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	Evolutionary robotics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary Robotics (ER) is a methodology that uses evolutionary computation to develop controllers for autonomous robots.
		The term evolutionary robotics was introduced in 1993 by Cliff, Harvey and Husbands at the University of Sussex.
		Evolutionary algorithms are natural solutions to this sort of problem framework, as the fitness function need only encode the success or failure of a given controller, rather than the precise actions the controller should have taken.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_robotics (821 words)

	Evolutionary Robotics: The Book
		Evolutionary Robotics is a new technique for the automatic creation of autonomous robots.
		Inspired by the Darwinian principle of selective reproduction of the fittest, it views robots as autonomous artificial organisms that develop their own skills in close interaction with the environment and without human intervention.Drawing heavily on biology and ethology, it uses the tools of neural networks, genetic algorithms, dynamic systems, and biomorphic engineering.
		In evolutionary robotics, an initial population of artificial chromosomes, each encoding the control system of a robot, is randomly created and put into the environment.
	gral.ip.rm.cnr.it /nolfi/er-book.html (555 words)

	Evolutionary Robotics - Laboratory of Intelligent Systems
		Evolutionary Robotics became the name used to define the collective effort by engineers, biologists, and cognitive scientists to develop artificial robotic life forms that display the ability to evolve and adapt autonomously to their environment.
		Although the robot is perfectly circular and could move in both directions in the early generations, those individuals moving in the direction with less sensors tended to remain stuck in some corners because they could not perceive it properly and thus disappeared from the population.
		When we analysed the activity of the evolved neural circuit while the robot was freely moving in the arena, we discovered that the activation of one neuron depended on the position and orientation of the robot in the environment, but not on the level of battery charge.
	lis.epfl.ch /resources/documentation/EvolutionaryRobotics/er.php (5260 words)

	Practicum - Autonome Robotica
		(evolutionary) robotics to investigate the history and structure of the brain and mind.
		Evolutionary psychology is an approach to psychology, in which knowledge and principles from evolutionary biology are put to use in research on the structure of the human mind.
		Evolutionary psychologists are interested in the mechanisms that result from natural, and therefore open-ended, evolution.
	www.aisland.org /cki20/practicum_sep.html (2141 words)

	Evolutionary Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		using dynamically sized chromosomes for unrestrained optimization, using evolutionary algorithms for simultaneous optimization of the structure and function of a robot, and using evolutionary methods to solve the problem of behavioral organization in behavior-based robotics.
		Introduction to evolutionary robotics: presented by means of two examples, one in simulation and one involving a small two-wheeled experimental robot.These examples, through which the basic concepts of evolutionary robotics will be introduced and described, will lay the foundation for the topics considered in the rest of the tutorial.
		Evolutionary robotics: This is the main part of the tutorial.
	www.me.chalmers.se /~mwahde/IROS2004_ERtutorial.php (681 words)

	Evolutionary Techniques in Physical Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The distributed and asynchronous operation of this evolutionary method allows the potential for being scaled to very large populations of robots, on the order of hundreds or thousands, thus enabling speedup that is critical when using evolution in real robots.
		Many robots' batteries last only for a few hours, and robots typically have to be attached to a PC for new programs to be uploaded.
		Embodied evolution: Embodying an evolutionary algorithm in a population of robots.
	www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu /papers/ices00.html (3594 words)

	[No title]
		To be capable of performing real-world tasks, robots must possess complex hardware to support exquisite control, and yet, to be practical in that they must operate by principles sufficiently tractable to be generalized over environmental contexts distinguished by variable task demands, as well as over robots of different design and complication.
		So far robots have almost exclusively been successful in areas where it has been possible to identify the 'ecological niche' for the system, i.e., where all relevant parameters can be identified or characterised sufficiently well to allow design of situated system—this is the case of 'insect robots'.
		Intermediate methods exist by which a robot's design is evolved by simulating a genetic algorithm for a simulated environment and then by placing the robot in the corresponding real environment for training in the specific exigencies of the task—characteristics too subtle to be explicitly described and too complicated to be handled by programming.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/ecopsyc/isep/ICPA-conf/ICPAws-shawmace1.doc (4020 words)

	Altenberg Seminars: Evolutionary Robotics
		Rather than design robots whose hardware and software are fully specified, humans create robots with simple, adaptive mechanisms and selective reproductive capability.
		Evolutionary Robotics (ER) is a method for the automatic creation of control systems and morphologies of embodied and situated robots.
		Evolutionary Robotics allows the experimenter to try and re-create some cognitive phenomena of interest under controlled conditions, whilst minimizing the preconceptions and prejudices that are put into the model.
	www.kli.ac.at /stuff/seminars/stb-w0203.html (2076 words)

	Adaptive & Autonomous Systems ~ Evolution of Behaviors for Robots
		Evolutionary robotics is the relatively new and increasingly active field of applying computational models of evolution to the design and control of robots.
		The fundamental principles on which these computational models of evolution are based include a population of reproducing individuals struggling for existence, variability among offspring that potentially leads to a better chance of survival, and inheritance of useful traits from one generation of individuals to the next.
		For example, coevolution is proving to be useful -- especially when coordinated team behavior is required, or multiple aspects of a robot are evolved such as the form of its sensors and its control function.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /aic/iss/aas/EvolutionofBehaviorsforRobots.php (281 words)

	Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference - GECCO 2005
		Estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) replace traditional variation operators of genetic and evolutionary algorithms, such as mutation and crossover, by building a probabilistic model of promising solutions and sampling the built model to generate new candidate solutions.
		Using probabilistic models for exploration in genetic and evolutionary algorithms enables the use of advanced methods of machine learning and statistics for automated identification and exploitation of problem regularities for broad classes of problems.
		Evolutionary algorithms have often been shown to be effective for difficult combinatorial optimization problems appearing in various industrial, economical, and scientific domains.
	www.isgec.org /gecco-2005/committees.html (1933 words)

	In First Case of Fully Automated Design, Computers Shape LEGO Bricks Into Various Designs Without Human Input - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Robotics Online is sponsored by Robotic Industries Association, and provides information to help engineers, managers and executives apply and justify robotics and flexible automation.
		RIA is part of the Automation Technologies Council, an umbrella group serving automation companies involved in robotics, machine vision, motion control and related technologies.
		To make this rudimentary evolutionary hardware, Pollack and Funes, a graduate researcher, constructed a computer program capable of plucking out structurally sound LEGO designs from a sea of possibilities.
	www.roboticsonline.com /public/articles/archivedetails.cfm?id=230 (772 words)

	artificial life, Mobile Robotics Research Group, Edinburgh University
		Another, called Evolutionary Robotics, is to reproduce the phylogenetic evolution on populations of robots.
		The Khepera robot is suitable because of its small size, robustness and accuracy of its PID controllers, and the LEGO robots are suitable especially for co-evolving robot body plans.
		We believe the evolution of robot body plans to be important, since it is not only the control system of a robot but also the robot body itself that affects the behavior of the robot in a robot system.
	www.dai.ed.ac.uk /groups/mrg/research/artificial_life.html (1140 words)

	Evolutionary Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The field of Evolutionary Robotics (ER) starts with a fixed robot platform which has a computer brain connected to sensors and effectors.
		The robot itself is designed by human engineers who engage in a costly process of designing, building, testing and repairing the robot.
		With a robot ``body'' whose morphology can not change, ER is limited to evolving control programs for the fixed platform.
	www.cs.brandeis.edu /~pablo/thesis/html/node13.html (261 words)

	EVOLUTIONARY ROBOTICS: FROM ALGORITHMS TO IMPLEMENTATIONS
		This invaluable book comprehensively describes evolutionary robotics and computational intelligence, and how different computational intelligence techniques are applied to robotic system design.
		It embraces the most widely used evolutionary approaches with their merits and drawbacks, presents some related experiments for robotic behavior evolution and the results achieved, and shows promising future research directions.
		The book is ideally suited to computer scientists, practitioners and researchers keen on computational intelligence techniques, especially the evolutionary algorithms in autonomous robotics at both the hardware and software levels.
	www.worldscibooks.com /compsci/6164.html (291 words)

	Greg Hornby's Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A trend in robotics is towards legged robots.
		One of the issues with legged robots is the development of gaits.
		Fitness is determined using the robot's digital camera and infrared sensors.
	www.cs.brandeis.edu /~hornby/research.html (406 words)

	The Evolutionary Robotics Homepage/title>
		It is a new approach that looks at robots as autonomous artificial organisms that develop their own skills in close interaction with the environment without human intervention.
		Evolutionary robotics and the radical envelop of noise hypothesis.
		Watson R.A., Ficici S.G. and Pollack J.B. Embodied evolution: A response to challenges in evolutionary robotics.
	gral.ip.rm.cnr.it /evorobot (3138 words)

	Robotics
		Harvey, I. Robotics: Philosophy of Mind using a Screwdriver In Evolutionary Robotics: From Intelligent Robots to Artificial Life, Vol.
		Harvey, I.,Evolutionary robotics and SAGA: the case for hill crawling and tournament selection Cognitive Science Research Paper 222 School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex.
		Seth, A. Noise and the Pursuit of Complexity, a Study in Evolutionary Robotics Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Evolutionary Robotics (EVOROB98), eds.
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /users/ezequiel/alife-page/evorob.html (3186 words)

	Evolutionary robotics with an unique genome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Evolutionary Robotics is a promising discipline that offers plenty of possibilities.
		Even if the robot was capable of performing an obstacle avoidance behavior, the results were worse than in simulation (the robot got stuck in several points of the environment).
		It would be interesting to apply the algorithm on a real robot, as a miniature khepera (until now only individuals evolved in simulation have been tested on a real khepera robot).
	diwww.epfl.ch /lami/team/urzelai/STUDENTS/pr_pbil.html (397 words)

	Evolutionary Robotics: the Sussex Approach - Harvey, Husbands, Cliff, Thompson, Jakobi (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Evolutionary Robotics: the Sussex Approach - Harvey, Husbands, Cliff, Thompson, Jakobi (ResearchIndex)
		100 Explorations in evolutionary robotics (context) - Cliff, Harvey et al.
		46 Evolutionary robotics and SAGA: the case for hill crawling a..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /harvey96evolutionary.html (730 words)

	76 - Evolutionary Robotics (Part One) » Pulse » Blog Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Then, in 1995, working in England, Adrian Thompson was the first to generate an evolved hardware control circuit for a robot.
		In a 2000 book, Evolutionary Robotics, Stefano Nolfi and Dario Floreano of the National Research Council in Rome documented the evolution of robot evolvability.
		Although the robots created were nowhere near as complex as the equipment that begat them, they struck many as evidence of yet another hurdle overcome in the narrowing gap between real life forms and artificial ones.
	www.pulsethebook.com /thinking/76-evolutionary-robotics-part-one (651 words)

	Shahab Kalantar
		According to this approach, a robot’s controller is progressively adapted to the specific environment it is confronted with, through an artificial selection process that eliminates ill-behaving individuals in a population while favoring the reproduction of better-adapted competitors.
		Kinematical modeling of mobile robots was based on the concept of minimal equivalent mechanical designs for non-holonomic wheeled robots, which has sufficient generality to include a large number of currently available realizations.
		Due to unfeasibility of carrying out the evolutionary processes, on the one hand, and to reduce the computational complexity involved in any evolutionary process, sophisticated simulation tools were designed and implemented.
	users.rsise.anu.edu.au /~shahab/MSThesisAbstractAndContents.html (599 words)

	Robotics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		We believe that not just the software, but also the physical body of a robot could be the result of an evolutionary process.
		Further, we stipulate that the evolutionary algorithm is to execute in a distributed and asynchronous manner within the population, as in natural evolution.
		We wish to create a population of physical robots that perform their tasks and evolve hands-free – without human intervention of any kind, as Husbands (1992) articulates.
	www.demo.cs.brandeis.edu /pr/robotics.html (697 words)

	Trends In Evolutionary Robotics - Meeden, Kumar (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The focus is on methods which use neural networks and have been tested on actual physical robots.
		The chapter also examines the role of simulation and the use of domain knowledge in the evolutionary process.
		1 The universal robot (context) - Morvac - 1992
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /meeden98trend.html (858 words)

	Applied AI Systems, Inc. - Evolutionary Robotics Symposium - ER2001 Speaker's Biography
		For the last 11 years he has been researching in the Evolutionary and Adaptive Systems group at the University of Sussex, which he helped to found whilst pursuing a doctorate in the development of artificial evolution for design problems.
		This has lead to a series of projects in evolutionary robotics, where the 'brain' and other aspects of the 'body' of a robot are designed through methods akin to Darwinian evolution; this naturally has philosophical implications.
		As engineer, he is still interested in the development of innovative engineering solutions for mobile autonomous robots, in the creation of know how for future applications, and in making mobile platforms more accessible for education and research, particularly if not strictly related with technical fields.
	www.aai.ca /conf/er01_bio.html (1693 words)

	Applied AI Systems, Inc. - Evolutionary Robotics Symposium
		The goal of the symposia is to further research and development in the fusion of findings in biological, neurophysiological, and evolutionary studies with intelligent robot technology.
		Evolutionary techniques have already been successfully applied in areas as diverse as task scheduling, network management, prediction of stock market trends, insurance, information highway (multimedia), elevator operation, and VLSI circuit designs.
		"Evolutionary Robotic" (ER) is the term chosen to address this emerging field in which Evolutionary Systems technologies are combined with Biorobotic technology.
	www.aai.ca /conf (1007 words)

	Pyro, Python Robotics: PyroModuleEvolutionaryAlgorithms
		This is an introduction to the Evolutionary Algorithms as used with robotics.
		Evolutionary algorithms are techniques for searching through a solution landscape in a generally effective manner.
		This robot's goal is to seek a particular color.
	pyrorobotics.org /?page=PyroModuleEvolutionaryAlgorithms (3160 words)

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