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Topic: Evolvability

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	Evolvability Theory of Aging
		This is a brief overview of the evolvability theory of aging.
		The evolvability theory therefore proposes that there is an additional factor in determining whether a characteristic is evolved and retained in an organism’s genome, namely evolvability.
		The evolvability theory is one of several new or resurgent theories that hold that aging is an evolved characteristic, an adaptation, and a design feature of organisms, rather than a defect, disorder, or fundamental property of life.
	www.azinet.com /aging/Evolvability_Theory.html (936 words)

	[No title]
		Evolvability is not distinctly biological but rather is abstractly characterized as, “the ability of the genetic operator/representation scheme to produce offspring that are fitter than their parents” ADDIN ENRfu (Altenberg 1994, 47).
		Evolvability may often be construed as intrinsic precisely because it is connected with properties of the genetic and developmental architecture of individual organisms.
		Evolvability is a probabilistic disposition because a lineage may not evolve even when it has the capacity to do so; its manifestation is a function of stochastic processes in populations.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /archive/00001084/00/Love.doc (4902 words)

	Michael Lones : Enzyme Genetic Programming : 2. Evolution
		Evolvability [Conrad, 1990,Kirschner and Gerhart, 1998,Nehaniv, 2003] is a measure of an evolutionary system's ability to evolve in an appropriate direction.
		Accordingly, the evolvability of an evolutionary system is a function of both the evolvability accorded by the entity's representation and the evolvability accorded by the mechanisms of variation.
		Evolvability is the capacity for an evolutionary system to evolve in a particular direction; and is determined by the nature of the entity, by the flexibility of the entity's representation, and by the ability of the variation operators to induce appropriate change.
	www-users.york.ac.uk /~mal503/common/thesis/c2.html (2736 words)

	Paul
		Evolvable systems have attracted a great deal of attention in computing research, and the study of evolution has been a major part of biological research since Darwin.
		Evolvability has not attracted much attention in biology for some time, because of the manifestly high evolvability of existing biological systems, and because of the implications of group selection that selection for evolvability implies.
		It was clear that useful literature on evolvability would come from a range of disciplines, including evolutionary, developmental and molecular biology, computer science and theoretical physics (e.g., for studies of complexity and self-organization).
	www.his.atr.jp /~cxu/evolvability/paul.htm (1770 words)

	Evolvability could be a driving force in drug resistance
		That's the conclusion drawn by two Rice University scientists who have designed a computer simulation to test the idea that evolvability -- the likelihood of genetic mutation -- is a trait that can itself be favored or disfavored through the process of natural selection.
		Traditionally, a significant number of evolutionary biologists have discounted the idea that evolvability is subject to natural selection, in part because the idea that evolution acts upon the mechanism that causes evolution seems to violate the basic scientific principle that an event cannot precede its own cause.
		The upshot of this is that many observations within evolutionary biology that were heretofore considered evolutionary happenstance or accidents, may in fact be explained by selection for evolvability.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/ru-ecb080904.php (502 words)

	Evolvability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolvability is a concept that relates to the ability of a particular genotype to evolve new adaptive changes.
		Hence, evolvability is a critical topic in the evolution of pathogens.
		In eukaryotes, it is thought that the positioning of recombination hotspots (in eukaryotes typically just before the start and just after the end of genes) and introns (in those genes that do not undergo alternative splicing) in the genome maximise evolvability.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolvability (212 words)

	Paras Chopra's Blog :: General :: Evolvability: It is a misnomer or the basis of life?
		I define evolvability as the act of quickly producing more variations of itself by the organism when it is sensed that the conditions are not favorable to the organism.
		For evolvability to be maintained in the organism, it must be stressed at regular intervals of time and for brief periods.
		Evolvability is simply the ability to have offspring which are more genetically variable, or variable in ways which are more likely to be adaptive.
	www.paraschopra.com /blog/post/biohacking/199/Evolvability-It-is-a-misnomer-or-the-basis-of-life (1561 words)

	Evolving Evolvability in a Simple GA Setup
		I consider the evolution of the evolvability in a changing environment, through a simple GA setup in which populations of individuals are selected and reproduced according to their performance on a variable fitness function.
		First, evolvability is not so much a feature of the individual organisms, as it is a feature of the population: the degree of recombination, for instance, depends on the interactions between organisms of the species.
		Unlike these traits, evolvability must be tuned to global features, like the topology (ruggedness, for instance) of the landscape and its evolution will happen in a larger time-scale.
	www.dim.uchile.cl /~anmoreir/csss/rep.html (1729 words)

	Special Issue on EVOLVABILITY of the Journal BIOSYSTEMS
		This is exemplified by the Santa Fe Institute's formation of a working group on evolvability in April 2000, symposia on Evolvability at the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference in 1999 and at the International Conference on Artificial Life in August 2000.
		This proposed special issue is primarily aimed to bring together research work from these various disciplines to better understand the nature of evolvability and the mechanisms that do or could support it in biology (organic and constructive), evolutionary computation, and software systems and applications.
		Analogues of biological evolvability are needed for large software systems such as telecommunications networking software in order to manage the complexity of system requirements change over time.
	homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk /~comqcln/biosystems (1231 words)

	Cell biology, molecular embryology, Lamarckian and Darwinian selection as evolvability
		The capacity of a multicellular process to evolve, its evolvability, is principally applied to generating cooperative and nonlethal functional variation, on which selection can operate.
		However, IgA, with four HL heterodimer units, could have been present at the very beginning of metazoan evolution as part of the proposed evolvability of this and subsequent organisms that derived their immune system from these early developments, because these proteins served to protect the mucosal surfaces of the digestive tract.
		In sexual metazoans, this opened the way to evolvability, of a special area of tissue that, although it did not have all the later functions of the spleen or of the lymph nodes, at least had increased cell division to fight the constant war against the multitude of pathogens.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2003/vol1-2/gmr0041_full_text.htm (9521 words)

	PhilSci Archive - Evolvability, Dispositions, and Intrinsicality
		First, I identify three compatible but distinct investigative approaches, distinguish two interpretations of evolvability, and treat the difference between dispositions of individuals versus populations.
		Second, I explore the relevance of philosophical distinctions about dispositions for evolvability, isolating the assumption that dispositions are intrinsically located.
		In conclusion, I argue that some instances of evolvability cannot be understood as purely intrinsic to populations and suggest alternative strategies for resolving this difficulty.
	philsci-archive.pitt.edu /documents/disk0/00/00/10/84/index.html (115 words)

	Evolvability (computer science) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolvability is a recent framework of computational learning introduced by Leslie Valiant in his paper of the same name.
		The class of conjunctions and the class of disjunctions are evolvable over the uniform distribution for short conjunctions and disjunctions, respectively.
		The class of parity functions (which evaluate to the parity of the number of true literals in a given subset of literals) are not evolvable, even for the uniform distribution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolvability_(computer_science) (352 words)

	Evolvability Suppression to Stabilize Far-Sighted Adaptations - GreyThumb.Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The study of evolvability is the other side of the equation: the stody of how the variability that is selected gets there in the first place.
		In all of these cases, the current running hypothesis is that evolvability evolves so as to maximize the likelihood that mutations will manifest themselves in the form of variations that are beneficial.
		One possible answer is that evolvability could evolve in such a way as to limit the appearance of such pathologies.
	www.greythumb.org /blog/index.php?/archives/17-Evolvability-Suppression-to-Stabilize-Far-Sighted-Adaptations.html (779 words)

	Evolvability is part of the alchemy of systems engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Reviewing the many factors of system change and their associated definitions, we conclude that a single definition for ‘evolvability’ is not adequate.
		We assert that evolvability is a composite quality which allows a system’s architecture to accommodate change in a cost effective manner while maintaining the integrity of the architecture.
		In order to define evolvability as a composite, we propose a taxonomy which classifies the different aspects of evolvability.
	dqxy.swjtu.edu.cn /course/Evolvability.htm (160 words)

	Adaptation and Evolvability
		It was found that evolvability critically depends on the way genetic variation maps onto phenotypic variation, an issue known as the representation problem.
		By modularity we mean a genotype-phenotype map in which there are few pleiotropic effects among characters serving different functions, with pleiotropic effects falling mainly among characters that are part of a single functional complex.
		Such a design is expected to improve evolvability by limiting the interference between the adaptation of different functions.
	www.cbc.yale.edu /old/cce/papers/CompAdapt/compadapt.html (378 words)

	Artificial Life VII: Workshops and Tutorials
		Although a vast range of functionality is achieved by living wet-ware, the most challenging of the tasks accomplished appears to be that of bootstrapping evolvable construction.
		As an aid in structuring contributions from evolvable hardware and hardware construction to ALIFE, we outline some potential questions which may be addressed by contributors within the framework of the workshop.
		Contributions to specifically ALIFE aspects or evolvable hardware and to model construction systems capable of self replication and evolution are invited.
	alife7.alife.org /workshops.shtml (4913 words)

	[alife] CFP: Symposium on Evolvability and Interaction (London, 8-10 October 2003)
		Evolvability is the capacity of populations to support heritable variability and differential success, as in organic, memetic or artifical evolutionary systems.
		Please send an email to the general chair Peter McOwan (pmco at dcs.qmul.ac.uk) if you would like to attend without submitting a poster or talk.
		Partial or full support of reasonable expenses is available for members of the Evolvability network and also UK-based postgraduate students who are presenting a paper or poster.
	lists.idyll.org /pipermail/alife-announce/2003-September/000020.html (394 words)

	Evolvability in Biological & Software Systems
		This EPSRC symposium follows upon the growing awareness from academia, industry, and research communities of the importance of evolvability, tentatively defined as, the capacity of populations to exhibit adaptive heritable variation.
		Participation is open to all students, researchers, or industry representatives with interests in evolvability in biological and software systems.
		Members of the EPSRC Network on Evolvability in Biological and Software Systems can be reimbursed for reasonable domestic travel, subsistence and accomodation costs if presenting an invited or accepted talk (or poster).
	homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk /~nehaniv/EN/evoindiv (869 words)

	Evolution of evolution
		Their greater evolvability will enable them to exploit more effectively the immense potential benefits of cooperation.
		Becoming aware of the direction in which evolvability improves is an important step in the evolution of improved evolvability
		We will see how we must improve our evolvability by developing new psychological skills if we are to contribute to the future evolution of life in the universe.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/jes999/8.htm (3247 words)

	Future evolution - planetary society
		We have seen that during the past evolution of life on earth, the larger the scale of cooperative organisation and the more evolvable it is, the better it is at exploiting the benefits of cooperation, and the better it does in evolutionary terms.
		The greater the evolvability of human organisation, the better it will be at discovering and supporting the most effective cooperation between its members.
		This is not the only serious limitation to the evolvability of existing systems of citizen-initiated referenda: current systems do not allow referenda to change the framework of rules that establishes the system.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/jes999/17.htm (8547 words)

	CiteULike: Natural history as a predictor of protein evolvability. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Some proteins may be more evolvable than others, but few workers consider this problem when choosing starting points for laboratory evolution.
		We present a qualitative model of adaptive evolution and recommend that protein engineers exploit their knowledge of natural history to identify evolvable wild-type proteins.
		Three examples of 'generalist' proteins that evolved in the laboratory into 'specialists' are described to illustrate the practical utility of this point.
	www.citeulike.org /user/kuhn/article/854219 (245 words)

	Evolution
		Evolvability is part of the alchemy of systems engineering.
		We assert that evolvability is a composite quality which allows a system s architecture to accommodate change in a cost effective manner while maintaining the integrity of the architecture.
		Evolvability, the capacity to evolve, is a topic that links computer science and biology.
	cq-pan.cqu.edu.au /david-jones/Reading/Evolution (1825 words)

	Citebase - Evolvability is a Selectable Trait (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Authors: Earl, David J. Deem, Michael W. Concomitant with the evolution of biological diversity must have been the evolution of mechanisms that facilitate evolution, due to the essentially infinite complexity of protein sequence space.
		We describe how evolvability can be an object of Darwinian selection, emphasizing the collective nature of the process.
		Our results demonstrate that evolvability is a selectable trait and allow for the explanation of a large body of experimental results.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?id=oai:arXiv.org:q-bio/0407012 (182 words)

	Robotics Institute: Comparing Mechanisms for Evolving Evolvability
		In evolutionary search, the term evolvability as defined in [Altenberg 94] refers to ``the ability of a population to produce variants fitter than any yet existing''.
		In this paper, we examine a few existing mechanisms which provide the potential for the evolvability of a population to itself evolve.
		One key property that we identify among such mechanisms is a many-to-one genotype-to-phenotype mapping, which permits variations in evolvability to occur independent of fitness.
	www.ri.cmu.edu /pubs/pub_3235.html (226 words)

	The Evolution of Evolvability in Genetic Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A theoretical analysis of the dynamics of genetic programming predicts the existence of a novel, emergent selection phenomenon: the evolution of evolvability.
		This is produced by the proliferation, within programs, of blocks of code that have a higher chance of increasing fitness when added to programs.
		Several new selection techniques and genetic operators are proposed in order to give better control over the evolution of evolvability and improved evolutionary performance.
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~wbl/biblio/gp-html/kinnear_altenberg.html (151 words)

	Evolvability in Biological & Software Systems
		This EPSRC symposium follows upon the growing awareness from academia, industry, and research communities of the importance of evolvability, tentatively defined as, the capacity of populations to exhibit adaptive heritable variation.In partcular, the symposium focuses on the relation between evolvability and sensor and effector evolution.
		The creation of channels of sensory input and effectory output lead to higher evolvability as new relevance criteria are developed that confer a survival advantage to future offspring.
		Members of the EPSRC Network on Evolvability in Biological and SoftwareSystems can be reimbursed for partial or full costs of reasonable domestic travel, subsistence and accomodation if presenting an invited or accepted talk (or poster).
	www.elec.york.ac.uk /intsys/users/jfm7/evol-sensor.htm (996 words)

	Sample Chapter for Wagner, A.: Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The main reason to emphasize individual-based selection is not so much that group selection is controversial and that it may occur only under limited conditions.
		Rather, almost all features of organisms that are hard to explain otherwise--among them altruism, sex, and evolvability itself--are easy to explain using group selection.
		The real challenge is to explain the evolution of robustness and evolvability through individual-based selection, which we know is ubiquitous
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s8002.html (4921 words)

	Bacteria are losers
		The larger the scale of the cooperative organisation, and the higher its evolvability, the more of the benefits of cooperation it will be able to exploit in its pursuit of evolutionary success.
		The superior evolvability of humans will be used to exploit potentials for improvement in bacteria and other organisms that the genetic evolutionary mechanism has failed to exploit because of its far more limited evolvability.
		They will benefit from the improved evolvability of the expanded organisation, and from its improving ability to manage matter, energy, and life over wider and wider scales of space and time.
	users.tpg.com.au /users/jes999/18.htm (2792 words)

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