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Topic: Evaporation

	Evaporation: the conversion of water from a liquid into a gas
		Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere through evaporation, the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.
		Approximately 80% of all evaporation is from the oceans, with the remaining 20% coming from inland water and vegetation.
		Winds transport the evaporated water around the globe, influencing the humidity of the air throughout the world.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/hyd/evap.rxml (156 words)

	Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Evaporation
		Evaporation is all about the energy in individual molecules, not about the average energy of a system.
		Evaporation happens when atoms or molecules escape from the liquid and turn into a vapor.
		The rate of evaporation can also increase with a decrease in the gas pressure around a liquid.
	www.chem4kids.com /files/matter_evap.html (293 words)

	The Water Cycle: Evaporation, from USGS Water Science Basics
		Evaporation is the primary pathway that water moves from the liquid state back into the water cycle as atmospheric water vapor.
		Condensation, the opposite of evaporation, occurs when saturated air is cooled below the dew point (the temperature to which air must be cooled at a constant pressure for it to become fully saturated with water), such as on the outside of a glass of ice water.
		Evaporation from the oceans is the primary mechanism supporting the surface-to-atmosphere portion of the water cycle.
	ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/watercycleevaporation.html (926 words)

	Evaporation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evaporation is a critical component of the water cycle, which is responsible for clouds and rain.
		Forced evaporation or distillation is a process used in the separation of mixtures, in which a mixture is heated to drive off the more volatile component with a higher vapor pressure.
		Evaporation is therefore a gentler process with a better defined beam of source material that can be used to coat just one side of a substrate or even the side of etched surface features, as in MEMS processing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evaporation (1080 words)

	Evaporation - MSN Encarta
		Evaporation, gradual change of state from liquid to gas that occurs at a liquid’s surface.
		Examples of evaporation include rainwater evaporating from warm pavement after a thunderstorm and wet paint drying as solvents in the paint evaporate.
		Evaporation rates also depend on the type of liquid, since liquids made up of different molecules differ in the amount of attraction that exists between the molecules (see Intermolecular Attractions).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761574279/Evaporation.html (584 words)

	Flash evaporation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The flash (or partial) evaporation is one of the simplest unit operations.
		The flash evaporation of a single-component liquid is an isenthalpic (i.e., constant enthalpy) process and is often referred to as an "adiabatic flash".
		This type of flash evaporation is used in the "Multi-Stage Flash Distillation" desalination of ocean water or brackish water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flash_evaporation (812 words)

	evaporation - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about evaporation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Evaporation is the change of state that occurs when a liquid turns into a gas.
		A fall in the temperature of the liquid, known as the cooling effect, accompanies evaporation because as the faster molecules escape from the surface, the mean energy of the remaining molecules falls.
		The evaporation of liquid water to form water vapour is responsible for the movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Evaporation (438 words)

	Geotechnical, Rock and Water Resources Library - Grow Resource - Evaporation
		Evaporation is the changing of water from a liquid state to a gas.
		The evaporation rate can be measured by noting the change in the depth of water in a glass, a pail, a puddle or a swimming pool over a given time period (usually a day).
		The evaporation rate from larger water bodies such as ponds, lakes, and reservoirs is roughly 0.7 times the Class A pan evaporation rate.
	www.grow.arizona.edu /Grow--GrowResources.php?ResourceId=208 (403 words)

	AllRefer.com - evaporation (Physics) - Encyclopedia
		For example, water, when placed in a shallow open container exposed to air, gradually disappears, evaporating at a rate that depends on the amount of surface exposed, the humidity of the air, and the temperature.
		Evaporation occurs because among the molecules near the surface of the liquid there are always some with enough heat energy to overcome the cohesion of their neighbors and escape (see adhesion and cohesion; matter).
		Evaporation is also increased by increasing the surface area of the liquid or by increasing the air circulation, thus carrying away the energetic molecules leaving the liquid before they can be slowed enough by collisions with air molecules to be reabsorbed into the liquid.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/E/evaporat.html (337 words)

	Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, & Water Use/Water Atlas of Utah (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Evaporation cannot be measured in a Class A pan when the pan's water surface is frozen; therefore, the evaporation values shown on the map are for the evaporation season (May through October).
		Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind.
		Evaporation is measured daily as the depth of water (in inches) evaporates from the pan.
	www.engineering.usu.edu /uwrl/atlas/ch3/ch3overview.html (282 words)

	Evaporation - A Wastewater Treatment Alternative
		During evaporation, a solution is concentrated when a portion of the solvent, usually water, is vaporized, leaving behind a saline liquor that contains virtually all of the dissolved solids, or solute, from the original feed.
		Evaporators can be categorized according to the arrangement of their heat transfer surface and the method used to impart energy (heat) to the solution.
		In this scheme, an evaporator concentrates the wastewater stream to 20 to 30 percent solids, and a crystallizer further concentrates it to a solid.
	www.waterinfocenter.com /wwd/index.cfm/powergrid/rfah=\|cfap=/CFID/630522/CFTOKEN/84737074/fuseaction/showArticle/articleID/164 (1655 words)

	Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Evaporation is the phase change from liquid to vapor; the change from vapor to liquid is condensation; and freezing is the process by which liquid changes to a solid (ice).
		The amount of energy needed to overcome the attractive force is the latent heat of evaporation and results in a decrease in the water temperature.
		The amount of energy that is added to the liquid by this process is the same as the latent heat of evaporation.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~cortinas/1014/l11_2.html (241 words)

	Determining the monthly FWS evaporation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The monthly evaporation is required by various permitting agencies but the areal distribution of pan evaporation stations is not adequate to allow monthly evaporation amounts to be determined.
		Since a map of mean annual FWS evaporation is available, the monthly distribution of FWS evaporation as a percentage of the annual FWS evaporation can be determined if the amount of evaporation in any month can be determined.
		In the first step, the ET and pan evaporation data were used to manually partition the state into regions of similar monthly patterns of evaporation.
	snow.ag.uidaho.edu /Publications/pond_evap/POND.html (2208 words)

	Evaporation
		Evaporation is when water passes from a liquid phase to a gas phase.
		Some of the water in the ground may also be returned to the atmosphere by way of evaporation through the soil surface.
		Of course, the ocean is the greatest source for water evaporated into the atmosphere.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/Water/evaporation.html (175 words)

	Vapor Pressure
		The process of evaporation in a closed container will proceed until there are as many molecules returning to the liquid as there are escaping.
		Evaporation heat loss is a major climatic factor and is crucial in the cooling of the human body.
		Ordinary evaporation is a surface phenomenon - since the vapor pressure is low and since the pressure inside the liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure plus the liquid pressure, bubbles of water vapor cannot form.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/kinetic/vappre.html (610 words)

	Irrigation Scheduling with Evaporation Pans
		An evaporation pan is an open pan of water that is subject to the same climatic conditions as a growing crop, and from which water is evaporated as a result of the climatic conditions experienced.
		Since the rate of evaporation from an evaporation pan is primarily dependent upon climatic factors, an evaporation pan cannot directly predict differences in water use due to differences in crop species or cultural practices.
		Besides climatic factors, the rate of evaporation from an evaporation pan depends upon the type of pan used, the amount of water in the pan, and the location of the pan.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AE118 (3367 words)

	Solar Salt Production
		Solar salt is produced by the action of sun and wind on seawater (1 2) or natural brine in lakes; both temperature and salinity are important.
		The water evaporates in successive ponds until the brine is fully concentrated and salt crystallizes on the floor of the crystallizing ponds.
		In the Mediterranean, for example, saltworks succeed because evaporation exceeds rainfall by a factor of 3:1; that advantage is even greater in Australia where it can reach 15:1.
	www.saltinstitute.org /11.html (707 words)

	53:078 Principles of Hydrology (Evaporation)
		Evaporation (E) is the change of water from its liquid (or solid) phase to its vapor phase.
		Evapotranspiration (ET) is evaporation from the land surface --- a combination of evaporation from open water surfaces (e.g., lakes, rivers, puddles) and transpiration by plants.
		Unfortunately, pan evaporation is often a poor indicator of these variables (due in part to pan boundary effects and limited heat storage).
	www.engineering.uiowa.edu /~flood/Archive/web/evap.html (325 words)

	Evaporation and Humidity
		Assume the evaporation rate is measured at a constant temperature from 0% humidity to 100% humidity.
		The proportionality is not quite a linear inverse; the evaporation rate is also affected by the air density, which decreases slightly as more water vapor is added to the air from the water surface (which also tends to decrease the air temperature very slightly).
		It is a dynamic competition between water molecules in the liquid moving to the vapor phase (evaporation) and molecules of water vapor moving to the liquid phase (condensation).
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/wea00/wea00063.htm (705 words)

	Education: Evaporation and Condensation
		Sometimes the air we breathe may be polluted by the evaporation of hazardous compounds.
		Evaporation is the change from a liquid to a gas.
		One is a physical change: the vanilla extract changes from liquid to vapor in evaporation and from a vapor to a liquid in condensation.
	www.arb.ca.gov /knowzone/teachers/lessons/k-6/evap.htm (444 words)

	8(i) Evaporation and Transpiration
		Water is removed from the surface of the Earth to the atmosphere by two distinct mechanisms: evaporation and transpiration.
		Evaporation can be defined as the process where liquid water is transformed into a gaseous state.
		For example, the evaporation of one gram of water requires 600 calories of heat energy.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/8i.html (539 words)

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