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	Eusociality - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Eusociality may be easier for species like ants to evolve, due to their haplodiploidy, which increases the significance of kin selection.
		Superorganism theory explains the evolutionary stability of eusociality by dictating that only reproductive individuals are counted as individuals and sterile individuals are simply independent parts of their reproductive parent.
		Thus came the transition from hordes of cooperating one-celled animals (algae are an example) to colonies of one-celled animals acting as single, permanent units (slime moulds), to the simplest multicellular life (sponges), from whence all higher animals evolved.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eusociality (887 words)

	Bees and social insects
		Eusociality was considered extremely rare in the whole animal kingdom, and even in insects it was only found in Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and Isoptera (termites).
		Eusociality in the beetle Austroplatypus incompertus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
		Jarvis,JUM 1981 Eusociality in a mammal: Cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies.
	www.cyberbee.net /biology/ch2 (1588 words)

	Paper 3
		The ecological and genetic forces that have shaped eusociality are strongly influenced by kin selection; the idea being that hierarchical (eusocial) societies develop from the apparent willingness of the nonreproductive worker caste to perform "altruistic" helping behavior towards reproductive siblings with high genetic relatedness to the workers (Andersson, 1984).
		The objective of this study is to examine kin discrimination among nonbreeding workers and the proximate mechanisms of kin recognition in naked mole-rats.
		Eusociality is characterized by three traits: cooperative brood care, reproductive castes, and overlapping adult generations.
	www.academic.marist.edu /VBSC/sociobiology/nakedrat.htm (4588 words)

	Lecture 29
		Eusocial insects are characterized by 3 traits: (1) cooperative care of young by more individuals than just the mother, (2) sterile castes, and (3) overlap of generations so that the mother, adult offspring (usually sterile) and young offspring are all alive at the same time.
		The most important factor that probably favored the evolution of eusociality is the need to transmit symbiotic cellulose-digesting microorganisms between individuals after hatching and each molt (the wall of the gut is shed during each molt).
		Termite eusociality is explained largely by parental manipulation of young and perhaps the benefits of kin selection to the nonreproductive castes.
	mercury.bio.uaf.edu /courses/biol441/lectnote/lecture29.html (1187 words)

	Insect Behavior Review Articles 1997
		Eusocial species, species with the presence of overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and a division of labor in reproduction (Carpenter, 1991) are now recognized in several insect orders.
		Eusociality was once thought to be unique to Hymenoptera and Isoptera and thus most of the what we know about eusociality comes from studies within those two orders.
		Eusociality, having overlapping generations, cooperative brood care, and a division of labor in reproduction (Carpenter, 1991) was originally thought to only exist in the Hymenoptera and Isoptera but now are recognized in five insect orders and in mammals (Alexander et al, 1991).
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_1997/judd.html (5136 words)

	The Adaptive Evolution of Ants
		Once eusociality was established in the ants, certain behavioral traits evolved that conveyed further selective advantage on the population.
		There could be a strong selective advantage for those individuals to assist relatives in the rearing of young, provided, of course, some stimulus could evolve to signal an individual ant that she is not fertile.
		Eusociality, which evolved through kin selection, provided the social framework in which an enormous host of very complex behaviors could evolve, such as the farming of aphids for dewdrops or sewing together of leaves to form arboreal nests.
	oak.cats.ohiou.edu /~jm703496/es-antevln.html (2771 words)

	Eusociality : Eusocial
		Eusociality is the phenomenon of reproductive specialisation found in some species, whereby a specialised caste carries out reproduction in a colony of non-reproductive animals.
		Eusociality may be easier for these species to evolve due to their haplodiploidy[?], which increases the significance of kin selection.
		Eusocial mammals (several naked mole rat[?] species), crustaceans and other arthropods are known.
	www.mik.fastload.org /eu/Eusocial.html (127 words)

	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Alexander predicted that a eusocial vertebrate´s nest should be (1) safe, (2) expandable, and (3) in or near an abundance of food that can (4) be obtained with little risk.
		The eusocial vertebrate was also expected to (10) live in the wet-dry tropics because plants there are more likely to produce large roots and tubers that store water and nutrients to help them survive the dry periods.
		To suggest that evolutionary biology is either untestable or unpredictive ignores their vast body of work including the dramatic discovery of eusociality in the naked mole-rat based on clear understanding of the selective forces leading to the evolution of social behavior.
	www.ncseweb.org /resources/rncse_content/vol17/1791_the_predictive_power_of_evolut_12_30_1899.asp (2378 words)

	Bizarre Facts in Biology
		Meaning "truly social," eusociality is characterized by a reproductive division of labor, overlapping generations, and having a class of workers (usually sisters of the offspring) cooperate in care of the young.
		For some eusocial species, the key to the mystery is in the genetic relatedness of the individuals.
		Strangely enough, there are eusocial mammals, specifically the African naked mole rat, which lives in underground colonies much like ants.
	wps.prenhall.com /esm_audesirk_bloe_7/0,8753,1140984-,00.html (575 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Taking a look at how ant (and human) societies might grow
		Eventually, eusocial evolution pushes the colony beyond the point of no return.
		"If the conclusions drawn here about eusociality in insects are correct," the researchers propose, "they could have implications outside the insect world." For example, their paper cites the eusociety of naked mole rats, hairless rodents that live underground.
		Eusociality could have played a role in the "spectacular ecological success and pre-emptive exclusion of competing forms by Homo sapiens," they write.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2005/09.29/13-colonies.html (1059 words)

	Bio 352 Lecture 18
		Low levels of eusociality, with small colonies, dominance maintained behaviorally, daughters may leave to form their own nest.
		Eusociality is most commonly reached by the familial route, but division of labor can evolve among unrelated individuals.
		Eusociality is most common in Hymenoptera and birds, rare in mammals, and absent in spiders.
	www.lclark.edu /~clifton/behav/outlines/bio352lect18.htm (963 words)

	Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees -- Danforth, 10.1073/pnas.012387999 -- Proceedings of ...
		Eusociality is a major evolutionary innovation involving alterations in life history, morphology, and behavior.
		that eusociality is extraordinarily labile in halictid bees and
		Three origins of eusociality (indicated by blue bars) are indicated on the cladogram.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/012387999v1 (2568 words)

	Biology and systematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Vespines are all eusocial, or derived from eusocial ancestors.
		Eusociality is defined by a reproductive division of labor (separate queen and worker castes), overlap of generations, and cooperative care of offspring (Wilson, 1971).
		In addition to morphological synapomorphies, the clade composed of the Polistinae and Vespinae is united by eusociality.
	www.evergreen.edu /ants/TESCBiota/kingdom/animalia/phylum/arthropoda/class/insecta/order/hymenoptera/family/Vespidae/Kweskin97/systematics.htm (2328 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Eusociality evolved once in a common ancestor of social ants, bees, and wasps.
		Eusociality can evolve when relatedness between siblings exceeds relatedness between parents and offspring.
		Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eusocial species: Overlapping generations Only occurs in insects Reproductive division of labor Communal care of offspring Both A and B 48.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /ib/429.avsuarez/Exam3BKey.doc (1921 words)

	Eusocial Beetles
		The best-known eusocial animals are the ants, termites, and naked mole rats.
		Eusociality is somewhat of a puzzle in evolutionary theory because one must ask how the phenomenon arises, when it requires some individuals to forswear reproduction and thus give up the chance to pass their genes directly on to progeny.
		Explanations of such extreme altruism generally state that the nonbreeders are really helping to pass some (or even all) of their genes on by supporting the colony, for they are usually closely related to the breeding female.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf081/sf081b99.htm (213 words)

	Eusocial Insects
		On the basis of kin selection, eusocial females would be expected to prefer to help their mothers raise their sisters, increasing their indirect fitness, rather than concentrating on increasing their direct fitness by raising their own offspring.
		This explains why there are sterile castes in eusocial insects; these workers may give up potential direct benefits associated with raising their own children, because indirect benefits are so beneficial.
		The indirect benefits preference in social wasps can be used as a basis of comparison and analysis of the balance of indirect and direct benefits in other species.
	es.rice.edu /projects/Bios321/eusocial.insect.html (361 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The parasocial and subsocial routes to eusociality contrasted.
		Jarvis, J. Eusociality in a mammal: Cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies.
		Reeve, H. Haplodiploidy, eusociality and absence of male parental and alloparental care in Hymenoptera: a unifying genetic hypothesis distinct from kin selection theory.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/jlb81/part4.html (7755 words)

	Eusociality in a mammal: cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies -- Jarvis 212 (4494): 571 -- Science
		Eusociality in a mammal: cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies -- Jarvis 212 (4494): 571 -- Science
		Eusociality in a mammal: cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies
		New colony formation in the "highly inbred" eusocial naked mole-rat: outbreeding is preferred.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/212/4494/571 (313 words)

	Behavior OnLine Forums - Ed Wilson Jumps Ship!
		In this new assessment of the empirical evidence, an alternative to the standard model is proposed: group selection is the strong binding force in eusocial evolution; individual selection, the strong dissolutive force; and kin selection (narrowly defined), either a weak binding or weak dissolutive force, according to circumstance.
		Eusociality has been rare in evolution, evidently due to the scarcity of environmental pressures adequate to tip the balance among countervailing forces in favor of group selection.
		Eusociality in ants and termites in the irreversible stage is the key to their ecological dominance and has (at least in ants) shaped some features of internal phylogeny.
	www.behavior.net /bolforums/showthread.php?p=2402&mode=linear (665 words)

	Theoretical Biology
		Examples for such transitions include the evolution of multicellularity, the evolution of eusocial groups, such as ant and wasp colonies, the evolution of human culture, and the origin of Darwinian selection.
		Some of the evolutionary processes that occur at the evolution of eusociality are similar to the processes that occur in the evolution of multicellularity.
		A second difference is that in eusocial colonies the units (i.e ants, wasps, etc) are free to move around.
	www.eva.mpg.de /genetics/files/team_lachmann.html (467 words)

	Ant Recruitment
		In eusocial insects, many individuals share a nesting area but only very few produce fertilized eggs.
		This is not a sufficient explanation, however; all hymenoptera have high relatedness among sisters but only a small percentage of species show the most extreme adaptation of eusociality.
		One hypothesis for the evolution of eusociality is that a colony with specialized foragers can respond more quickly to new food resources.
	biology.kenyon.edu /courses/Biol262/AntLab.html (782 words)

	The Naked Mole Rat
		Eusociality is a term that refers to the social structures of animals that fulfill three requirements:
		Eusociality probably developed via the subsocial route of social formation.
		Instead, eusociality seems to arise from the environmental constraints of high habitat saturation.
	www.reed.edu /~borstd/Mole_Rat/sstructure.html (1693 words)

	Steve's place - Natural Selection
		Eusociality is a special sort of kin-altruism characterised by a species having reproductive and sterile castes, the sterile castes acting as workers and facilitating the reproduction of the reproductive caste.
		The problem in explaining eusociality is explaining why workers that lay their own eggs do not do as well as those that help the queen raise hers.
		Not exactly the poster boys for eusociality, naked mole rats are nevertheless the only non-insect eusocial animal known.
	www.steve.gb.com /science/natural_selection.html (5161 words)

	10.1007/s00265-003-0589-0
		Danforth BN (2002) Evolution of sociality in a primitively eusocial lineage of bees.
		Gadagkar R (1991) Demographic predisposition to the evolution of eusociality: a hierarchy of models.
		Queller DC (1996) The origin and maintenance of eusociality: the advantage of extended parental care.
	faculty.washington.edu /sodonnel/BESMegaDef.htm (6580 words)

	OK so I’m not really a cowboy. » Wasps, Dominance, and Eusociality
		At its most elaborate level we see this in ants, bees, and wasps (all closely related), but we also see some degree of this among many social mammals, including naked mole rats (the hallmark example), wolves, and marmosets and tamarins (the guys I study).
		The study, published today in Nature, shows that lower-ranked female wasps work harder to help their queen than those higher up the chain because they have less to lose, and consequently are prepared to take more risks and wear themselves out.
		Because they’re eusocial, all of the female wasps tend to be sisters or half-sisters (I forget the mechanics of it, which are unimportant for the discussion anyway).
	www.indiancowboy.net /blog/?p=173 (1752 words)

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