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Topic: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes

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	Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These stages of growth are influenced by the position of the volcano in relation to the hotspot, whether the volcano's summit lies below, near, or above sea level, and by the composition of the lava being erupted.
		Because this stage occurs when the volcano is near the sea floor, the form of lava flow created by eruptions is called pillow lava: lava erupted in water so deep that the water pressure prevents the lava from exploding upon contact with the cold ocean water.
		All the Hawaiian islands west of the Gardner Pinnacles in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are in this stage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes (1192 words)

	Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes
		The 15 volcanoes that comprise the eight principal Hawaiian Islands are the youngest in a linear chain of about 125 volcanoes that stretches for about 3,600 miles across the north Pacific.
		The chain is remarkable for its length and the number of volcanoes that comprise it, the bend that separates the older Emperor Seamount Chain from the younger Hawaiian Ridge, and the age of the volcanoes, which is systematically younger towards the southeast.
		The age of the oldest dated volcano, located near the northern end of the Emperor Seamount Chain, is 81 million years, the bend between the two chains, 43 million years, and the oldest of the principal islands, Kaua'i, a little more than 5 million years.
	wwwhvo.wr.usgs.gov /volcanowatch/1995/95_09_08.html (909 words)

	JAPAN-USA RESEARCH ON HAWAIIAN VOLCANOES: 1998-2002
		Geologic hazards associated with the volcanoes are not just restricted to those living in the Hawaiian Islands but also extend to the populated coastal regions of the Pacific.
		Hawaiian volcanoes are the best known volcanoes in the world, but most previous studies have focused on the easily accessible subaerial parts of these volcanoes and largely ignored their submarine flanks.
		The subaerial portions of oceanic volcanoes provide samples of only a small fraction of a volcano's overall history (5-10%), biased in favor of its most recent development, and may be nonrepresentative of the bulk of the volcano, and especially its early growth.
	pubs.usgs.gov /ds/2006/171/data/cruise-reports/2002/HTML/SUM2.HTM (2852 words)

	Emperor Seamounts
		The Emperor Seamounts are a chain of submerged volcanic mountains extending from the northwestern Hawaiian Islands in a northwesterly direction until approximately 170º east longitude where they trend north toward the tip of the Aleutian Islands and Kamchatka.
		The plate is being subducted at the trenches bordering the north Pacific rim.
		The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/HCV/haw_formation.html) with tables and diagrams illustrating the progressive age of the volcanoes.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Emperor_Seamount.html (259 words)

	Explore Kilauea Volcano \| Geology
		Volcanoes are classified as an extinct or dormant or active volcano.
		The age progression of the Hawaiian Islands was recognized by the early Hawaiians and incorporated into legends.
		The summit of a youthful volcano is defined by a caldera.
	www.fireworkstudios.com /geology.html (1221 words)

	Molten Core Model for Hawaiian Rift Zones
		Kilauea volcano's East Rift Zone (ERZ) is extraordinary in that abundant lateral dike intrusions and rift zone widening associated with seaward slip of the south flank over a basal fault may have allowed an extensive molten core to develop.
		The basic concept of Hawaiian volcanic rift zones, particularly at the upper level, is well known; however, the details of their structure and operation continue to be a focus of research.
		Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1971- 1972.
	www.volcanic.com /library/jvgr/jvgr.html (5117 words)

	WebRoots Library U.S. History
		Hawaiian legends tell that eruptions were caused by Pele, the beautiful but tempestuous Goddess of Volcanoes, during her frequent moments of anger.
		During inflation, the slope or tilt of the volcano increases, and reference points (benchmarks) on the volcano are uplifted relative to a stable point and move farther apart from one another.
		Hawaiian eruptions are typically gentle because their lava is highly fluid and thus tends to flow freely both beneath the surface and upon eruption.
	www.webroots.org /library/usahist/eohvppf0.html (14139 words)

	WEC - Mauka - Geological Formation and Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Continuous eruptions build the volcanoes, and the heat of the hot spot causes the plate to expand and rise to great heights (over 10,000 feet) from the ocean floor.
		The rounded shell, or shield of the volcano, is cut with deep valleys, canyons, and scarps.
		Its eruptions were so violent and frequent that the forces of erosion did not have an impact on the round shield of the volcano; instead, rain sank directly into porous lava rather than cutting streams and valleys.
	www.hawaii.gov /dbedt/czm/wec/html/mountain/geology/features.htm (994 words)

	Edward M Stolper -- Deep drilling into a Hawaiian volcano
		Although the Hawaiian volcanoes are the most comprehensively studied volcanoes on earth, there is a fundamental limitations to how much can be learned about the long-term history of a Hawaiian volcanic system by studying surface.
		Thus, although the late stages of Hawaiian volcanoes can be studied and viewed as a time sequence, the evolution of a single volcano during its ~1 million year passage across the plume is almost entirely inaccessible.
		Volcano color scheme is as follows: Mahukona, tan; Kohala, dark blue; Hualalai, yellow; Mauna Kea, gray; Mauna Loa, orange; Kilauea, dark green; Loihi, light green; light blue denotes subaerial regions that receive lava from more than one volcano in a given time step (2000 years).
	www.gps.caltech.edu /faculty/stolper/deep_drilling.html (1237 words)

	The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands
		The primary volcanoes on each of the islands are known as a shield volcanoes, which are gently sloping mountains produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows.
		The fluidity of molten basalt favors the formation of lava flows, which is why the Hawaiian volcanoes generally have gentle sloping sides.
		Note that the islands of Lanai and Kahoolawe are not shown because they would "overlap" with Molokai and Maui, respectively (see the map of the Islands on the Hawaiian Volcanoes page) In general, when you move along the island chain from southeast (Hawaii) to northwest, (Kure), the volcanoes become older and older.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/HCV/haw_formation.html (845 words)

	GEOL205: Evolution of Magma Chambers in Hawaiian Volcanoes
		GEOL205: Evolution of Magma Chambers in Hawaiian Volcanoes
		The figure on the left is a cutaway showing the relationship between magma ascent in the asthenosphere and the internal plumbing of an Hawaiian volcano.
		The white, curved arrows near the bottom of the figure are meant to suggest rising asthenospheric material, partially melting as it becomes shallower because of the effect of decreasing pressure on the melting temperature of rock.
	www.uhh.hawaii.edu /~kenhon/GEOL205/Ascent/default.htm (2303 words)

	American Field Guide
		Before scientific theories were developed to explain them, humans documented the power of volcanoes and, at times, their destructive power.
		In this series of lessons, we will investigate the location of volcanoes around the globe and the dangers they present to the populations that live in close proximity to them.
		Their task will be to research the potential risks posed by one of the currently active volcanoes on the Scenario Sheet and create an assessment report to be used by the local communities surrounding the volcano.
	www.pbs.org /americanfieldguide/teachers/volcanoes/volcanoes_unit.html (1607 words)

	The Questionable Authority : Hawaiian Evolution 2: The Islands Evolve, Too.
		In the first post in the Hawaiian Evolution series, I wrote a bit about why evolution is so readily apparent on Islands.
		First, the chain-type formation of the islands means that the newest volcano is usually found not all that far to the east of the next oldest volcano in the chain.
		Third, the evolution of the islands, particularly during the early stages, is a very dynamic process.
	scienceblogs.com /authority/2006/06/hawaiian_evolution_2_the_islan.php (1216 words)

	Deborah Smith's Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This study is providing an unparalleled framework within which we can understand dike emplacement and eruption not only at Hawaiian volcanoes but also at other oceanic volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridge segments; places where morphology is the most accessible attribute and used to infer the formation and evolution of a rift zone.
		Smith, D. Kong, K. Johnson, J. Reynolds, and the cruise participants of TN084, Volcanic structure of the Puna Ridge, Kilauea Volcano, in Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Recent Progress in Deep Underwater Research, Geophys.
		Johnson, J. Reynolds, D. Smith, L. Kong, and D. Vonderhaar, Petrological systematics of submarine lavas from the Puna Ridge, Hawai‘i: Implications for rift zone plumbing and magmatic processes, in Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Recent Progress in Deep Underwater Research, Geophys.
	humm.whoi.edu /projects/PunaRidge.htm (550 words)

	Abstract: Growth of Submarine Hualalai Flanks (COV3 poster) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Submarine landslides are a significant process in the evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes, as well as a potential geologic hazard due to the possibility of associated tsunamis.
		Studies of landslide materials have had two broadly defined aims: to understand their structure and emplacement mechanisms and to examine the compositional evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes by studying the rocks exposed within them.
		We tentatively conclude that the materials in this block are shallow-erupted volcaniclastic deposits erupted from Hualalai during a period of transition between alkalic and tholeiitic stages that were subsequently transported to deep water as a coherent package.
	students.washington.edu /pjsham/abstracts/cov3.html (306 words)

	Volcano References on the Web
		Stromboli On-line links to other volcanoes worldwide Eruptions from around the globe are listed by year from 1994 to present.
		A publication of the U.S. Geological Survey describing recent eruptions of volcanoes in the U.S., including Hawaiian volcanoes, Alaskan volcanoes, volcanoes of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and California, and calderas such as Yellowstone in Wyoming.
		A useful guide for educators on plate tectonics, hot spots, evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes, volcanic landforms, lava, minerals, magmas, and volcanic rocks, volcano monitoring techniques, kinds of volcanic eruptions, and living with Hawaiian volcanoes.
	www.gpc.edu /~pgore/geology/geo101/volcano.htm (1387 words)

	Volcanoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Kilauea is the youngest of the subaerial volcanoes on the
		Kilimanjaro is a triple volcano with the youngest and central peak of Kibo being
		Mauna Loa - Volcano Hawai`i is considered to be the second most active volcano on the Big Island of Hawai`i, and one of the most active on planet Earth.
	everyschool.org /u/global/tlai/volcanoes.html (1751 words)

	Hawaii Volcanoes National Park - Areaparks.com
		Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, established in 1916, displays the results of 70 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolution -- processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with complex and unique ecosystems and a distinct human culture.
		The park encompasses diverse environments that range from sea level to the summit of the earth's most massive volcano, Mauna Loa at 13,677 feet.
		Kilauea, the world's most active volcano, offers scientists insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands and visitors views of dramatic volcanic landscapes.
	hawaiivolcanoes.areaparks.com (173 words)

	Pictures of Hawaii Volcanoes - National Parks (Large Format) photos - stock photography and fine art prints
		Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, on the big island of Hawaii, is one of the most dynamic places on earth, where volcanic activity forms new land every day, while evolution has created life forms found nowhere else on the planet.
		The other notable volcanoe, Kilauea is one of the world's most active, erupting continuously for thirty years.
		The Hawaiian islands are further away from a major land mass than any other in the world (at least 2400 miles in any direction).
	www.terragalleria.com /parks/np-lf.hawaii-volcanoes.html (238 words)

	From Island to Atoll Classroom Activity - Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
		They will be able to determine the relative ages of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands given their position in the archipelago.
		The Hawaiian archipelago rides on the Pacific tectonic plate that is moving in a northwesterly direction.
		The oldest islands in the archipelago are located northwest of the main islands, and the youngest island (Lo‘ihi) is forming under the ocean off the eastern coast of the island of Hawai‘i.
	www.bishopmuseum.org /research/nwhi/geoact.shtml (676 words)

	Imperial College London - What lies beneath: new research looks deep into the centre of the Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The research, published in Nature, suggests that the plume of hot material that provides Hawaii's volcanoes with its continuous supply of molten lava originates from a depth of almost 3000 km, at the border between the Earth's core and its rocky mantle.
		Plumes are hot, narrow currents that well up in the mantle and which are responsible for the formation of long chains of volcanoes such as those of the Hawaiian Islands.
		The question of whether plumes rise from the boundary between the core of the Earth and the mantle that surrounds it, or from a much shallower boundary layer within the mantle, has been hotly debated for more than a quarter of a century.
	www.ic.ac.uk /P7361.htm (729 words)

	Giant Landslides along the Hawaiian Islands
		Hills, D.J., J.K. Morgan, G.F. Moore, and S.C. Leslie, 2001, Structural variability along the submarine south flank of Kilauea volcano, hawaii, from a multichannel seismic reflection survey, in Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes, edited by E. Takahashi, M. Garcia, and P. Lipman, AGU Monograph, in press.
		Smith, J.R., K. Satake, J.K. Morgan, and P. Lipman, 2001, Collapse features revealed by recent multibeam sonar surveys on the Hawaiian Ridge, in Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes, edited by E. Takahashi, M. Garcia, and P. Lipman, AGU Monograph, in press.
		Caplan-Auerbach, G.F. Moore, J.K. Morgan, F.K. Dunnebier, 1998, The structure of Loihi seamount: A reflection and refraction study of undersea volcano, EOS Trans.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/RESEARCH/haw_landslide (572 words)

	NSDL Metadata Record -- A Teachers Guide to the Geology of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
		Topics covered by this guide include plate tectonics, hot spots and mantle plumes, the evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes, volcanic landforms, landforms of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, lava, tephra, calderas, pit craters, minerals, magma, volcanic rocks, monitoring volcanoes, eruption types and details about Kilauea.
		Although the guide focuses on Hawaiian volcanoes, similar processes and features are observed at volcanoes around the world.
		A Teachers Guide to the Geology of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a book published and copyrighted by the Hawaii Natural History Association.
	nsdl.org /mr/389374 (157 words)

	Hawaii Volcanoes - Hawaii School Reports
		Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (Island of Hawai`i) - established in 1916, displays the results of 70 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolution.
		USGS Volcano Hazards Program provides case studies of monitoring two of the world's most active and best understood volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kilauea.
		Volcano Watch is a weekly newsletter written by the scientists at the US Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory.
	www.hawaiischoolreports.com /nature/volcanoes.htm (229 words)

	COAST - Mapping and Analytical Systems - Mapping the Earth's Volcanoes and Earthquakes
		With the discovery of Plate Tectonics has come a better understanding of volcanoes and earthquakes as well as a greater respect of the forces that continue to shape the planet.
		Using the large map with the plate boundaries on it, mark the volcano locations on the map with one color of adhesive dots.
		Compare the locations of these volcanoes and earthquakes with the boundaries of the plates as marked on the map.
	www.coast-nopp.org /resource_guide/high_school/mapping_acts/plate.html (1930 words)

	Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park - Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
		Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, displays the results of 70 million years of volcanism, migration, and evolution — processes that thrust a bare land from the sea and clothed it with unique ecosystems, and a distinct human culture.
		At the summit of the volcano, temperatures may be 12 to 15 degrees cooler than at sealevel.
		The coastal plain at the end of Chain of Craters Road, where lava is entering the ocean, is often hot, dry, and windy with the possibility of passing showers.
	www.nps.gov /havo (380 words)

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