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Topic: Evolutionary arms race

	Evolutionary arms race - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The co-evolving gene sets may be in different species, as in an evolutionary arms race between a predator species and its prey (Vermeij, 1987), or a parasite and its host.
		Alternatively, the arms race may be between members of the same species, as in the manipulation/sales resistance model of communication (Dawkins and Krebs, 1979) or as in run-away selection or Red Queen effects.
		One example of an evolutionary arms race is in sexual conflict between the sexes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race (173 words)

	The Evolutionary Arms Race - Examples Among Trilobites
		The arms race between predator and prey is as old as nature, and is a prominent selective force in evolution of species.
		The arms race between predator and prey is a major selective force in evolutionary change in organisms.
		As we review (and speculate) about the evolutionary arms race between the trilobite and its predators, keep in mind that evolution does not creatively design the body parts of an organism; all that evolution can do is tinker with existing genetic sequences by amplifying those that favor survival within a population.
	www.fossilmuseum.net /Evolution/TrilobiteArmsRace.htm (1604 words)

	Battle of the sexes leads to evolutionary arms race
		New research by evolutionary biologists from the University of Toronto and the University of Uppsala in Sweden confirm earlier beliefs that an evolutionary "battle of the sexes" can lead to a biological arms race between males and females.
		The study, to be published in the Feb. 14 issue of Nature, unveils for the first time a sexual "arms race" in a group of insects - the water strider.
		The result of such sexual conflict is, in theory, an "arms race" between the sexes whereby male persistence is matched by female resistance.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-02/uot-bot021102.php (708 words)

	evolutionary perspective on testimony and argumentation
		The next move in the evaluation-persuasion arms race was from the communicator's side and consisted in displaying the very coherence the audience might look for before accepting the message, a kind of "honest display" with many well-known analogs in animal interaction.
		The next steps in the arms race are for the audience to develop skills at examining arguments of the communicator, and for communicators at improving their argumentative skills.
		From the evolutionary perspective that I have just sketched, sophistry is a way to use the "honest display" strategy of argumentation in a dishonest way and thereby make it more advantageous for the communicator.
	www.dan.sperber.com /testimony.htm (5089 words)

	Diamond on Geophagy
		From a plant's evolutionary perspective, a seed should be high in nutrients to support germination and seedling growth; the ripe fruit around the seed should also be nutrient-rich and attractive to animals, encouraging them to pluck and eat the fruit and disperse the seed.
		From an animal's evolutionary perspective, an ability to defeat the plant's toxin defences would enable it to obtain the nutrients in the seed as well as those in the ripe fruit, and to outcompete other animal consumers by harvesting the fruit while it is unripe and still unpalatable to them.
		Any textbook of animal biology describes the resulting evolutionary arms race, in which plants evolve increasingly potent toxins (such as strychnine and quinine), and animals evolve increasingly potent means of detoxification.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Diamond_99.html (1166 words)

	Shooting darts: co-evolution and counter-adaptation in hermaphroditic snails \| BMC Evolutionary Biology, Volume 5 - ...
		Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes often lead to co-evolutionary arms races consisting of repeated arisal of traits advantageous for one sex but harmful to the other sex, and counter-adaptations by the latter.
		Hence, an arms race between the love-dart and the spermatophore receiving organs may be expected.
		Evolutionary conflicts of interest between the sexes have been convincingly demonstrated in species with separate sexes [1].
	bmc.ub.uni-potsdam.de /1471-2148-5-25/text.htm (6052 words)

	Unique study reveals arms race between the sexes in diving beetles - SWEDEN.SE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Mating habits of aquatic diving beetles are examined in a dissertation by Johannes Bergsten, from Umeå University.
		The bodily structures of diving beetles involved in this arms race are the suction-cupped front and medial feet of the male, and various modifications of the dorsal side of the female.
		To establish an evolutionary process spanning millions of years, it is necessary to look back in history with the aid of a family tree.
	www.sweden.se /templates/cs/News____12047.aspx (530 words)

	Homeobox Genes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Using techniques developed in molecular biology, Carroll and colleagues have determined that the genes used to grow appendages - legs, arms, claws, fins and antennas - were operational at least 600 million years ago, and that the genetic machinery is very similar in all animals past and present.
		The idea that a common set of genes is responsible for building appendages not only simplifies evolutionary history, but helps explain the great burst of evolutionary activity known as the Cambrian explosion, he said.
		"It was like an arms race" with animals that could swim faster, grab tighter and fight with greater effect dominating the ocean environment and conquering new ones like the land.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA11/evogene897.html (533 words)

	Wolverhampton Wildlife Group Evolutionary Arms Race
		The study, published in the June issue of Ecology, focuses on the evolutionary importance and modern function of spine development in pine cones.
		he study is novel because it combines both experimental data and analysis of evolutionary development to answer the question of why pine cones develop spines.
		By studying the evolutionary development of spines on pine cones, the researchers also found that the amount of spine growth has co-evolved with the length of time seeds remain in open pine cones.
	www.wildlifenews.co.uk /article/arms.htm (440 words)

	Tristan A.F. Long - PhD - Research
		As an evolutionary geneticist, I am interested in studying the genetic conflicts that arise within species when different groups of individuals (and their genes) are subject to divergent selective pressures.
		Ultimately such intra-specific conflicts could result in an open-ended co-evolutionary 'arms race' for manipulative traits in one group, and selection for resistance to manipulation in the other, and may be an extremely important factor in shaping a species' evolutionary trajectory.
		Its application in the fields of conservation and evolutionary biology is controversial, as empirical tests of the hypothesized correlations among asymmetry, stress and fitness have yielded inconsistent results.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /~long/research.html (714 words)

	Plant/pathogen evolutionary dynamic defies simple arms race model
		While the presence of functionally distinct alleles that have been retained for long periods of time suggests that a simple arms race model is inadequate, there is some evidence in favor of the model.
		Studies of the highly variable region of R-genes involved in Avr recognition support the arms race model through evidence of adaptive evolution, suggesting that selection is driving the evolution of the variable region (LLR) of R-genes, particularly in clusters of these genes.
		This adaptive evolution in the LLR is consistent with an evolutionary arms race with pathogens forcing selection to continually alter their recognition specificity.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-06/UoCM-Pedd-2006101.php (549 words)

	NJN - New Jersey Public Television and Radio
		Evolution is a seven-part television series that travels around the world to examine evolutionary science and the profound effect it has had on society and culture.
		From the genius and torment of Charles Darwin to the vast changes that spawned the tree of life, from the role of mass extinction in the survival of species to the power of sex to drive evolutionary change, Evolution is fascinating and far-reaching in scope.
		Interactions between species are among the most powerful evolutionary forces on Earth, and understanding them may be a key to our own survival.
	www.njn.net /television/highlights/october01/evolution.html (450 words)

	The Blind Watchmaker
		He then takes us through plausible evolutionary mechanisms for the construction of some particular features, including the eye and the sophisticated sonar system used by bats.
		With the bats, in particular, he shows that an evolutionary arms race between predator and prey can work to apply significant evolutionary pressure over large amounts of time.
		This kind of evolutionary arms race often leads to extreme specialisation.
	www.branta.demon.co.uk /alien-design/tbw.htm (653 words)

	News: Genes involved in evolutionary fight with HIV discovered
		Researchers from Oxford, South Africa and Harvard have discovered exactly which human genes are principally involved in the evolutionary arms race with HIV, leading to a greater understanding of how some people can survive symptom free for years whilst others proceed rapidly to AIDS and death.
		There is an evolutionary arms race occurring, in which HIV is mutating to avoid the immune defences mounted by the infected person, and, at the same time, the virus is driving evolution of human immune genes, because those genetic variations that are less successful at fighting the virus will have a lesser chance of survival.
		This is an exciting time for infectious disease research because we are witnessing the evolutionary fight between the human immune system and the HIV virus happening right now, rather than over a period of thousands of years.
	www.admin.ox.ac.uk /po/hla-bhiv.shtml (936 words)

	Evolution - Coevolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		By escalation, we mean that life has become more dangerous over evolutionary time: predators have evolved more powerful weapons and prey have evolved more powerful defences against them.
		If evolution is progressive, organisms will become better adapted to their surroundings through evolutionary time; if it is escalatory, the improvement in predatory adaptations may be matched by improvements in prey defences, and neither ends up any better off.
		Richard Dawkins provides a definition of the concept of an arms race.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/tutorials/Coevolution18.asp (218 words)

	Dr Tom Tregenza - The evolutionary arms race
		How field crickets mate in the lab and what their sexual behaviour is in the wild may be two quite different things.
		But thanks to the work of Dr Tom Tregenza and his team at Exeter university's Centre for Ecology and Conservation in Cornwall, these insect activities are not only shedding new light on our understanding of evolutionary genetics but the very boundaries of traditional thinking on genetic variation are being pushed back at an astonishing rate.
		Dr Tregenza is concerned with a range of questions, not least why females exercise choice and mate with many different males when a single mating should give them all the sperm they need to fertilise their eggs.
	www.royalsoc.ac.uk /page.asp?id=3064 (1302 words)

	co-evolution
		The recognition of a simple example of a biological arms race (from Richard Dawkins) can be achieved by considering the contrast between two adaptations of the polar bear.
		As a result both the bear and the seal find themselves running a red queen's race over evolutionary time, each becoming better and better adapted (to stealth and caution respectively) but neither becoming any more successful (as they are engaged in a zero sum game).
		One factor that might cause this is the constant arms race between parasites and their hosts.
	www.wvup.edu /ecrisp/biolgeol397co-evolution.html (1809 words)

	Technology Stir Fry: Arms Race
		Spam has to be much more sophisticated to get past filtering systems now, and so it is; viruses need to be much more devious to get past anti-virus programs, and we now observe viruses that come in encrypted.zip files along with captcha-encoded passwords embedded as images in the message.
		In short, if we get really good at defense, we swap the game of technological whack-a-mole for a possibly even more expensive evolutionary arms race.
		I got another taste of this today when this blog was hit by a storm of comment spam, all apparently advertising one or two web sites.
	www.iay.org.uk /blog/2004/05/arms_race.html (554 words)

	A Critique of PBS's Evolution
		The snakes, in like manner, might evolve higher levels of resistance, and the result would be an "evolutionary arms race" between the two species.
		The result is supposedly "an evolutionary arms race that has continued for fifty million years"--though we are not shown any evidence for this at all.
		Clearly, the "evolutionary arms race" metaphor is not the only way--and may not even be the best way--to understand our relationship to bacteria.
	www.reviewevolution.com /viewersGuide/Evolution_04.php (3260 words)

	Mold-Help.org: Ants, Mushroom And Mold: An Evolutionary Arms Race
		The ants grow a mushroomlike fungus in vast underground gardens, and they protect the fungus against a devastating mold with antibiotics produced by a bacterium that lives in a patch on their skin.
		The mushroom has been forced to quit the sexual race, but it could have handed over its evolutionary defense to the bacterium, as deployed by the ants.
		Currie and his colleagues said they believed that an evolutionary arms race had occurred between the mold on one side and the fungus, the ant and the bacterium on the other.
	www.mold-help.org /content/view/175 (1092 words)

	Digg and the Internet Arms Race - mediajunk
		From a Darwinian perspective, Digg's algorithm update is part of a co-evolutionary spurt whereby Digg is upping the stakes in the evolutionary arms race with Digg "parasites".
		Online arms races -- accelerated growth involving mutual adaptation -- occur where individual webmasters benefit financially from a large, successful website or web service.
		But the arms race is not confined to search engines.
	www.mediajunk.com /public/archives/2006/11/the_internet_arms_race.html (554 words)

	Evolutionary arms race documented - Science - MSNBC.com
		Fossils stored at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History revealed that, at that same time, crinoids — a type of sea creature with arms, related to starfish and sea urchins — began to experience a sharp increase in damage from attacks by predators.
		Crinoids can regenerate arms, and the researchers report in Friday’s issue of the journal Science that the amount of arm regeneration more than doubled, from under 5 percent to more than 10 percent, at this time.
		Most of their data was derived from the Springer Collection at the Smithsonian.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/5898644 (352 words)

	Evolutionary medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary medicine or Darwinian medicine is the field of knowledge that integrates medicine with evolutionary biology, more specifically with the adaptationist program.
		A well-known example of the application of evolutionary medicine is the study of the evolutionary arms race between our body's defenses and pathogens.
		Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1999) Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_medicine (250 words)

	The Scientist : Antibiotics Arms Race Heats Up (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Antibiotic-resistant parasites are rendering existing drugs increasingly useless, toughening the biomedical arms race against pathogens.
		A GAUNTLET THROWN Bell, an evolutionary biologist at McGill University, Canada, and Gouyon of Université Paris-Sud, France, raise the concerns in Microbiology.
		But it's unknown whether rapid, in evolutionary terms, is rapid enough to cause problems for humans.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/14062 (1665 words)

	The Escape of the Pathogens: an evolutionary arms race
		The Escape of the Pathogens: an evolutionary arms race
		Human populations are constantly locked in evolutionary arms races with pathogens that invade our bodies.
		We must recognize that these pathogens (such as the flu virus shown at right) are continuously evolving entities in order to develop better ways to fight them and control their evolution.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/medicine_02 (472 words)

	Teachers' Domain: Evolutionary Arms Race
		Next, they investigate a classic evolutionary "arms race" between two species: newts and garter snakes.
		Then they explore the complex symbiotic relationship between leaf-cutter ants, the fungus they grow for food, and the bacteria they employ to protect their crop from mold.
		In their notes ask them to describe the type of relationship, the organisms involved, and the evolutionary effect the relationship might have on one of the two species.
	www.teachersdomain.org /6-8/sci/life/div/lp_armsrace/index.html (781 words)

	Amazon.com: Evolution: Evolutionary Arms Race/Why Sex?: DVD: Original Soundtrack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This PBS series on "Evolution" is as much about the profound impact the evolutionary process has had on our understanding of the world around us as it is on the various versions of the theory that have been expounded in scientific textbooks for the past century.
		"The Evolutionary Arms Race" puts the entire concept of natural selection and survival of the fittest in the context of humanity's battles with microorganisms, looking at a case study regarding the reemergence of tuberculosis in Russian prisons.
		This episode also explains the principle of monogamy in evolutionary terms, which is certainly an interesting way of approaching the subject.
	www.amazon.com /Evolution-Evolutionary-Arms-Race-Why/dp/B00005YUPW (935 words)

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