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	witchcraft - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		European diabolical witchcraft was a form of sorcery that appealed to pre-Christian symbolism and was associated by Church leaders with heresy.
		The origins of witchcraft in Europe are found in the pre-Christian, pagan cults such as the Teutonic nature cults; Roman religion; and the speculations of the Gnostics (see Gnosticism), the Zoroastrians, and the Manicheans.
		This form of witchcraft has nothing to do with sorcery, and is instead based on a reverence for nature, the worship of a fertility goddess, a restrained hedonism, and group magic aimed at healing.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-witchcra.html (726 words)

	European witchcraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		European witchcraft is witchcraft and magic that is practised primarily in the locality of Europe.
		Witchcraft was held to be the worst of heresies, and early scepticism slowly faded from view almost entirely.
		Margaret Murray claimed that witchcraft was a holdover of a worldwide ancient fertility cult; however, modern scholars have rejected this as unfounded and due to a deliberate misinterpretation of the evidence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/European_witchcraft (2844 words)

	Inanna's Place
		Traditional Witchcraft pre-dates all of the other religions of the planet, however it is less understood and even less documented, and sadly also one of the least known about religions.
		Witchcraft has been around since Ug and Ogg started drawing on cave walls to document a hunt, and is a continuation of the beliefs of our ancient European ancestors (pre-dominantly British ancestors,) both their beliefs and their practices.
		Most of our knowledge of European witchcraft comes from the writings of Christian conquerors and priests, with some more accurate information coming from archaeological digs and family tradition Witches coming forward with details now that Christianity is not openly tying people to stakes and burning them.
	groups.msn.com /InannasPlace/traditionalwitchcraft.msnw (1016 words)

	European Background
		Witchcraft was legally considered an “excep¬tional crime,” and regular rules and legal safeguards were often dispensed with in order to fight it.
		Although witchcraft was a punishable crime in England from at least AD 1000, it was largely ignored, and it was not until the mid-sixteenth century that it became a crime punishable by death—a fact quite con¬trary to the practices on the Continent.
		The use of spectral evidence, whereby a victim of witch¬craft was permitted to testify against the spec¬ter, or invisible shape, of a witch he or she had allegedly seen doing evil, was allowed in En¬glish courts by the judge Sir Matthew Hale and became an important mode of evidence used in trials.
	www.horton.ednet.ns.ca /staff/sheppard/European_Background.htm (1035 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on witchcraft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Under the monotheistic religions of the Levant (primarily Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), witchcraft came to be associated with heresy, rising to a fever pitch among the Catholics, Protestants, and secular leadership of the European Late Medieval/Early Modern period.
		Witchcraft practices (in the common, malefic sense) are typically forbidden by law where belief in them exists (as well as being hated and feared by the general populace) while 'folk magic' is tolerated or even accepted wholesale by the people, even if the orthodox establishment objects to it.
		Traditional European witchcraft beliefs, such as those typified in the confessions of the Pendle Witches, commonly involve a diabolical pact or at least an appeal to the intervention of the spirits of evil3.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/witchcraft (4053 words)

	WITCHCRAFT An article about the history of witchcraft. Believersweb.org
		Witchcraft as a type of fl MAGIC or sorcery exists in many societies, but the phenomenon has a special significance in western European history.
		European witchcraft was unique because it combined the idea of harmful sorcery with that of serving SATAN, or the devil (in traditional Christian belief, a spirit hostile to God).
		The European doctrine of witchcraft was formulated in the late Middle Ages.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=736 (830 words)

	Michael D. Bailey \| The Disenchantment of Magic: Spells, Charms, and Superstition in Early European Witchcraft ...
		The category of witchcraft, as constructed by authorities at this time, allowed them to define a number of malevolent magical practices as definitively demonic (all witchcraft, in this sense, was inherently superstitious, although not all superstition was necessarily witchcraft).
		Yet in the text, she was made to deliver with confident certainty a basic message that Nider and other theorists of witchcraft sought to convey regarding the spectrum of spells and charms available in late medieval Europe: that many of those rites were in fact diabolical witchcraft as authorities understood and constructed it.
		Witchcraft theorists, focusing on the very simple rites of common magic, stressed explicit pacts that were necessarily prior to any magical activity.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/111.2/bailey.html (10875 words)

	Gendercide Watch: European Witch-Hunts
		The number of witchcraft quarrels that began between women may actually have been higher; in some cases, it appears that the husband as "head of household" came forward to make statements on behalf of his wife, although the central quarrel had taken place between her and another woman.
		The gendering of the European witch-hunts appears to be closely duplicated in the South African case.
		The distinction between witchcraft, a mystical activity, and sorcery, the use of material objects, was widespread in eastern Africa, Dr. Middleton said.
	www.gendercide.org /case_witchhunts.html (4183 words)

	The Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe Folklore - Find Articles
		Like the second volume of the series, on Greco-Roman magic and witchcraft, this volume is somewhat out of place, having little direct connection to the contents of the other volumes: what is understood today to be the study of European witchcraft.
		Nonetheless, setting aside the difficulties of defining witchcraft or magic, it can be said that the volumes dealing with earlier periods have much to do with the ideas and rituals of what is defined as medieval-modern European witchcraft.
		The authors of the volumes on ancient witchcraft and magic do not belong to the virtual clan of historian-anthropologist-folklorist students of witchcraft; they study ancient Near Eastern texts relating to magic and divination through philological methods, but simultaneously write as fully-armoured historians about the socio-historical contexts of magic and witchcraft.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2386/is_2_115/ai_n6191450 (824 words)

	Scottish History: The European Witch-Hunt
		This celebrated book is partly a general study of European witchcraft, partly a study of the duchy of Lorraine, and partly (and most importantly) a study of the vital topic of neighbourhood witchcraft.
		These are covered in several of the works in the 'Medieval witchcraft' section, and are focused on by Arno Borst, 'The origins of the witch-craze in the Alps', in his Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1991).
		The early encounter between peasant and elite views of witchcraft is discussed by Suzanne Burghartz, 'The equation of women and witches: a case study of witchcraft trials in Lucerne and Lausanne in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries', in Richard J. Evans (ed.), The German Underworld: Deviants and Outcasts in German History (1988).
	www.arts.ed.ac.uk /scothist/courses/eurowitchhunt (7125 words)

	Witchcraft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term witchcraft can have positive or negative connotations depending on cultural context; for instance, in post-Christian European cultures it has historically been associated with dualistic notions of evil and the Devil, while most modern practitioners see it as beneficent and morally positive.
		In the Wiccan tradition of witchcraft, Samhain or Halloween is held to be the time when the veil between the living world and the Other world is at its thinnest, and this is a common time to attempt contact with those that have passed on.
		During the 20th century interest in witchcraft in English-speaking and European countries began to increase, inspired particularly by Margaret Murray's theory of a pan-European witch-cult, published in 1921 and then Gerald Gardner's claim in 1954 that a form of witchcraft still existed in England.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Witchcraft (4103 words)

	Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and America.
		Witchcraft: An Introduction to the Literature of Witchcraft.
		Witchcraft in the Netherlands, From the Fourteenth to Twentieth Century.
		Witchcraft at Toner's Puddle, Nineteenth Century, from the Diary of the Rev. William Ettrick.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /users/fennell/highland/harper/WITCH01A.HTM (12059 words)

	The Great European Witch Hunt
		At the height of the Great Hunt (1567-1640) one half of all witchcraft cases brought before church courts were dismissed for lack of evidence.
		Witchcraft cases were usually surrounded by general fear and public protests.
		The Church and State sought to break the power of these women by accusing them of witchcraft, driving a wedge of fear between the wise-woman and her clients.
	www.tangledmoon.org /witchhunt.htm (5539 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Witchcraft Documents [15th Century]
		Real or not, witches and witchcraft, were very real phenomena to the writers of the fifteenth century and later.
		The method of beginning an examination by torture is as follows: First, the jailers prepare the implements of torture, then they strip the prisoner (if it be a woman, she has already been stripped by other women, upright and of good report).
		This stripping is lest some means of witchcraft may have been sewed into the clothing-such as often, taught by the Devil, they prepare from the bodies of unbaptized infants, [murdered] that they may forfeit salvation.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/witches1.html (1610 words)

	witchcraft
		First, we shall examine the issue of witchcraft and witch-hunting as a historical problem.
		We shall explore the numerous theories and methods historians have employed to explain the phenomenon of witchcraft.
		As we shall see, the same story can be told numerous ways, depending on the historian's choice of evidence, theory, and explanation.
	www.udel.edu /History/chaber/witchcraft.html (655 words)

	Witchcraft
		The transition from these early vague ideas of witchcraft to a fully-formed image of the diabolical witch deserves study in the history of marginality because it illustrates the rhetoric of persecution that had come into existence by the end of the medieval period.
		The Margaret Murray tradition: European witchcraft was an ancient fertility religion based on worship of the horned god Dianus.
		The study of witchcraft and witchcraft persecution is part of the study of women's history, especially the history of social and sexual violence against women.
	www2.kenyon.edu /Projects/Margin/witch.htm (576 words)

	Recommended Books on Ancient and Modern Witchcraft
		A feminist historian who doesn't allow her justified anger over historical atro-cities against women to lead her into playing fast and loose with the facts, as she discusses all the different ways in which the image of the witch has been viewed in recent centuries.
		Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Period of the Witch Trials, by Bengt Ankarloo, Stuart Clark, William Monter.
		Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, by Bengt Ankarloo, Stuart Clark.
	www.neopagan.net /Witchcraft-Rec-Books.html (4238 words)

	Witchcraft Spells & Magic : Witchcraft Spells & Witchcraft Magic! Witchcraft Spells, Witchcraft Magic, Wiccan Magic & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		From powerful Witchcraft Love Spells and gorgeous Witchcraft Goddess Ritual Bath Kits to Magical Witch's Jars, Witchcraft Elemental Fetishes and Natural Handmade Spiritual Soaps, there is a spiritual solution to remedy your personal situation at Erzulie's European Witchcraft Spells and Witchcraft Magical Store.
		A brief history and comparison of witchcraft and Voodoo in New Orleans by Kalila Smith.
		A brief history on witchcraft and Voodoo tales and lore by Kalila Smith.
	www.erzulies.com /european_witchcraft_magic.php (366 words)

	Witchcraft \| Magic \| Occult \| Questia.com Online Library
		...This is an original and important study of the significance of witchcraft in English public life in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
		Witchcraft: European and African by the same author * AVATAR...GITA AND BIBLE WORSHIP IN THE WORLDS RELIGIONS WITCHCRAFT: EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN by GEOFFREY PARRINDER...6...
		The history of witchcraft continues to attract attention with its emotive and contentious...
	www.questia.com /library/religion/witchcraft.jsp (629 words)

	Suggest Websites
		To access several key witchcraft tracts at the Bodleain Library, Oxford.
		Salem, As Observed by Samuel Drake in 1875 and 1910.
		Margo Burn’s website is one of the most inclusive ones out there for witchcraft in early New England.
	www.salemstate.edu /history/institute/links.html (660 words)

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