Habitat use, movements and growth of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, in a restored salt marsh in Delaware Bay.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m1/minnow.asp (729 words)

	MINNOW - LoveToKnow Article on MINNOW
		Lat., minor), and " minnow " is popularly identified with any tiny fish; in America it is given to small forms of the Gambusia and Notropis genera, andc.
		The British minnow abounds in lakes, rivers and brooks, swimming in schools, and shifting its ground in search of food, in the shape of every kind of animal and vegetable substance.
		The minnow is commonly used by anglers for bait, and is useful in ponds as food for trout, perch or pike.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /M/MI/MINNOW.htm (454 words)

	Fathead Minnows -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		''Minnow'' can also refer to a sporting team who are extreme underdogs, such as a soccer or cricket team from a developing nation facing a dominant, established nation.
		It is a member of the carp family (family Cyprinidae) of order Cypriniformes, and is the type species of genus ''Phoxinus.'' It is ubiquitous throughout much of Eurasia, from Britain and Spain to eastern Siberia, predominantly in cold (12–20 °C) streams and well-oxygenated lakes and ponds.
		This fish is the archetypal minnow, and is also known as the common or European minnow.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/53/fathead-minnows.html (581 words)

	honorsthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Guppies (Poecilia reticulata), killifish (Fundulidae), golden shiners (Notemigonus crysoleucas), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and fathead minnows (Pimphales promelas) have shown this tendency to shoal with larger shoals (Hager and Helfman, 1991; Krause and Godin, 1994; Lachlan et al., 1998; Magurran and Pitcher, 1983; Reebs and Saulnier, 1997).
		European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) spend less time foraging when in shoals whose fish show significant body length differences.
		European minnows tend to shoal with conspecifics with which they had previous contact.
	www.goshen.edu /~brianam/thesis/honorsthesis.html (6866 words)

	Invasive species in Australia - part 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Australia is home to many plants and animals that have been introduced since European settlement.Some of these have become invasive — they have spread and multiplied to the point where they damage the environment, threaten the continued existence of native plants and animals, or create significant problems for agriculture.
		Invasive fish such as the plague minnow and European carp are now common in many Australian waterways.
		Plague minnows prey on the eggs and attack the tadpoles of native frogs.
	www.deh.gov.au /biodiversity/invasive/publications/species/part-1.html (1217 words)

	Alarm Pheromones in Fish
		Christopher Bosio Spring 1994 Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Introduction Karl von Frisch (1941) first demonstrated that when the European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus is eaten by a predator, damage to the skin releases an alarm substance ("Schreckstoff", or scary stuff) that elicits a fright reaction in conspecifics.
		Fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, learn to recognize northern pike, Esox lucius, as predators on the basis of chemical stimuli from minnows in the pike's diet.
		Survival of fathead minnows after injury by predators and its' possible role in the evolution of alarm signals.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en570/papers_1994/bosio.html (3481 words)

	European Tales of Odd and Unreal Pike
		While European pike are definitely larger than American specimens, there has been much nonsense written about pike sizes on both sides of the Atlantic.
		We hear about an 80-pound, 4-foot pike from Sweden that "was dragged five times up to the gunwale of the punt, but never captured." Then there is the famous Mannheim pike that hung in the Cathedral of the same name that was supposed to have lived for 267 years.
		European trout and salmon fishing is almost entirely private and extremely expensive.
	www.finefishing.com /1freshfish/aaspecies/pikemusky/europike.htm (1011 words)

	Merseyside pays tribute to Euro champs
		NEW European champions Liverpool paraded their hard-won trophy before jubilant fans in their home city on Thursday as pressure mounted on Uefa to let the club defend their title next season.
		In one of the most dramatic European finals ever seen, underdogs Liverpool won the cup on penalties against AC Milan after somehow pegging back a 0-3 half-time deficit to 3-3.
		About 30 000 Liverpool fans travelled to Istanbul to support their team and many times more that number could be seen crushed into the streets, on roofs, traffic lights and balconies or hanging off the entrance gates at Anfield to welcome the team home.
	www.news24.com /City_Press/Sport/0,,186-245_1712773,00.html (595 words)

	Freshwater Fishes of Iran, Bibliography - D
		A new subspecies of the European riffle minnow Alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis subsp.
		Variability of the Armenian riffle minnow (Alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi (Filippi)) in relation to the altitude at which it occurs.
		Systematics and distribution history of European salmonid fishes of the genus Salmo.
	www.briancoad.com /Bibliography/bibliographyD.htm (1513 words)

	Minnows Official Home Page and Web Site of Minnows (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Minnows: The term Minnow commonly refers to any small fish.
		Shiners, dace, chubs, and Minnows that like to school, feed on insects and algae, serve as prey for sport fish.
		They are found in a wide variety of habitats in streams, rivers and lakes throughout North America.
	www.minnows.us (377 words)

	minnow
		is also a member of the minnow family.
		of the family Cyprinodontidae are called topminnows and toothed minnows.
		Temporal stability of minnow species co-occurrence in streams of the central United States.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0833326.html (458 words)

	Odinarkiv - Globalisation and Invasive Alien Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The European countries have very different regulations for this massive import and release of alien organisms.
		In Norway, the European minnow, which a few decades ago was restricted to the south-eastern part of the country, is now present in all counties (Hesthagen and Sandlund 1997).
		In most cases, minnow has been introduced into new localities as a result of the species being used as live bait.
	odin.dep.no /ud/norsk/dok/andre_dok/rapporter/032121-220009/hov004-bu.html (3125 words)

	Fish Behaviour & Biodiversity Group at the University of St. Andrews
		School membership and structure are profoundly affected by the cognitive abilities and partner choice decisions of fish.
		Individual guppies under laboratory conditions and in the wild recognise and prefer school-mates with whom they are familiar, and schools of minnows are composed of a significant proportion of individuals which are familiar to one another.
		Preference for familiar conspecifics develops gradually (over at least 12 days in the case of guppies) and observations of wild guppies show that this schooling preference is mediated by group size.
	www.st-andrews.ac.uk /~guppy/people/sgriffiths.shtml (516 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: minnow @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: minnow @ HighBeam Research
		MINNOW [minnow] common name for the Cyprinidae, a large family of freshwater fish which includes the carp (Cyprinus carpio), and of which there are some 300 American species.
		Our archive contains millions of documents from thousands of sources and goes back over 23 years.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:minnow&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (363 words)

	[No title]
		An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico.
		A common European gurnard (Trigla lyra), having a large head, with prominent nasal projection, and with large, sharp, opercular spines.
		Having the power to produce a purple color; as, the purpurogenous membrane, or choroidal epithelium, of the eye.
	rabbit.eng.miami.edu /class/dict/P.txt (16876 words)

	BBC Sport \| Sport Homepage \| Football \| League of Wales \| FAW rejects Reds' Euro lifeline
		But the FA says it will lobby strongly for Liverpool to be entered into the qualifying rounds.
		TNS chairman Mike Harris told BBC Wales Sport a pre-qualifier against Liverpool would make far greater financial sense than for his side to play against a European minnow.
		But FAW secretary general David Collins said such a proposition was not feasible and would not be supported.
	news.bbc.co.uk /solpda/ukfs_sport/hi/newsid_4582000/4582621.stm (402 words)

	FrightChems
		Likened unto the "alarm calls" of birds, zebras and monkeys, alarm substances of fishes are ecto- or social hormones (pheromones) communicating the presence of danger to conspecifics (members of the same species).
		Pandey retells a history of as Von Frisch (1938) describing his accidental discovery of a fright reaction in a European minnow Phoxinus phoxinus.
		These inquiries have mainly centered on the important pet fish SuperOrder Ostariophyi (minnows , tetras, catfishes, many knifefish families (the suborder Gymnotoidei)), and two of the important food-fish orders Gonorhynchiformes (milkfish), and Salmoniformes (salmons and trouts, of course).
	wetwebmedia.com /FWSubWebIndex/FrightChemsFWArt.htm (791 words)

	SuperSoccer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A crowd estimated to be around 300 000 strong lined the 10-mile (16-kilometre) route towards the Anfield stadium as the victorious side travelled through in a red, open-top bus emblazoned with the words: "Liverpool FC, Champions of Europe 2005".
		Around 30 000 Liverpool fans travelled to Istanbul to support their team, and many times more that number could be seen crushed into the streets, on roofs, traffic lights and balconies or hanging off the entrance gates at Anfield to welcome the team home.
		However, Football Association of Wales secretary general David Collins said later this was impossible, and warned TNS they must enter the competition or else lose their place to another Welsh side.
	www.supersoccer.co.za /?id=147440&des=article&scat=supersoccer/england (827 words)

	Dawn of a new Turkish era - Soccer - www.theage.com.au
		Besiktas this season achieved what many top European sides could not, beating Chelsea 1-0 at Stamford Bridge in their Champions League group stage game.
		In their footsteps came a generation of local coaches such as ex-Turkey, Galatasaray and AC Milan boss Fatih Terim and Mustafa Denizli, who took the Turkish team to the 2000 European championships.
		Gunes fell on his sword after Turkey surprisingly failed to qualify for Euro 2004, losing out to northern European minnow Latvia in a play-off.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/05/15/1084570999598.html (937 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		European football has come of age, and the pre-tournament favourites are suffering from the growing pains.
		Greece’s victory over Portugal and draw with Spain have not been flukes, or even a case of hanging on for the final whistle (as England tried against France, as if they were a European minnow themselves.
		And although by watching ITV and reading The Sun you may not know anything beyond hooligans and Scholes' ankle, this has been one of the best international tournaments I can remember.
	www.football365.com /euro_2004/euro_2004_features/story_114883.shtml (593 words)

	BigSoccer Boards - Will Iran ever beat another top European team?
		I think result speak for itself, is Iran EVER going to face decent European opposition?~ Even against minnow European teams, their record is CRAP!
		and i agree japan and korea hold the edge (slightly) in european opponents.
		If we are to be objective, assuming that Iran,S.Korea and Japan are playing in european qualifications instead of asia, chances to qualify to WC would be very minimal 'cause beside those countries,in Asia, only Saudi and China could consider as a fairly football countries..
	www.bigsoccer.com /forum/printthread.php?t=197699 (1615 words)

	READINGS FROM TIME \| The World and Its People
		Russia's strategic nuclear missile fleet may have once made it a geopolitical competitor to the U.S. but by economic measure, its peers would be the likes of Mexico and Argentina.
		Its UN Security Council veto power may have given it equal importance to Germany and France in the European camp opposing the war in Iraq, but it remains an economic minnow by European standards — if Russia's GDP per capita doubles in the next decade, it would equal today's figure for Portugal.
		Putin's combination of authoritarian political instincts and market-friendly economic policies make him a political creature quite familiar in countries at Russia's level on the economic ladder — the authoritarian modernizer.
	www.time.com /time/classroom/glencoe/world/unit_5_1.html (1131 words)

	Irish Post: Gatland’s Premiership and Irish legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It is almost 10 years since Gatland first arrived in Ireland to coach Connacht and expectations were low.
		Having more of a reputation as a former All Blacks player than a coach, he was seen as no more than another southern hemisphere apprentice coach attempting to cut his teeth with a European minnow before being groomed for a quick return to a Super 12 side.
		Before returning home to New Zealand to begin his new challenge on July 1 Gatland reflected on the six happy years he spent in Ireland as well as the Lions chances in their current tour of his native New Zealand.
	www.irishpost.co.uk /news/story.asp?j=2434 (430 words)

	Andreas Heyd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Staff member of the Steinbeis-Transfer Center for Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology, Rottenburg (Germany).
		Many species within the group Ostariophysi (Teleostei) possess a particular behaviour, the fright-reaction or "Schreckreaktion", discovered by the Austrian biologist Karl von Frisch (1886-1982) in studies on the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus).
		The fright-reaction is based on an alarm substance which is located in club-like cells in the epidermis; a main component of this substance is hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide.
	www.uni-tuebingen.de /Physiologische-Oekologie/heyd/heyd.html (314 words)

	EFFECTS OF FISH ON LAKE SYSTEMS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY (1980 - 1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Experimental evaluation of predator-prey relationships in a patchy environment: consequences for habitat use patterns by minnows.
		Escape tactics used by bluegills and fathead minnows to avoid predation by tiger muskellunge.
		Macgurran, A. Acquired recognition of predator odour in the european minnow (Phoxinus).
	www.bio.tcu.edu /lakebib8089.html (10765 words)

	paper 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This is because the nerves bypass the parts of the brain the control conscious sight.
		Karl Von Frisch, an Austrian zoologist conducted an experiment on the European minnow.
		With his study’s, he found that the minnow would turn dark while in light and would lighten when it was dark; the minnows were reacting to the light, just like we do, but with a different reasoning.
	www.bsu.edu /web/csclark2/paper1.html (1642 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Additional sponsorship will come from prestigious British fashion retailers Burton Menswear and bakery and sandwich chain Greggs.
		Formula 1 may at first seem an unlikely venture for East European car minnow Trabant, however like Skoda before them, they are keen to add prestige to their marque and are evidently know how to think big.
		Whilst their attitude to risk taking has been described as somewhere between hot-headed and suicidal, their enthusiasm remains undimmed.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=11066287&postID=111023600657958062 (309 words)

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