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Topic: Euroscepticism

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	Euroscepticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Euroscepticism is scepticism about, or disagreement with, existing and many proposed future issues concerning the European Union, sometimes coupled with a wish to preserve national sovereignty as opposed to a wish to build a federalistic EU-based nation state.
		Euroscepticism is generally stronger in Northern European countries, including member-states UK, Sweden, and Denmark, all of which have, for example, declined to further their participation in the Economic and Monetary Union as much as the other EU member states.
		Currently, euroscepticism is a significant current of opinion within the Conservative Party, to an extent perceived to be greater than in any comparably important political party in any other EU member state (but this is to be expected in a country where a large proportion of the population is eurosceptic).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Euroscepticism (3941 words)

	Eurorealism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Euroscepticism.
		Eurorealism is an attempt to maintain a realistic perception of the European Union and European integration; moderate euroscepticism.
		The term is also sometimes used to describe any type euroscepticism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eurorealism (170 words)

	EU Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		However, the patterns and manifestations of Euroscepticism varied between countries, with 'hard Euroscepticism' (the outright rejection of the entire European project and EU membership) being less evident in candidate countries than 'soft Euroscepticism' (qualified and contingent opposition which does not imply the rejection of membership itself).
		Secondly, Euroscepticism was rooted in domestic politics, with discontent with the government and political parties' electoral support strongly influencing the way and the extent to which it was manifested.
		In the debate, Euroscepticism was expressed both by radical forces overtly opposed to the idea of EU accession and by mainstream parties (or factions within them) in the form of a 'soft-Eurosceptic' rhetoric.
	andyannalex.blogspot.com (3297 words)

	R_0032_3217_824 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Euroscepticism in Contemporary British Politics: opposition to Europe in the British Conservative and Labour parties since 1945 by Anthony Forster
		Despite the importance of the subject, this is a rare systematic study of ‘Euroscepticism’.
		Using these, he examines it during four periods: the post-war era; the move to membership between 1961 and 1975; the quiet years from 1979 to 1990; and the present, post-1991 phase, focusing on EMU and the eclipse of Euroscepticism of the left.
	www.politicalreviewnet.com /polrev/reviews/post/R_0032_3217_824.asp (308 words)

	[No title]
		In mapping out the location of Euroscepticism among the political parties of the EU 15, this paper seeks to test whether there is such a correspondence between views about the European Union and location in the mainstream of national politics.
		Mainstream Euroscepticism appears to be a fairly atypical phenomenon in the EU 15, perhaps best studied through an in depth case analysis of its manifestations in the UK, France, and Scandinavia.
		This approach is perhaps close to that of Conti, incorporating hard and soft Euroscepticism as the lower range of a continuum of orientations, although it does not measure the qualitative differences Taggart and Szczerbiak identify regarding the “principled” opposition of hard Euroscepticism vs. the qualified opposition of soft Euroscepticism.
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/euroskepticism/papers/Ray.doc (2823 words)

	Hausarbeiten.de: To what extent is Euroscepticism a West European Phenomenon? - Hauptseminararbeit. Seminararbeiten, ...
		Euroscepticism in general seems to spread – that is at least the impression English newspapers give.
		The former, also called principled Euroscepticism, encompasses outright rejection of the EU integration project and is in opposition to the respective country’s joining or staying in the Union.
		The latter, frequently termed contingent Euroscepticism as well, can be either concerning the policies (overall support of EU integration but critical to the transfer of power to a European level in certain areas) or the national interest (defending the national interest while supporting the overall integration).
	www.hausarbeiten.de /faecher/vorschau/26871.html (758 words)

	Euroscepticism and the Referendum Party
		Its best performances were all in those parts of England where Euroscepticism was at its highest, especially the south of England outside inner London, and in East Anglia where it averaged 3.9%.
		Euroscepticism, therefore, was on the increase over the course of the last Parliament, and in this respect popular sentiment was moving in the direction of the Referendum Party and of the Conservative Party's right wing.
		It may be misleading to think of Euroscepticism as a right-wing issue in the same sense that we think of privatization as a right-wing issue.
	www.strath.ac.uk /Other/CREST/p63.htm (5177 words)

	[No title]
		This Euroscepticism is usually explained by the affluence of the region that together with the egalitarian welfare state model -- based on universal benefits financed through relatively high taxation -- make the Nordics less interested in transferring policy-making powers to the European level.
		Examining the vote shares of parties that display either ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ Euroscepticism, Taggart and Szczerbiak (2002) found that Denmark was the country with the highest level of party Euroscepticism, with Sweden occupying the fifth place.
		According to Sitter (2001, 2005) Euroscepticism in the Nordic region, and the variation between the countries, can be mainly explained by party strategy, in particular the government and opposition dynamics — with parties adjusting their European policies primarily in response to whether they are in the government or opposition.
	www.unc.edu /depts/europe/conferences/euroskepticism/papers/Raunio_NordicEuroscepticism.doc (9446 words)

	Euroscepticism: From English Exceptionalism to Federalist Politics? - News and Agenda - Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA)
		The term ‘Euroscepticism’ is appearing with increasing frequency in a range of media, political, and academic discourse.
		While ‘Euroscepticism’ initially attached itself to British doubts about the country’s place in a Continental project for economic and political union, the transplantation of the term to the Continent has seen it acquire new, and occasionally contradictory, meanings.
		Certainly, much ‘Eurosceptic’ discourse in current or future EU member states can be seen as a manifestation of a ‘populist politics’- a rejection of ‘Europe’ as part of an overly cosy, mainstream governmental consensus.
	www.english.uva.nl /news/object.cfm?objectID=A8506608-BFEA-41A1-ABE4B0B620788E79 (286 words)

	Foreign Policy Centre: Articles / Webb Essay Competition 2002 - Winning Essay, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Another crucial element for defining euroscepticism is to take seriously the notion of scepticism on the basis of substantive issues.
		In order to locate the sources of British euroscepticism, then, it is crucial to consider this puzzle in a comparative manner.
		In this sense, apart from protest movements on the fringes, general British euroscepticism is not so much a movement against Europe or integration itself, but rather an expression of aspiring to another kind of European Union.
	fpc.org.uk /articles/141 (1848 words)

	Democracy and citizenship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For example, Eurosceptic parties in Finland receive 7% of the vote, but those who are dissatisfied with Finnish membership of the EU are > 20%; conversely, levels of support for Eurosceptic parties in the Czech Republic outstrip levels of dissatisfaction with Europe.
		Euroscepticism is also rarely found in governing parties (save the Tories, the FPÖ, and the Lega).
		Common Eurosceptic arguments are that the European Union is insufficiently democratic, excessively bureaucratic, eliminates national sovereignty, is a threat to national traditions, disguises latent socialist/neo-liberal ambitions, and is structurally biased against the interests of the nation in question[18].
	users.ox.ac.uk /~sann2300/050413-integration-demos-revision.shtml (1338 words)

	Notes on 'The Party Politics of Euroscepticism' by Taggart, Paul, and Szczerbiak, Aleks, in Sussex European Institute ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is a gap between popular and party expression of Euroscepticism, suggesting the importance of parties as mediating factors in European integration.
		“HARD EUROSCEPTICISM is where there is a principled opposition to the EU and European integration and therefore can be seen in parties who think that their counties should withdraw from membership, or whose policies towards the EU are tantamount to being opposed to the whole project of European integration as it is currently conceived”.
		“SOFT EUROSCEPTICISM is where there is NOT a principled objection to European integration or EU membership but where concerns on one (or a number) of policy areas lead to the expression of qualified opposition to the EU, or where there is a sense that ’national interest’ is currently at odds with the EU’s trajectory”.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~sann2300/050217-integration-demos-tagartszczerbiak.shtml (954 words)

	Telegraph \| News
		Right-wing Eurosceptics are latent xenophobes whose views stem from a historical distrust of the French and Germans dating back to the Second World War, according to Denis MacShane, the Europe minister.
		What we are actually taking about is hatred of Europe and a sense of superiority which has always been the Achilles heel of Britain through the ages.
		The Conservative Party would not be in power unless it abandoned its Euroscepticism, he said.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/08/07/neuro07.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/08/07/ixhome.html (841 words)

	Euroscepticism gains ground in the east -DAWN - International; December 13, 2002
		Euroscepticism gains ground in the east -DAWN - International; December 13, 2002
		But enthusiasm in the east for the EU has given way to a sense of resignation and bitterness at the terms of entry.
		In admitting Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, Brussels seems to be importing a large slice of Euroscepticism which may transform the way it functions.
	www.dawn.com /2002/12/13/int9.htm (913 words)

	Euroscepticism grips Netherlands ahead of European elections - EUbusiness - EU law, politics and finance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Euroscepticism grips Netherlands ahead of European elections - EUbusiness - EU law, politics and finance
		Netherlands » Euroscepticism grips Netherlands ahead of European elections
		Less than a month before their country is to take over the presidency of the European Union, the Dutch are increasingly becoming eurosceptic, viewing the pan-European bloc as too bureaucratic and spendthrift and fearing the adverse fallout of its recent enlargement.
	www.eubusiness.com /Netherlands/040608015348.u7sqjwxo (603 words)

	H-Net Review: Richard Grayson on Euroscepticism in Contemporary British Politics: Opposition to Europe in the British ...
		Euroscepticism in Contemporary British Politics: Opposition to Europe in the British Conservative and Labour Parties since 1945.
		The correct focus of debates, he says, should instead be on the identity of the sceptics, the opportunities open for opposition, the forum in which opposition occurred, and the resources and information available to the sceptics.
		The conclusion reached by Forster is that where government has limited opportunities for debate, or keep debates in Parliament, euroscepticism has been weakest.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=269141080111090 (734 words)

	Europhile - TheBestLinks.com - European Union, Economic and monetary union, Euroscepticism, France, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Europhile, European Union, Euro, Economic and monetary union, Euroscepticism...
		A Europhile is a term for a person who wants to reduce government on the level of the nation-state and increase centralised government by the European Union: they believe the benefits of further sharing sovereignty outweigh the disadvantages.
		The difference is akin to that between euroscepticism (rational questioning of policy) and europhobia (an irrational fear of such ideas).
	www.thebestlinks.com /Europhile.html (467 words)

	Bristol University - Department of Politics - European Governance Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This history of Euroscepticism gives an insight into the domestic context underpinning Britain's troubled relationship with its European partners as well as the party struggle since 1945.
		This project analyses Euroscepticism in Southern Europe and has led to an authored book chapter in an edited volume published by Oxford University Press, an article in South European Society and Politics and a book chapter in Italian.
		A co-authored work with Dr Giacomo Benedetti (Manchester) that conducts a comparative analysis of Euroscepticism in western Communist parties was presented at the PSA Conference in 2004 and has been published in Party Politics.
	www.bris.ac.uk /politics/grc/groups/eurogov.html (1670 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Template-type: ReDIF-Paper 1.0 Author-Name: Patrick Chamorel Title: Anti-Europeanism and Euroscepticism in the United States Keywords: international relations Abstract: This paper documents and tries to explain the rise of anti-European and Eurosceptical sentiment in the United States since the end of the Cold War.
		Contrary to anti-Europeanism, which has always permeated American culture and underpinned American exceptionalism, Euroscepticism is more confined to political and business elites and targets the process, main policies and identity of the European Union.
		Since the early 1990s and increasingly until the war in Iraq, conservative commentators have attacked the style and content of European foreign policy, especially with regard to the Middle-East, Europe's weak defence budgets, its lack of resolve against terrorism, its welfare state and highly regulated economy, its left-leaning political culture, its growing anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism.
	eiop.or.at /erpa/RePEc/erp/euirsc/EUIRSCAS-P0141.rdf (312 words)

	[No title]
		At least until the late 1980s, the Communist Party remained steadfastly opposed to European integration, and the early nineties even saw the emergence of a right-wing Euroscepticism, represented by the resistance to the "federalization of Europe" through Maastricht and the calls for referendums on the European Union supported by the new leadership of the CDS-PP.
		More specifically, I will suggest that the decline in electoral turnout currently experienced in Portugal, particularly since 1995, cannot be fully understood with exploring the combination between resilient Euroscepticism among a minority of the population and the depoliticization of Europe at the level of political élites.
		This decline of Euroscepticism as a relevant element of party appeal in Portugal is mirrored by the decline of an European cleavage in voting behavior.
	ies.berkeley.edu /research/files/CP02/CP02-Port_Euroskepticism.doc (1318 words)

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