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	Decimal - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		It is the most widely used numeral system, perhaps because a human usually has four fingers and a thumb on each hand, giving a total of ten digits on both hands.
		Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in the base-ten numeral system, which uses various symbols (called digits) for ten distinct values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent numbers.
		The symbols for the digits in common use around the globe today are called Arabic numerals by Europeans and Indian numerals by Arabs, the two groups' terms both referring to the culture from which they learned the system.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Decimal (1484 words)

	European Numerals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the U.S.A., the typewritten "I" means a Roman numeral, and in the typewriter age, the minuscule "l" was first used for it, before the separate character "1" was put on the keyboard.
		Last is the distinction between the Danish letter "Ø," the Latin letter "O," and the numeral "0." Handwritten data to be typed into a computer necessitates having a distinction between the oh and the zero.
		A tick in the upper right corner derives from the earlier practice, a tick in the upper left corner is used to prevent confusion with all earlier practice, and the very-low-resolution typeface "Fixedsys" has an internal tick, that does not extend beyond the bowl, in both the upper right and lower left.
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/e/eu/european_numerals.html (516 words)

	Arithmetic: A Crash Review
		Mayan numerals apparently are the invention of astrologers out to compute such things as the exact period of Venus' orbit, and when the December solstice position of the Sun on the ecliptic crosses from the Galactic celestial northern hemisphere to the Galactic celestial southern hemisphere.
		For the numeral 1/2: 1 is the numerator, and 2 is the denominator.
		The numerator of the reduced fraction is the quotient of the original fraction's numerator, divided by the greatest common factor of the numerator and denominator.
	www.zaimoni.com /Arithmetic.htm (8200 words)

	Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		A curious byproduct of the age of colonialism and mercantilism was the introduction of Sanskrit in the 18th century to European intellectuals and scholars long familiar with Latin and Greek and with the European languages of culture — Romance, Germanic, and Slavic.
		The one fact is that certain languages present similarities among themselves so numerous and so precise that they cannot be attributed to chance and of such a kind that they cannot be explained as borrowings or as universal features.
		However, the inherited vocabulary, though now numerically a small proportion of the total, remains the genuine core of the language; all of the 100 words shown to be the most frequent in the Corpus of Present-Day American English, also known as the Brown Corpus, are native words; and of the second 100, 83 are native.
	www.bartleby.com /61/8.html (9441 words)

	Arabic numerals
		Abu'l-Wafa, who was himself an expert in the use of Indian numerals, nevertheless wrote a text on how to use finger-reckoning arithmetic since this was the system used by the business community and teaching material aimed at these people had to be written using the appropriate system.
		The numerals had changed their form somewhat 100 years later when this copy of one of al-Biruni's astronomical texts was made.
		The form of the numerals in the west of the Arabic empire look more familiar to those using European numerals today which is not surprising since it is from these numerals that the Indian number system reach Europe.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html (2212 words)

	A Comparative Latin Grammar
		Numerals are very stable in the language: they appeared very early, probably, even before the declension of nouns was developed.
		Numerals themselves were never declined in ancient times (we mean here only cardinal numerals), and only on the later stages of the Indo-European language development some of them were assimilated by adjectives.
		Numerals were preserved in the majority of the languaes of the family due to their simple phonetic value (they are all very short), they are stable and seldom borrowed from other languages (though there is a question of borrowing the numeral seven).
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/grammar/grammar63.html (5023 words)

	Numerals in many different writing systems
		The numerals referred to here as 'Arabic' and 'Urdu' are those used when writing those languages.
		The Urdu numerals are also known as 'East Arab' numerals and differ slightly from those used in Arabic.
		These numerals where first used in India in about 400 BC, were later used in Persia, then were brought to Europe by the Arabs.
	www.omniglot.com /language/numerals2.htm (103 words)

	Glossary of Unicode terms
		A collection of characters in which a numeric code is assigned to each character so that it can be represented on a computer.
		Contrast with Arabic numerals, Chinese numerals, and Roman numerals.
		Contrast with Arabic numerals, Chinese numerals, and Indic numerals.
	www-106.ibm.com /developerworks/library/glossaries/unicode.html (1497 words)

	European numerals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the U.S., a typewritten "I" refers to Roman numeral one; during the typewriter age, the minuscule "l" was first used for it, before the separate numeral character "1" was added to keyboards.
		The Germans use a Numeral Four that looks like a lightningbolt, and in some areas of Eastern Europe, as seen on Romanian tanks, there is a Numeral Four that does not have a closed loop, but has a Greek cross form of strokes.
		A note about slashing numerals is that the Numeral Two is not slashed, whereas the Letter Z is, because handwritten form could be confused with the Numeral Two.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/European_numerals (737 words)

	What Is in a Number?
		While the European numerals are Arabic in their genesis, their shapes are not the same as those of the Arabic numerals that have been used for centuries in the Arabic world.
		Its numerals, which are the same as the Arabic ones (with the exception of 4 and 7), have rapidly joined the endangered species list.
		But there is also a misconception that the European numerals are actually Arabic or that this is a change for the better or at least that it does not matter.
	www.albalagh.net /general/0042.shtml (794 words)

	The Campbell Report - Numeric or alphanumeric - The final verdict
		Numeric is said to have an advantage over the alphanumeric system for the notation of moves because all people know the numerals 1,2,3 but are not always so acquainted with a,b,c alphabet.
		The modern European numerals are called "Arabian" only because they came down to Europe during the Middle Ages by translation of the Arabian works of Al-Kwarizmi, who had taken the numericals including the decimal system from Hindi mathematicians.
		It is evident that alphanumeric is clearly superior to the numeric system in the areas of ease of use and simplicity.
	correspondencechess.com /campbell/articles/a010715.htm (2235 words)

	Numbers, numerals and count in Indo-European: an article by Cyril Babaev
		Nowadays practically no one doubts that the number was one of the most ancient nominal categories and its appearance in the language took place long before genders and cases appeared.
		The second version is witnessed by the numeral new@n, probably a cognate to the stem newo- (see the analysis) meaning new - the new cycle after "eight" is a possible meaning.
		We should say that in fact ordinal numerals are fully adjectives, and both their use and their declension are adjectival.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /archive/article12.html (2216 words)

	Arabic numerals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		By the time of Bhaskara I ('i.e.'', the seventh century AD) a base 10 numeral system with 9 symbols was widely used in India, and the concept of zero (represented by a dot) was known (see the V&257;savadatt&257; of Subandhu, or the definition by Brahmagupta).
		The Arabic numeral system is a positional base 10 numeral system with 10 distinct symbols representing the 10 numerical digits.
		In a more developed form, the Arabic numeral system also uses a decimal marker (at first a mark over the ones digit but now more usually a decimal point or a decimal comma which separates the ones place from the tenths place), and also a symbol for &8220;these digits repeat ad infinitum&8221; (recur).
	arabic-numerals.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (804 words)

	Arabic Numerals in Sicily - Best of Sicily Magazine
		The numerals were known in Europe since at least the tenth century, but as recently as the fifteenth their use was viewed as arcane.
		Qaid Brun (born Thomas Le Brun), a treasurer to the king of Sicily by 1154, used Arabic numerals and then took the numeration system to the English court, where it was not immediately embraced.
		Roman numerals are written left to right, with the highest value on the left; applying this principle to the Arabic numerals in a European context reversed the way they were sequenced in Arabic-speaking lands.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art215.htm (437 words)

	Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math
		Actually there were many numeral systems in existence even before the Roman system of numerals to which you refer.
		Because the printing press came into existence in the mid-1400s and the Hindu- Arabic numerals were used in printing.
		The transition happened after the printing press standardized the way the Hindu-Arabic numerals looked, but basically it was an issue of making good use of individuals' time.
	mathforum.org /library/drmath/view/52545.html (526 words)

	Arabic numerals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Arabic numeral system is a positional base 10 numeral system with 10 distinct glyphs representing the 10 numerical digits.
		The Arabic numeral system is considered one of the most significant developments in mathematics.
		By the time of Bhaskara I ('i.e.'', the seventh century AD) a base 10 numeral system with 9 glyphs was widely used in India, and the concept of zero (represented by a dot) was known (see the Vāsavadattā of Subandhu, or the definition by Brahmagupta).
	arabic-numerals.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (774 words)

	Lithuanian in the 21st Century: Linguistic Snippets and Tidbits - Antanas Klimas
		There are linguists who hold that numerals must have been older than nouns, in particular the first four.
		There are indications that the Indo-Europeans counted by tapping/ticking the four fingers with the thumb: one to four of the one hand and five to eight of the other, while nine, starting again with the first hand, meant a new level of the count.
		Numerals occupy a special place in the structure of all languages.
	www.lituanus.org /2002/02_3_06.htm (4271 words)

	Hindu-Arabic Numerals
		He explained in great detail how the value of the numeral changes when it is put in another place.
		The so called West Arabic numerals are contemporary with the East Arabic numerals and likewise stem from Hindu figures and are forerunners of our Western figures.
		In the West Arabic numerals one dot indicates tens, 2 dots hundreds so it is not a complete place value system.
	www.scit.wlv.ac.uk /university/scit/modules/mm2217/han.htm (688 words)

	Mathematical Structures of Early Indo-European Numeral Systems
		Such mathematical functions underlying a "pure" numeral system are that of numeral base and exponentiation on that base (Greenberg 2000:373-374).
		Among other problems (Justus 1996:66-77), the reconstruction of a decimal system for PIE does not account for the Germanic long hundred of 120, a number which is neither a power of 10 nor of 12 (Justus 1999:138-140).
		It is not a "pure" numeral system nor does it belong to a "mixed base" category (e.g., French quatre vingt 'four-20(s)' or '80': Greenberg 2000:774).
	greenberg-conference.stanford.edu /Justus_Abstract.htm (584 words)

	arabic
		The oldest dated European manuscript containing Arabic numbers is the Codex Vigilanus written in Spain in the year of 976.
		During the 14th century, Arabic numerals became widely used by merchants in Italy.
		All the pip (number) cards were similar from the late 14th century until index numbers were definitively added in the 19th century.
	www.geocities.com /rmlyra/arabic.html (787 words)

	LINGUIST List 14.2484: Morphology/Syntax: Plank, ed. (2003)
		Hurford is a survey of constructions with cardinal numerals in European languages.
		One of the goals of the volume was to represent the European data in a typological perspective.
		On the other hand, the surveys of such phenomena as constructions with numerals (Hurford) and possessives and action nominals (Koptjevskaja-Tamm) show that a considerable structural variation can be observed even within Europe, so that what is sometimes thought to be most typical may be only ''one of many''.
	linguistlist.org /issues/14/14-2484.html (3113 words)

	Arabic
		The so-called "Arabic numerals" were not invented by the Arabs, as is popularly believed.
		The numerals eventually found their way into Persia where they were picked up by Arab traders who referred to them as "Indian numerals," (arqam hindiyyah).
		West Arabic (European) numerals were developed in the Maghreb.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/Arabic.html (2010 words)

	As Easy As 1, 2, 3!!!
		Western European monarchies all use Roman numerals at the end of their names (Louis XIV of France), signifying their order of ancestry.
		Some people complain that symbols used in the Arabic numeral system can be misread, such as a 0 being thought of as a 6.
		The Roman numeral system is formulated by adding the numbers in a left-right concession.
	www.webspawner.com /users/karacale (977 words)

	\| Appropriate OT feature for Roman Numerals \| Typophile
		The difference between European numerals and Roman numerals are somewhat like between uppercase and lowercase -- they share some characteristics, but are also different in some regard.
		For example, in scientific or legal texts, Roman numerals may designate a different level of structure than the European numerals, so keeping them separate makes sense.
		First, because depending on the position within the number, the European numeral converts to a different Roman numeral, and secondly, obviously, because for certain numbers, the Roman numeral must be repeated.
	typophile.com /node/4852 (872 words)

	Indo-European. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		For example, they substitute increasingly the use of word order and prepositions for inflections to indicate the relationships of words in a sentence.
		There also exists among the Indo-European languages a similarity of basic words (such as words denoting kinship, numerals, and parts of the body) that points to a common origin.
		Different forms of writing for the various Indo-European languages used both in ancient and modern times include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and a number of alphabets, among them the Devanagari, Greek, Roman, and Arabic scripts.
	www.bartleby.com /65/in/IndoEuro.html (569 words)

	Diwan Mishafi
		Changing the size of the numerals to a small size when written after the symbol representing the end of the Quranic Ayah.
		Changing the size of the numerals to a suitable size after writing the year's symbol.
		Changing the European decimal separator to Arabic one when using Arabic or Persian numerals.
	www.diwan.com /mishafi/page/features.htm (520 words)

	It's About Time, Horology Antique Pocket Watches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Any knowledgeable collector desires one or more of these unique creations as a tribute to the brilliance and art of the European watchmaker and is aware of the increasing rarity of fine examples.
		Rose Gold Case with blue enameled Arabic numerals on case, a mint porcelain dial and a Tiffany and Co. signed case, dial and skeletonized movement.
		Arraco (Swiss) 56 mm wide 17 jewel YGF Masonic Triangular Case w/ masonic symbols in relief on the bezel and back.
	www.bearsystems.com /time/european.html (324 words)

	www.dajamahjong.nl - Mahjong sets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		On the front 0,3 cm white synthetic material with clear, traditional mahjong images, European figures, reserve tiles, numerous jokers(also very suitable for USAmahjong) The total set in a little metal case in the colour: OLD ROSE or BLUE.
		The set has European numerals, four reserve tiles (or jokers), dices and fiches.
		The 144 tiles are 100% bamboo with Arabic numerals.
	www.dajamahjong.nl /main/sets_en.asp (553 words)

	Islam Question and Answer - Arabic numerals vs. European numerals (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They also refer to the appearance of calculators and computers which only use these numerals, and this – they claim – makes the use of European numerals in Arab countries something to be desired, if not unavoidable.
		There are words in the Arabic language which were not originally Arabic, but they became part of the Arabic language through usage, to the extent that some of these words are to be found in the Qur’aan; these words are described as Arabized.
		If the foreign numerals are used instead, this will make it very difficult for the coming generation to access this vast store of knowledge.
	www.islam-qa.com.cob-web.org:8888 /index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&lv=browse&QR=3454&misc=&offset=0&sort=d (551 words)

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