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	Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, the theory of universal common descent proposes that all organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool (which is called having "common descent").
		Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time.
		Darwin's theory, though it succeeded in profoundly shaking scientific opinion regarding the development of life, could not explain the source of variation in traits within a species, and Darwin's proposal of a hereditary mechanism (pangenesis) was not compelling to most biologists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution (3787 words)

	Encyclopedia: Evolutionary theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The prevailing formulation of the theory of evolution is the modern synthesis, which brings together Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and Gregor Mendel's theory of inherited characteristics, now called genes.
		The theory of evolution by natural selection has also been adopted as a foundation for various ethical systems, such as social Darwinism, an idea popular in the 19th century, which holds that "the survival of the fittest" explains and justifies differences in wealth and success among societies and people.
		Some of those who reject the scientific theory of evolution have profered what they believe to be physical proof of the impossibility of macroevolution in particular; this viewpoint does not bar the idea of microevolution.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Evolutionary-theory (3952 words)

	Evolutionary game theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary game theory (EGT) is the application of population genetics-inspired models of change in gene frequency in populations to game theory.
		It differs from classical game theory in focussing in the dynamics of strategy change more than the properties of strategy equilibria.
		The common methodology to study the evolutionary dynamics in games is through replicator equations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_game_theory (234 words)

	evolution -> History of Evolutionary Theory on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Under the restraining influence of the Church, no evolutionary theories developed during some 15 centuries of the Christian era to challenge the belief in special creation and the literal interpretation of the first part of Genesis; however, much data was accumulated that was to be utilized by later theorists.
		Lamarck was the first to present a clearly stated evolutionary theory, but because it included the inheritance of acquired characteristics as the operative force of evolution, his whole theory was ridiculed and discredited for many years.
		A theory of the cultural evolution of the firm: the intra-organizational ecology of memes.
	encyclopedia.com /html/section/evolutio_historyofevolutionarytheory.asp (1506 words)

	Evolution -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Today, the theory of evolution has been strongly confirmed by the science of ((biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information) DNA genetics.
		The central role of natural selection in evolutionary theory has given rise to a strong connection between that field and the study of (The branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment) ecology.
		Peripatric speciation is a critical underpinning of the theory of (A theory of evolution holding that evolutionary change in the fossil record came in fits and starts rather than in a steady process of slow change) punctuated equilibrium.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ev/evolution.htm (4224 words)

	Chapter 2 of Section I: History of Evolutionary Theory Part 1: Before Darwin
		What would later develop into the fields of evolutionary biology, embryology (Haeckel, 1897) and geology (Eisley, 1958) were, in the 18th and early 19th century, the observation of different levels of experience noted to have patterns in common, specifically patterns that supported the suggestion of the passing of a great deal of time.
		Lamarck's theory marks the appearance of the first clear suggestion that environmental influences might be responsible for individual adaptations and that it might be possible to pass on those adaptations to progeny resulting in an evolution of species.
		The principal that supported Cuvier's unique synthesis was his theory of cataclysms that proposed that life on earth occurred in the creations which followed a series of violent destructions (Haeckel, 1897) which were characterized by the total elimination of life on earth several times.
	www.serpentfd.org /historyevolutionchapter2.html (4637 words)

	HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY - 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In the early 1960s, a number of French scientists rose in revolt against evolutionary theory, declaring it to be hopelessly unable to explain the facts.—p.
		It was not until the 1960s that evolutionists began a full-scale attack on the evolutionary theory.
		This peculiar theory, as strange as all the rest, was devised by *Francis Crick, a co-discoverer of the DNA structure.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/20hist04.htm (1932 words)

	Evolution is a Fact and a Theory
		It is time for students of the evolutionary process, especially those who have been misquoted and used by the creationists, to state clearly that evolution is a fact, not theory, and that what is at issue within biology are questions of details of the process and the relative importance of different mechanisms of evolution.
		But in science, "theory" means "a statement of what are held to be the general laws, principles, or causes of something known or observed." as the Oxford English Dictionary defines it.
		The theory of evolution is a body of interconnected statements about natural selection and the other processes that are thought to cause evolution, just as the atomic theory of chemistry and the Newtonian theory of mechanics are bodies of statements that describe causes of chemical and physical phenomena.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/evolution-fact.html (2065 words)

	Data, Theory, and Evolutionary Phenomena. Origins & Design 17:2. Hofmann, James R.
		Significantly for this case, scientific facts and theories are not interchangeable: an explanatory principle is not to be confused with the data it seeks to explain.
		Gould's analogy of Newton's theory of gravitation being to falling apples as modern evolutionary theory is to the descent of humans from apelike ancestors can thus be made more accurate.
		That is, modern evolutionary theory is to evolutionary phenomena as Newton's theory of gravitation is to gravitational phenomena.
	www.arn.org /docs/odesign/od172/dte172.htm (2518 words)

	Evolutionary Epistemology
		Evolutionary Epistemology is a naturalistic approach to epistemology, which emphasizes the importance of natural selection in two primary roles.
		Evolutionary epistemology is the attempt to address questions in the theory of knowledge from an evolutionary point of view.
		Evolutionary epistemology involves, in part, deploying models and metaphors drawn from evolutionary biology in the attempt to characterize and resolve issues arising in epistemology and conceptual change.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/epistemology-evolutionary (5443 words)

	Evolutionary Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Most theories of the personality disorders have been developed within a particular perspective, be it psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal, or biophysical.
		Such theories are incongruent with the nature of personality itself, which concerns the patterning of variables across the entire matrix of the person.
		The second evolutionary stage relates to what is termed the modes of adaptation; it is also framed as a two-part polarity, a passive orientation, a tendency to accommodate to one's ecological niche, versus an active orientation, a tendency to modify or intervene in one's surrounds.
	www.millon.net /Theory/Evol_Thy.htm (1023 words)

	Evolutionary Game Theory
		Since evolutionary game theory successfully explains the predominance of certain behaviors of insects and animals, where strong rationality assumptions clearly fail, this suggests that rationality is not as central to game theoretic analyses as previously thought.
		One must develop an alternate theory of utility/fitness, one compatible with the bounded rationality of individuals, that is sufficient to define a utility measure adequate for the application of evolutionary game theory to cultural evolution.
		Evolutionary explanations of social norms have the virtue of making their value commitments explicit and also of showing how other normative commitments (such as fair division in certain bargaining situations, or cooperation in the prisoner's dilemma) may be derived from the principled action of boundedly rational, self-interested agents.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/game-evolutionary (7277 words)

	Is evolutionary theory a worldview? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Broadly, evolutionary theory it is a scientific theory that provides an explanation of how life on earth has changed and diversified over time.
		Because evolutionary theory is "merely" a theory that explains how life has arisen and changed on earth, it says nothing of the universe as a whole -- where it came from and where it's going (these two are in the realm of cosmology), or what mankind's place in the universe may be.
		Since evolutionary theory is not a worldview, it is not reasonable to attempt to invalidate it on that basis.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~jan/Essays/worldview.html (1034 words)

	On the Aims of Evolutionary Theory by Thomas E. Dickins
		The informational perspective on evolutionary theory not only clarifies the process that niche construction relies upon, but it also illuminates discussion about the relationship between evolution and culture, which is something the authors feel could be enhanced by their thesis.
		Some critics of evolutionary approaches argue either that evolutionary theory is an unfalsifiable approach and therefore unscientific, or conversely that it is merely a theory with the fallibility of all theories and should not be given such a central place in modern thinking.
		However, if it were to be falsified a new theory would have to replace it, in order to explain design in a non-theological fashion, and this would have very many features in common with neo-Darwinism simply because of the explanatory burden such a theory would have to carry.
	human-nature.com /ep/reviews/ep037984.html (2574 words)

	Evolutionary game theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Evolutionary game theory studies equilibria of games played by an populations of players, where the "fitness" of the players derives from the success each player has in playing the game.
		Many people have attempted to use traditional game theory to analyze economic or political problems, which typically involve a large population of agents interacting.
		Evolutionary game theory improves upon traditional game theory by providing a dynamics describing how the population will change over time.
	www.ags.uci.edu /~jalex/egt.html (865 words)

	Jörgen Weibull - Evolutionary Game Theory
		To this target audience (but also to game theorists and others with an interest in game theory) I can warmly recommend the book as it is a well written technical compendium of recent research which is comprehensive in its chosen area: evolutionary stability and its relationship to evolutionary dynamics.
		Evolutionary game theory has still not developed far enough to provide applied researchers with a sufficiently sophisticated enough toolset to analyse their problems.
		In short, I believe that evolutionary game theory is here to stay (in one form or other) but still has a very long way to go before it is applicable to a wide range of important questions.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /2/1/review3.html (2048 words)

	Great Ideas in Personality--Evolutionary Psychology
		Evolutionary psychology is an evolutionary approach to human nature.
		Attachment Theory is also grounded in certain evolutionary ideas, and Behavior Genetics is a field concerned with that all-important evolutionary mechanism, the gene.
		Sociobiology (of which evolutionary psychology is a subfield that particularly concerns humans) can be thought of as having, like any research program, a "hard core" of problem solving strategies that provide possible answers to vexing research questions, and a "protective belt" of promising research questions to be addressed by providing actual answers to these questions.
	www.personalityresearch.org /evolutionary.html (1043 words)

	Evolution Theory and Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		From the first growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped off, and these lost branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders, families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only from having been found in a fossil state.
		The theory of evolution, formalized by Charles Darwin, is as much theory as is the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity.
		Timeline of Evolutionary Thought: Get a graphical view of some of the key players in evolutionary thought over the last 300 years.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /history/evotheory.html (370 words)

	Evolutionary Theory
		In broad terms, contemporary evolutionary theory builds on the synthesis of Darwin's ideas of natural variation and selection and Mendel's model of genetic inheritance accomplished by R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, and Sewall Wright in 1930-32.
		Such chronic incompleteness is a reason to be open to the discovery of new levels of order in the operation of the genes in ontogeny and under natural selection, to improved definitions of the scope of current models, and to a clarification of the mechanisms at work.
		However, it is important to realize that the incompleteness of evolutionary theory is not in itself an endorsement of other modes of thinking we find easier to believe in.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Evolution.html (2832 words)

	HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The history of Evolutionary theory is a story of fraud, hoaxes, and desperation.
		WISTAR Destroys Evolution - A special major meeting of scientists which concluded, on the basis of new evidence, that evolutionary theory was dead
		THE BEST Evidences of Evolution - There are no scientific evidences supporting evolutionary theory, but the theorists have come up with some others: These are their best ones
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/20hist01.htm (312 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive: Evolution FAQs
		There are few components of modern evolutionary theory which seem so prone to misinterpretation as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould's theory of punctuated equilibria.
		Critics of evolutionary theory very often misunderstand the philosophical issues of the speciality known as the philosophy of science.
		The evolutionary history of the horse has been reinterpreted in recent years, but its record remains one of the most complete examples of species evolution that biologists have.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/faqs-evolution.html (1031 words)

	Controversies About Evolutionary Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Controversies about evolutionary theory are debated by many people, not just biologists.
		Menton wrote an article on the perceived "flaws" in evolutionary theory which was published on the Web.
		This page is a letter responding to his "factual" allegations in a defense of evolutionary theory.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Lab/1366/about.html (200 words)

	VirtualLabs: explore evolutionary game theory
		Tutorial on the gradual evolution of distinct cooperative and defective behavioral patterns through evolutionary branching into separate trait groups characterized by high and low cooperative investments.
		Apart from evolutionary branching, this model exhibits rich dynamics that can be easily explored using this interactive tutorial.
		For a large class of graphs, the fixation probability does not depend on the details of the population structure and is identical to a homogenous population.
	www.univie.ac.at /virtuallabs (691 words)

	TWD -- History of Evolutionary Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		No scientific theory is accepted without question, especially not one as controversial as Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
		A textbook of evolutionary theory as it was thought of in 1908.
		Another textbook on evolutionary theory as of the early 20th century.
	my.erinet.com /~jwoolf/evolhist.html (616 words)

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