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Topic: Eutrophication

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	Eutrophication
		Cultural or anthropogenic "eutrophication" is water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients.
		Studies of gas exchange and internal mixing in ELA lake 227 during the early 1970's clearly demonstrated that algae in lakes were able to obtain sufficient carbon dioxide, via diffusion from the atmosphere to the lake water, to support eutrophic blooms.
		Eutrophication research at the ELA has continued in Lake 227, albeit on a much reduced scale.
	www.umanitoba.ca /institutes/fisheries/eutro.html (668 words)

	Lake Eutrophication
		Other activities that contribute to eutrophication are lawn and garden fertilizers, faulty septic systems, washing in or near the lake, erosion into the lake, dumping or burning leaves in or near a lake, and feeding ducks.
		Eutrophic water was water high in nutrients and, by extension, a eutrophic lake was a lake that contained eutrophic water.
		Now a eutrophic lake may not only be a lake with high levels of nutrients, but also a very shallow pond, full of rooted aquatic plants, that may or may not have high nutrient levels.
	www.des.state.nh.us /factsheets/bb/bb-3.htm (574 words)

	Eutrophication
		Eutrophic means nutrient-rich, and eutrophication literally means enrichment with nutrients; nowadays the term is more often used in a negative sense to mean over-enrichment.
		In 1997 and 2000 the state of eutrophication in the Danube river basin corresponded to class I-III (moderate to serious) of the interim ICPDR target values, while the eutrophication status of the River Sio corresponded to class IV (very serious).
		Eutrophication in the Black Sea leads to major changes in marine ecosystems, and hampers many beneficial uses of natural coastal and marine resources.
	www.icpdr.org /icpdr-pages/eutrophication.htm (640 words)

	Eutrophication - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Eutrophication is a syndrome of ecosystem responses to human activities that fertilize water bodies with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), often leading to changes in animal and plant populations and degradation of water and habitat quality.
		Symptoms of eutrophication in estuaries and other coastal marine ecosystems (where N is the most frequent contributor to eutrophication) were clearly evident by the 1980's, as human activities doubled the transport of N and tripled the transport of P from Earth's land surface to its oceans.
		Solutions to the coastal eutrophication problem require changes in all these activities within the watersheds and airsheds connected to coastal waters.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Eutrophication (1133 words)

	Wadden Sea Eutrophication Criteria
		Based on the evaluation of eutrophication criteria, a combination of two models is proposed to assess the eutrophication status of the Wadden Sea.
		The assessment of the eutrophication status of the Wadden Sea according to Model I is based on the relation between riverine and atmospheric nutrient input and autumn values of ammonium plus nitrite.
		Model II is based on the relation between the occurrence of eutrophication phenomena and a certain nutrient input level.
	cwss.www.de /management/eut/eut.html (1023 words)

	Assessment of the state of eutrophication in the Mediterranean Sea. MAP Technical Reports Series No. 106, UNEP, ...
		Eutrophication is a process by which bodies of water become highly charged with nutrients.
		Eutrophication can result from augmentation of nutrient inputs to coastal and marine areas as a consequence of human activities, including sewage discharge or agricultural runoff.
		In general, such eutrophication is confined to the vicinity of coastal discharges but, because of the multiplicity of such discharges and the massive quantities in some coastal regions, combined with some regional atmospheric transport of nutrients, some very large coastal areas are now affected.
	www.oceansatlas.org /cds_static/en/assessment_state_eutrophication_sea_map_unep__en_19172_19285.html (323 words)

	Eutrophication
		Eutrophication means the over-enrichment of water bodies with organic matter.
		The most important source of organic matter in the sea are the tiny floating plants which grow in all surface waters where there is enough light and essential nutrients, particularly the nitrogen and phosphorus compounds upon which all plant life depends.
		Indeed, the whole sea suffered changes in the structures of its ecosystem during the last three decades and eutrophication is one of the factors which has contributed to this change.
	lnweb18.worldbank.org /eca/eca.nsf/076a31c6cf0f1f7385256a4d005063ac/e14a3378ec06c6b885256a4d00508034?OpenDocument (1131 words)

	Eutrophication
		The eutrophication is an excessive fertilization of water which had with a massive contribution of nitrogenized and phosphorated compounds coming from the agricultural activity and the domestic and industrial rejections.
		The eutrophication is also responsible for the redtides which corresponds to a massive proliferation of microalgae until concentrations of several million cells per liter of water led to acolouring of sea water This phenomenon is of tennatural, but favoured and is amplified by the nutritive contribution of element in the medium.
		The eutrophication thus begin with an abnormal proliferation from un questionable algae and ends in the asphyxiation and the destruction of the whole of the ecosystem.
	www.manon.org /polmar/eutrophisation_e.htm (883 words)

	Eutrophication of Soil and Water
		The effects of a moderate eutrophication of originally nutrient-poor water are not entirely negative.
		All in all, heavy eutrophication entails a distinct reduction in the number of plant and animal species in the water.
		Chemical treatment has led to substantial improvement in lakes and other waters which used to be highly eutrophic as a result of emissions from nearby urban communities.
	www.oasisenviro.co.uk /eutrophication.htm (1681 words)

	[No title]
		Eutrophication is the term used to express the ageing of a lake.
		Eutrophication is essentially regarded as being a process, which occurs in lenthic or slow moving lakes or reservoirs.
		Eutrophic lakes covered with ice and snow, wetlands and northern rivers receiving large quantities of organic matter from their ice and snow, exhibit substantial DO losses during the winter (Likens, 1972).
	www.uoguelph.ca /~sbarabas/hydro.html (3793 words)

	Total Phosphate Test
		Cultural eutrophication is the human-caused enrichment of water with nutrients, usually phosphorus.
		The first symptom of cultural eutrophication is an algal bloom that colors the water a pea-soup green.
		The advanced stages of cultural eutrophication can produce anaerobic conditions in which oxygen in the water is completely depleted.
	www.bradwoods.org /eagles/phosphate.htm (1258 words)

	Chapter 3: Fertilizers as water pollutants
		Eutrophication is the process of change from one trophic state to a higher trophic state by the addition of nutrient.
		The precise role of agriculture in eutrophication of surface water and contamination of groundwater is difficult to quantify.
		Eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes tend to be shallow and suffer from high rates of nutrient loadings from point and non-point sources.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W2598E/w2598e06.htm (4844 words)

	www.ymparisto.fi - Eutrophication
		In terrestrial ecosystems, eutrophication is typically reflected in the accelerated growth of forests.
		In the worst cases, eutrophication may result in the increased occurrence of massive blue-green algal blooms, in winter oxygen depletion, and in dramatic changes in fish stocks.
		Eutrophication is widely seen as a negative trend in lakes and the sea, since it benefits animals and plants normally considered undesirable – including smaller cyprinid fishes such as roaches, aquatic plants that can overgrow shores and bays, and toxic blue green algae.
	www.ymparisto.fi /default.asp?contentid=222544&lan=fi&clan=en (435 words)

	13 Eutrophication
		Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in aquatic ecosystems.
		The biomass of producers in the eutrophic ecosystem is greater, but by far the biggest change is in the relative contributions of the green food web and the brown food web.
		In eutrophic ecosystems, a smaller proportion of net primary productivity is passed up the food chain to consumers.
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios101/Eutrophication.html (553 words)

	Eutrophication -- 7.2 Nutrient limitation and eutrophication
		While the N limitation hypothesis underpins marine eutrophication research, it is important to recognize that eutrophication alters the total sum of macro- and micro-nutrients that affect phytoplankton, either as growth stimulants or inhibitors.
		It is essential that eutrophication be recognized as a process of impact and change that progresses through various phases in response to the intensity, nature and degree of nutrient loading (see [257]); it is not a trophic state.
		Seki & Iwami [413] recognized four stages in the eutrophication of habitats, progressing from an oligotrophic state (believed to be the original state of natural waters) to an advanced hypereutrophic state reached after passing through intermediate mesotrophic and eutrophic stages.
	lepo.it.da.ut.ee /~olli/eutr/html/htmlBook_55.html (942 words)

	EUTROPIFICATION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Eutrophication is one of the major forms of water pollution affecting lakes and reservoirs around the world today.
		The majority of the nutrient loading is due to "man-made" sources stated previously."Man-made" eutrophication of inland water courses and coastal waters is caused by excessive discharge of nutrients, especially phosphorous and nitrogen.
		One strategy to reduce the degree of eutrophication in freshwater and coastal environments is to limit the addition of phosphorous and nitrogen entering the waters from point loadings.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Environmental/Eutro/eutrop.htm (434 words)

	eutrophication - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		eutrophication, aging of a lake by biological enrichment of its water.
		Sources of the eutrophication problems associated with toxic algae: An overview.
		An alginate-based fertilizer to reduce eutrophication of aquatic environments.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-eutrophi.html (660 words)

	OzEstuaries; Coastal Indicators - Coastal Eutrophication
		Eutrophication is "an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem" [1].
		The main cause of eutrophication in coastal waterways is nutrient overenrichment (nitrogen, phosphorus and silica).
		The Catchment Condition Index and Extent of Native Vegetation give a general indication of the overall catchment condition, and may also be useful for identifying coastal waterways that are at risk of eutrophication.
	www.ozestuaries.org /indicators/coastal_eutrophication.jsp (697 words)

	NRC \| State of the Environment 2002 \| Fresh Water \| Lakes \| 9.2 Pressures affecting the Lakes of Northland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Eutrophication is the enrichment or pollution of water bodies by nutrients - usually nitrogen and phosphorus.
		Eutrophication of lakes is major problem through out the world.
		Northland's lakes are particularly vulnerable to eutrophication, as they tend to be small, shallow and often have farming activities within their catchments that contribute significant phosphorus and nitrogen pollution.
	www.nrc.govt.nz /special/soe.2002/fresh.water/lakes/9-2-index.shtml (554 words)

	The effects of eutrophication on circalittoral faunal turf biotopes
		The primary effect of eutrophication is to stimulate algal growth, both benthic macroalgae and the microscopic phytoplankton.
		One effect of eutrophication will be the way it influences the growth of benthic macroalgae, which may influence the level of the boundary between the infralittoral and the circalittoral.
		Overall eutrophication poses a variety of threats to CFT communities, though it is currently impossible to relate risk directly to nutrient levels, and probably SAC management can exert little control over nutrient inputs.
	www.ukmarinesac.org.uk /communities/circalittoral/cf5_2.htm (873 words)

	Biological and chemical indicators of eutrophication in the Yellowstone River and major tributaries during August 2000
		Nutrient concentrations generally were low throughout the length of the Yellowstone River, however indicators of algal biomass and the percentage of eutrophic and nitrogen-indicator diatoms were relatively high in the middle segments of the river and near the mouths of major tributaries.
		Eutrophication of streams and rivers in the Yellowstone River basin is influenced by nitrogen inputs from human sources along the river corridors and within the watershed.
		The relative abundance of nitrogen fixers decreased with increases in the percentage of eutrophic diatoms and nitrogen autotrophs.
	wy.water.usgs.gov /YELL/nwqmc (5288 words)

	Landfills and Water Quality Management
		Eutrophication control efforts are generally directed toward limiting the phosphorus content of domestic wastewaters by precipitation or co-precipitation treatment methods involving the use of aluminum or iron salts or lime.
		Since the problems of eutrophication are caused by excessive numbers of planktonic and attached algae and higher aquatic plants, it is logical to use the total numbers of these organisms present as an estimate of the current degree of the eutrophication of the water.
		The eutrophication of a lake can be controlled or its effects on water minimized by reducing the nutrient input to the lake; increasing nutrient output from the lake, immobilizing nutrients within the lake and controlling excessive growths of algae and macrophytes within the lake.
	www.gfredlee.com /eutroph.html (12340 words)

	Pseudo-eutrophication confuses ocean diagnosis
		“…slight to medium eutrophication is therefore characterized by increasing blooms of “nutrient opportunists,” in particular fast-growing epiphytic macroalgae and bloom-forming phytoplankton taxa.
		Similarities and differences are described between known eutrophication (inside the harbour) and the scenario of ‘pseudo-eutrophication’ (which is suggested to be the reverse problem) that appears to be developing on the clean open coast.
		Failure to consider that both eutrophication and falling fertility, or ‘pseudo-eutrophication,’ appear capable of inducing many identical shifts in communities of marine organisms, including seaweeds, may lead to confusion in the scientific diagnosis of changing trends in coastal ecosystems.
	www.fisherycrisis.com /chondrus/pseudo.htm (10135 words)

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