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Topic: Evolutionary medicine

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	Medicine - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Medicine is the branch of health science and the sector of public life concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury.
		Medicine as it is practiced now developed largely in the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century in England (William Harvey, seventeenth century), Germany (Rudolf Virchow) and France (Jean-Martin Charcot, Claude Bernard and others).
		Evidence-based medicine is a recent movement to establish the most effective algorithms of practice (ways of doing things) through the use of the scientific method and modern global information science by collating all the evidence and developing standard protocols which are then disseminated to doctors.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Medicine (4529 words)

	Evolutionary medicine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary medicine or Darwinian medicine is the field of knowledge that integrates medicine with evolutionary biology, more specifically with the adaptationist program.
		A well-known example of the application of evolutionary medicine is the study of the evolutionary arms race between our body's defenses and pathogens.
		Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1999) Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_medicine (250 words)

	Department of Mathematics and Statistics
		Currently, research in my lab is concentrated in three main areas: (i) evolutionary medicine, (ii) the evolution of genomic conflict/imprinting, sexual conflict, and sexual selection, and (iii) the effects of spatial population structure on evolutionary change.
		Evolutionary Medicine – My research in evolutionary medicine has focused largely on two topics: the evolution of parasite virulence, and the evolution of senescence.
		Evolutionary theory is challenging the deeply entrenched notion that successful pathogens eventually evolve toward benign coexistence with their hosts.
	www.mast.queensu.ca /people/profiles/day.php (858 words)

	Darwin in medical school - Stanford Medicine Magazine - Stanford University School of Medicine
		Every topic in medicine can become an evolutionary puzzle — by asking questions such as why the appendix is still there (not just how to take it out), why the genes for Alzheimer’s disease don’t get selected out and why rates of cardiovascular disease have skyrocketed in recent years.
		She notes the importance of evolutionary explanations for antimicrobial resistance and the emergence of new infectious diseases, as well as more complex chronic diseases, such as the cardiovascular problems that piqued Yun’s interest years ago.
		Lewis agrees with Parsonnet that specific evolutionary medicine courses probably aren’t necessary, but that the basic biological principles on which medicine is based should be infused with evolutionary concepts.
	mednews.stanford.edu /stanmed/2006summer/evolutionary-medicine.html (1559 words)

	Evolutionary Psychology
		Evolutionary psychology is the study of human cognitive structures and the resultant behaviors in the light of evolutionary theory.
		Evolutionary psychology, simply put, is "psychology that is informed by the additional knowledge that evolutionary biology has to offer, in the expectation that understanding the process that designed the human mind will advance the discovery of its architecture" (Barkow, Cosmides and Tooby).
		Evolutionary psychologists are, generally, more interested in human universals than human differences, and, as their principles suggest, support the idea that there is a fairly uniform human nature (Cosmides and Tooby, a; Hagen).
	www.crumpled.com /cp/personal/ep.html (3233 words)

	EOSMITH.COM -- Books
		In all of his case studies, Smith emphasizes the importance of not using an evolutionary explanation as an excuse for a particular pattern of behavior.
		"Evolutionary Medicine" was a symposium held at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Science in Boston, Massachusetts, and "Anthropology and Evolutionary Medicine" held at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, DC.
		Evolutionary medicine is an emerging field that recognizes that many contemporary social, psychological, and physical ills are related to incompatibility between lifestyles and environments in which humans currently live and the conditions under which human biology evolved.
	www.eosmith.com /books.html (1253 words)

	Evolutionary Medicine
		The practice of medicine has a long and frustrating history of trial and error battling between man and disease.
		It is now widely accepted and is the foundation of the paradigm used in medicine to explain and treat illnesses.
		However, despite our advances in medicine we have found ourselves losing the battle against some of the diseases we had under control for so long, and not making progress with other illnesses that have resisted our research efforts.
	www.fastol.com /~renkwitz/evolutionary_medicine.htm (1085 words)

	Amazon.com: Evolutionary Medicine: Books: Wenda R. Trevathan,E. O. Smith,James J. McKenna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The primary goal of the discipline is to compare modern human environments and behaviors with the conditions under which humans evolved to determine the extent to which medical conditions of the present may be a consequence of adaptation to different conditions of the past.
		Evolutionary Medicine provides readers with a well-balanced and broad overview of the kinds of research being done in the area.
		Evolutionary medicine proposes answers, sometimes controversial, but definitely almost always worth considering.
	www.amazon.com /Evolutionary-Medicine-Wenda-R-Trevathan/dp/0195103564 (1460 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Psychology: Evolutionary Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Evolutionary Psychology: An Emerging Integrative Perspective within the Science and Practice of Psychology - A article on the theory and implications of this theory by Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair.
		Evolutionary Psychology Challenges the Current Social Sciences - This article attempts to describe evolutionary psychology and the challenge it poses to traditional social science, and then discusses opportunities evolutionary psychology opens for Christian apologetics.
		Evolutionary Psychology Primer by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby - An invaluable primer written by two of the founders of the field.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Psychology/Evolutionary_Psychology (1736 words)

	Illness and Darwin’s Evolution presented in Medicine section
		Dr Nesse, who is professor of psychiatry at the University of Michigan, is one of the leading proponents of evolutionary or Darwinian medicine, uses Darwin’s theory of evolution to try to understand human disease and illness.
		Darwinian Medicine applies the advances that have revolutionized evolutionary biology to the problems of medicine and tries to provide, for each disease, an explanation for why the body isn’t better.
		In summary, Darwinian Medicine proposes that descriptions of disease in current medical textbooks omit a crucial section - an evolutionary explanation for why humans are vulnerable to this disease.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/more/illness_and_darwins_evolution (1573 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Evolutionary explanations in medical and health profession courses: are you answering your ...
		The science of Darwinian or Evolutionary Medicine was formalized in the early 1990s most notably by the eminent evolutionary biologist George C. Williams and the physician and professor Randolph Nesse [1,2].
		The evolutionary process explaining the phenomenon is known as balancing selection, a special form of natural selection that operates to keep two or more beneficial alleles at relatively high frequencies [7].
		For example, one recent evolutionary analysis identified genes that in the past seem to have enabled viruses in the smallpox and vaccinia family to evade our defenses, genes that could be targeted for drug design today [44].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6920/5/16 (4547 words)

	Darwinian medicine
		Cornell evolutionary biologist Paul Sherman and his wife, scientist Janet Shellman, with skulls from the anthropology department, co-teach a Darwinian medicine seminar.
		After teaching seminars on Darwinian medicine (Neurobiology and Behavior 420 this semester) for more than a decade, Sherman, professor of neurobiology and behavior and a Weiss Presidential Fellow, has developed such insights into the workings of the human body and why things are the way they are.
		There are presently no departments of evolutionary medicine, but there ought to be." Sherman added that a smattering of biology professors around the country teach similar courses.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/Dec05/Darwinian_Medicine.kr.html (655 words)

	Abstract for Evolution of Sickness and Healing
		After setting forth the idea that a complex, integrated adaptation for sickness and healing lies at the root of medicine, Fábrega goes on to trace the characteristics of sickness and healing through the early and later stages of social evolution.
		Besides offering a new conceptual structure and a methodology for analyzing medicine in evolutionary terms, Fábrega shows the relevance of this approach and its implications for the social sciences and for the formulation of medical policy.
		The evolutionary formulation provides a common basis for the biological, social, and cultural investigation of medicine.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/6834/6834.abs.html (260 words)

	Scientific American: Feature Article: Evolution and the Origins of Disease: November 1998
		In contrast, Darwinian medicine asks why the body is designed in a way that makes us all vulnerable to problems like cancer, atherosclerosis, depression and choking, thus offering a broader context in which to conduct research.
		Far from arguing that everything in the body is perfect, an evolutionary analysis reveals that we live with some very unfortunate legacies and that some vulnerabilities may even be actively maintained by the force of natural selection.
		The evolutionary viewpoint provides a deep connection between the states of disease and normal functioning and can integrate disparate avenues of medical research as well as suggest fresh and important areas of inquiry.
	www.gg.caltech.edu /~avalos/stuff/download/SciAm/1198nesse.html (4723 words)

	"Darwinian Medicine"
		Evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, want to know why any organism has the characteristics it does in the first place.
		At present Darwinian medicine exists mainly at the level of theory, but the insights of Darwinian medicine could work a profound transformation in practice of medicine in the next century.
		Without appreciating the evolutionary dynamics of health and disease, it is impossible to correctly understand the origin, persistence, and options for treating the ills affecting the human body.
	myweb.lmu.edu /tshanahan/DarMed.html (4013 words)

	Evolution: evolution in action; Evolution’s Importance to Society Interview with Massimo Pigliucci
		Pigliucci: Evolutionary biology is important in conservation because conservation is a particular example of the general problem evolutionary biologists are interested in--dealing with how species expand or contract the environment they occupy.
		There are changes in populations, demographics, and genetics over time, and so evolutionary biologists spend a lot of time studying what is called biogeography, that is, the study of the distribution of living organisms and what mechanisms determine the biogeography of species.
		So evolutionary biology is relevant to conservation biology because conservation biology essentially represents the same sort of basic questions and problems that evolutionary biologists are dealing with.
	www.actionbioscience.org /evolution/pigliucci.html (2157 words)

	Robert S. Corruccini reviews Evolving Health: The Origins of Illness and How the Modern World is Making Us Sick by Noel ...
		Early on, Boaz states that “Evolutionary Medicine” is an important perspective and the prescribed focus of his reasoning (p.
		Evolutionary Psychology is effectively woven into the chapter on evolution of psychiatric disorders, although Boaz (p.
		All the proponents of “Evolutionary Medicine” are missing a good bet when neglecting the evidence of non-fatal minor disorders such as dental malocclusion and visual refractive error, vital to the concept of “normalcy” (p.
	human-nature.com /nibbs/02/boaz.html (1576 words)

	KLI Theory Lab - Authors - Randolph M. Nesse
		Keywords: evolutionary medicine • mental disorder • testability.
		Keywords: chromosome competition • ethology • evolutionary medicine • maternal age • maternal strategy • sociobiology • trisomy.
		Nesse, R.M. An evolutionary perspective on panic disorder and agoraphobia.
	www.kli.ac.at /theorylab/AuthPage/N/NesseRM.html (508 words)

	Sexual selection and the Male:Female Mortality Ratio by Daniel Kruger and Randolph Nesse
		Evolutionary researchers have described how sex differences in mortality are explained by traits shaped by sexual selection interacting with cultural and environmental factors (e.g., Daly and Wilson, 1985).
		Although the highest differences are expected for external causes, the greatest proportion of excess male life years lost may now be due to internal causes, because such a high proportion of total mortality now results from internal causes of death that occur late in the lifespan.
		Modern public health and scientific medicine have resulted in an epidemiological transition from mortality mainly caused by infection, other acute diseases and pregnancy and childbirth, to later mortality resulting mainly from chronic diseases related to lifestyle and aging.
	human-nature.com /ep/articles/ep026685.html (4548 words)

	DRDARWN1
		One instance of evolutionary wisdom colliding with the well-intentioned ministering of modern medicine is the attempt to bolster the health of Somali nomads by administering supplemental iron to them for their anaemic blood, a result of highly restrictive diets.
		Darwinian medicine advocates see these views as compatible with the evolutionary model, suggesting that increased sensitivity to the cues that indicate natural toxicity such as pungent odours and bitter tastes could be mediated by hormones and vary between individuals.
		Darwinian medicine is a reminder that the organs and systems that comprise the human body do not result from the pursuit of perfection, but millions of years of evolutionary compromises, designed to reap the greatest reproductive benefit at the lowest cost.
	www.littletree.com.au /drdarwin.htm (2939 words)

	Charles Darwin, M.D.: Doctors tapping evolutionary theory to explain, treat diseases. North County Times - North San ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Malaria is a particularly tough disease to treat, and that has an evolutionary explanation in its life cycle, Perlman said.
		In evolutionary language, there is a selective pressure for the most debilitating forms of malaria.
		Evolutionary considerations made it clear that the chance of microbes developing resistance is much lower than treatment with a single antibiotic."
	nctimes.com /articles/2006/05/28/health/20_35_165_25_06.txt (1524 words)

	Troy Day \| Research - Projects
		(1) Evolutionary theory is challenging the deeply entrenched notion that successful pathogens eventually evolve toward benign coexistence with their hosts.
		In some cases this conflict appears to have resulted in the evolution of differential allelic expression depending upon whether the allele was inherited maternally or paternally (genomic imprinting).
		This theory is intended to illustrate how conflict between alleles owing to their 'parent of origin' is a special case of a much more general phenomenon of evolutionary conflict between different 'classes' of alleles.
	www.mast.queensu.ca /~tday/projects.html (810 words)

	Medicine Needs Evolution -- Nesse et al. 311 (5764): 1071 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and embryology are recognized as basic sciences for medicine, evolutionary biology is not.
		Stephen C. Stearns is Edward P. Bass Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Yale University, working in the field of evolutionary biology.
		Gilbert S. Omenn is president of AAAS and professor of Medicine and Genetics at the University of Michigan, working in cancer proteomics, computational biology, and science policy.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/311/5764/1071 (958 words)

	Evolutionary Medicine
		These questions are not being completely answered using the more traditional paradigms of cellular research and medicine, so maybe we need to look at the problems in a different manner.
		The jury is still out on whether this evolutionary model will replace, or add to, our current thinking on cancer's etiology, but it is evident that it is causing a change in our perceptions.
		You are going to read and critically analyze the summary to see the evolutionary medicine paradigm applied to breast cancer.
	www.fastol.com /~renkwitz/evolution_cancer.htm (1429 words)

	Dem Bloggers :: Medicine Needs Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Future clinicians are generally not taught evolutionary explanations for why our bodies are vulnerable to certain kinds of failure.
		For example, the evolution of antibiotic resistance is widely recognized, but few appreciate how competition among bacteria has shaped chemical weapons and resistance factors in an arms race that has been going on for hundreds of millions of years.
		Biochemistry courses cover bilirubin metabolism, but an evolutionary explanation for why bilirubin is synthesized at all is new: It is an efficient free-radical scavenger.
	www.dembloggers.com /story/2006/2/23/15597/3585 (775 words)

	Yale Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology
		His research interests also cover evolutionary medicine ("Evolution in health and disease", Oxford 1998).
		He founded and has served as the president of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology and the Tropical Biology Association, was founding editor of the Journal of Evolutionary Biology, and has been a vice president of the Society for the Study of Evolution.
		Steve's contribution to zoology and evolutionary biology in our country, to our scientific standards and academic performance, to our views and values, has been and continues to be very substantial and a point of reference, and is the gift of a very committed and generous scientist.
	www.yale.edu /eeb/stearns/honors.htm (453 words)

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