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	Ex ante vs. ex post - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ex ante is a Latin term meaning "beforehand".
		The opposite of ex ante is ex post, meaning "after the fact".
		In stochastic models, ex post calculations are those done with realized values.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ex_ante_vs._ex_post (91 words)

	Why Is Law: Chapter 7 (c) D. Friedman
		Ex ante, judged by the information available to you at the time, it was a good bet, since on average you could expect to come out fifty cents ahead.
		Ex ante, almost all gambles in Las Vegas are losing ones; the casino, like an insurance company, sets its rates so that the money that comes in when it wins covers not only the money it pays out when it loses but also its operating expenses.
		Low levels of ex post punishment, such as a fine equal to a month's salary, are unambiguously superior to ex ante punishment, since they can be paid in money, impose little cost through risk aversion, and provide an incentive for actors to use their private information to avoid accidents.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Academic/Course_Pages/L_and_E_LS_98/Why_Is_Law/Why_Is_Law_Chapter_7.html (4310 words)

	Legal Ramblings: Torture, ex ante (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Second, ex ante laws might actually be stricter than ex post justifications.
		Ex ante rules, on the other hand, welcome and require democratic deliberation before being applied.
		Of course, the big fear with ex ante justification is that the legislature will simply pass an extremely broad "torture statute," and afterward any torture will be justified as being legal.
	www.scwu.com /news/static/105055234140324.shtml (616 words)

	Statement of Joseph F. Brodley
		Under this procedure the ex ante approval of the collaboration would be conditioned on the parties' consent to divest or otherwise restructure their collaboration if the antitrust agency subsequently found that promised efficiencies were not forthcoming.
		Ex post review would occur after a sufficient time has passed to allow the projected efficiencies to be realized, which I have suggested should be a period of between three and five years.
		The ex post proceeding does not attempt to regulate how the parties should conduct their affairs, but simply verifies their ex ante efficiencies claims and administers appropriate relief, similar if not identical, to the kind it normally imposes.
	www.ftc.gov /opp/global/brodley.htm (9872 words)

	Chapter 7: Coin Flips and Car Crashes: Ex Post versus Ex Ante
		Ex post punishments can be imposed for outcomes that can be observed due to behavior that cannot&endash;when what is going on inside my head results in my running a red light and colliding with another automobile.
		Thus even ex ante punishment takes advantage of some private information, not about what the driver is doing or how it affects the chance of an accident but about how costly it is to him to take precautions that the law wants him to take, such as driving slowly.
		Low levels of ex post punishment, such as a fine equal to a month's salary, are almost always superior to ex ante punishment, since they can be paid in money, impose little cost through risk aversion, and provide an incentive for actors to use their private information to avoid accidents.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Laws_Order_draft/laws_order_ch_7.htm (4261 words)

	Ex-Ante : eCorporations
		Ex ante evaluation refers to forward-looking assessment of the likely future effects of new policies of proposals.
		Solum specifies the ex post.ex ante distinction as follows:...
		Ex ante, ex post and self regulation in the environmental field.
	www.ecorpscanada.ca /?Top=Ex-Ante (348 words)

	AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF EX ANTE RISK PREMIUMS FOR THE ELECTRIC UTILITY INDUSTRY Magazine: Financial Management, AUTUMN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Generally, studies supporting an ex ante risk premium approach are based on data from as early as the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s.
		The measurement of the ex ante risk premium holds conceptual appeal because it is consistent with the valuation of equity investments based on expected returns.
		Our results indicate that ex ante risk premiums for electric utility stocks remained inversely related to interest rates over the study period when changes regarding the market's evaluation of relative risk are taken into account.
	mgv.mim.edu.my /Articles/00265/960207.Htm (4077 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: An Overview of the Great Depression
		Cecchetti (1992) and Nelson (1991) bolster the monetary hypothesis by demonstrating that the deflation during the Depression was anticipated at short horizons, once it was under way.
		The result, using the Fisher equation, is that high ex ante real interest rates were the transmission mechanism that led from falling prices to falling output.
		Ex post refers to the real interest rate after the actual change in prices has been observed; ex ante refers to the real interest rate that is expected at the time the lending occurs.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=parker.depression (10625 words)

	University of Pennsylvania Law School
		This is the "ex ante" function of the law; lines are drawn, and because citizens fear punishments or believe in the moral validity of the legal codes they do not cross these lines.
		It is the first function that is of interest to us here, the so-called ex ante function of the criminal law.
		Ignorance does not excuse unlawful conduct, a fact summarized in the phrase "ignorance of the law is no excuse." Such a rule is defended as a useful means of creating an incentive for citizens to learn the law.
	lsr.nellco.org /upenn/wps/papers/46 (461 words)

	Ex Ante Versus Ex Post Justifications for Intellectual Property
		The traditional theory of IP is that the prospect of future reward provides an ex ante incentive to innovate.
		This argument is made, for example, in the prospect and rent dissipation literature in patent law, in justifications for expansive rights of publicity, and in defense of the Bono Copyright Term Extension Act.
		It stems from a particular sort of myopia about private ordering, in which actions by individual private firms are presumed to be ideal and the traditional role of the market in disciplining errant firms is ignored.
	repositories.cdlib.org /boaltwp/38 (341 words)

	Ex Ante Analysis of New Forage Alternatives for Farms with Dual
		Ex Ante Analysis of New Forage Alternatives for Farms with Dual-Purpose Cattle in Peru,
		Case studies, involving farmers participating in the Tropileche Consortia, were conducted in the forest margins of the humid tropics of Pucallpa (Peru) and in the hillsides of the dry tropics of Esparza (Costa Rica) and Esquipulas (Nicaragua).
		This study aimed to conduct an ex ante economic evaluation of new promising forage alternatives adapted to soils of low to intermediate fertility.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd11/3/hol113.htm (7270 words)

	Ex ante contracting with endogenously determined c... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this paper we introduce a new model of ex ante contracting for economies with asymmetric information to examine endogenously determined communication plans for information sharing in the interim stage.
		In contrast to the models used in previous research, in the present model agents negotiate not only on a contract of state contingent allocations but also on a communication plan, a set of rules describing how agents will reveal part of their private information at the interim stage to execute the trade contracts.
		We prove a result about the nested structure of the set of allocations implementable by various communication plans and establish the existence of core strategies for this cooperative game under various regularity conditions.
	db.socionet.nw.ru /RuPEc/xml/rus/article-gpccec/rusgpccec80683.xml (124 words)

	SSRN-Deregulating Insurance Subrogation: Towards an Ex Ante Market in Tort Claims by Michael Rosenberg
		First, first-party insurer ownership of potential tort claims could catalyze an ex ante claims-market, in which consortia of lawyers and other investors would compete against insurers to purchase and prosecute prospective tort claims.
		Competitive ex ante claims markets (including secondary markets for claim re-sale and aggregation) provide the most efficient and effective means of achieving the deterrence ends of tort liability and generating the highest clearing price for sellers of potential tort claims.
		Second, the emergent ex ante claims market would establish both incentives and framework for first-party and liability insurers (joined by potential business defendants) to effect substantive and procedural tort reforms by contract.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=350940 (639 words)

	SSRN-Ex Ante Investments and Ex Post Externalities by Lucian Bebchuk
		Even when ex post bargaining is easy, the ex post allocation of entitlements, by affecting the distribution of ex post value, can have significant efficiency effects ex ante.
		By identifying the ex ante effects of alternative rules, the analysis provides a framework for determining allocations of entitlement that would perform best from the perspective of ex ante efficiency.
		As far as ex ante effects are concerned, liability rules are not generally superior to property rights.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=297091 (334 words)

	Times & Seasons » Charity and the Ex Post/Ex Ante Dilemma
		However this response creates ex ante incentives for her future behavior that are not good.
		Economists don’t have a monopoloy on ex ante decision-making.
		In fact, I think that ex ante incentives have been at work, to one degree or another, in the majority of welfare cases I have seen.
	www.timesandseasons.org /index.php?p=497 (6369 words)

	Using Ex Ante Payments in Self-Enforcing Risk-Sharing Contracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We enlarge the contracting space to allow for an ex ante transfer (at the beginning of the period) before the state of nature is realized.
		We analyze the trade-off between the self-enforcing constraints of the two agents by characterizing the optimal ex ante and ex post transfer payments.
		The size of the ex ante payment an agent makes is inversely related to its expected surplus from the relationship.
	www.ideas.uqam.ca /ideas/data/Papers/circirwor95s-02.html (502 words)

	SSRN-Ex Ante/Ex Post by Barbara Fried
		Put this way, the government's appropriate response to the risk of legal change is just an instance of the larger question whether (and when) the government ought to intervene to bail people out of the bad ex post consequences of their (ex ante) risky choices.
		This article examines the convergence on "ex ante" justice in economics and philosophy, and the normative and empirical assumptions on which it rests.
		It concludes that many of these challenges deserve to be taken more seriously than they have been, and would argue in at least some cases for "ex post" justice - for bailing people out of the bad consequences of their risky choices - on fairness as well as welfarist grounds.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=390462 (367 words)

	AgBioForum 5(3): An Ex Ante Analysis of the Benefits from the Adoption of Corn Rootworm Resistant Transgenic Corn ...
		The past evaluation studies have included both ex ante and ex post evaluations of both farm-level and aggregative impacts.
		Additional work could be done, both to refine the estimates of this ex ante study and to estimate the benefits after commercial introduction, as well as to compare the two.
		Alston, J.M., Hyde, J., Marra, M.C., & Mitchell, P.D. An ex ante analysis of the benefits from the adoption of corn rootworm resistant transgenic corn technology.
	www.agbioforum.org /v5n3/v5n3a01-alston.htm (6665 words)

	SSRN-Ex Ante Cost of Equity Estimates of S&P 500 Firms: The Choice Between Global and Domestic CAPM by Robert Harris, ...
		Ex Ante Cost of Equity Estimates of S&P 500 Firms: The Choice Between Global and Domestic CAPM
		We estimate ex ante expected returns for a sample of S&P 500 firms over the period 1983-1998.
		The ex ante estimates show a better overall fit with the domestic version of the single-factor CAPM than with the global version, but the difference is small.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=322680 (434 words)

	Ex Post and Ex Ante Analysis of Provisional Data - Gallo, Marcellino (ResearchIndex)
		Ex Post and Ex Ante Analysis of Provisional Data (1998)
		Abstract: In this paper we suggest a framework to assess the degree of reliability of provisional estimates as forecasts of #nal data, and we reexamine the question of the most appropriate way in whichavailable data should be used for ex ante forecasting in the presence of a data revision process.
		Gallo, G.M. and M. Marcellino (1999), Ex Post and Ex Ante Analysis of Provisional Data, Journal of Forecasting 18, 421--433.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /gallo98ex.html (526 words)

	Ex Ante Evaluation National Spatial Strategy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The three Dutch policy assessment agencies: the Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, the Netherlands Institute for Spatial Research and the Social and Cultural Planning Office performed an ex ante evaluation of the âNational Spatial Strategy: Creating space for developmentâ.
		This ex ante evaluation was performed at the request of the planning minister.
		A summary of the ex ante evaluation is available for download at this website.
	www.ruimtelijkplanbureau.nl /en-gb/content.aspx?cid=294 (67 words)

	Ex ante lectures - Week 11, Eco 340, Spring 2001
		Ex ante lectures - Week 11, Eco 340, Spring 2001
		---- Ex.: An increase in bank reserves of $1 million would ultimately cause both checking deposits and bank loans (and the money supply) to increase by ten times that amount, or $10 million.
		Since the banks cannot create reserves themselves, the only way to restore equilibrium is for the volume of checking deposits to shrink by exactly 10 times the change in reserves.
	www.oswego.edu /~dighe/lsmon11a.htm (3046 words)

	Ex Ante Costs of Violating Absolute Priority in Bankruptcy
		Research done in the past decade has suggested that deviations from absolute priority have beneficial ex ante effects.
		In contrast, this paper shows that ex post deviations from absolute priority also have negative effects on ex ante decisions taken by shareholders.
		"Ex Ante Costs of Violating Absolute Priority in Bankruptcy," CEPR Discussion Papers 2914, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
	ideas.repec.org /p/nbr/nberwo/8388.html (750 words)

	R Help 2002: Re: [R] Ex ante forecasting from structural equati (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		R Help 2002: Re: [R] Ex ante forecasting from structural equati
		Re: [R] Ex ante forecasting from structural equation models (SEM package)
		Maybe in reply to: Pfaff, Bernhard: "[R] Ex ante forecasting from structural equation models (SEM package)"
	www.r-project.org /nocvs/mail/r-help/2002/6726.html (284 words)

	How to deal with a credit bubble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		How to deal with a credit bubbleex ante vs. ex post: a policy dilemma
		Massive injection of liquidity prior to the bursting of the bubble would arguably make matters worse
		Sept/Oct 98 financial rescue has resulted in: a more extreme valuation of global equities; higher ratio of equity margin debt/GDP; wider gap between bond and equity yields
	www.cardiff.ac.uk /carbs/econ/webbbd/kmpp/cardiff2b/sld012.htm (57 words)

	Matthew Yglesias: Ex Ante
		Watching a whole big stack of chips vanish after a series of bets that were perfectly appropriate given one's ex ante knowledge, the fact that if the same scenario were to play itself out ten more times you'd likely turn out way ahead provides small comfort.
		And you should be sad if your decision was ex ante stupid even if you were lucky.
		The right emotional reaction is to be proud of people who did their best and struggled hard given what they could have known and foreseen at the time...
	yglesias.typepad.com /matthew/2004/07/ex_ante.html (3022 words)

	Research Working Paper 97-01 - Fed Res Bank of Kansas City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Moving Endpoints and the Internal Consistency Of Agents' Ex Ante Forecasts
		Neither can explain the shifting endpoints implied by postwar movements in the cross-section of forward rate forecasts in the term structure or by post-1979 changes in survey estimates of expected inflation.
		Multiperiod forecasts by a broader class of "moving endpoint" time series models provide substantially improved tracking of the historical term structure and generally support the internal consistency of the ex ante long-run expectations of bond traders and survey respondents.
	www.kc.frb.org /publicat/reswkpap/rwp97-01.htm (187 words)

	Ex ante Randomization in Agency Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We distinguish between ex post randomization (over fee schedules following act selection by the agent) and ex ante randomization (over fee schedules before act selection).
		We show that ex ante randomization may be efficient in both full information and private information settings under certain assumptions regarding preferences and the production technology.
		It is particularly significant that additive separability and concavity of the agent's utility function as well as concavity of the production function do not rule out efficient ex ante randomized contracts in private information settings, although, as is known, they rule out ex post randomization.
	www.rje.org /abstracts/abstracts/1984/Summer_1984._pp._290_301.html (124 words)

	Decomposing U.S. Nominal Interest Rates into Expected Inflation and Ex Ante Real Interest Rates Using Structural VAR ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In this paper, the author uses structural vector autoregression methodo= logy to decompose U.S. nominal interest rates into an expected inflatio= n component and an ex ante real interest rate component.
		He identifies = inflation expectations and ex ante real interest rate shocks by assumin= g that nominal interest rates and inflation expectations move one-for-o= ne in the long-run =AD they are cointegrated (1,1) =AD and that the rea= l interest rate is stationary.
		He finds that changes in inflation expec= tations and in the ex ante real interest rate are both important in exp= laining fluctuations in the U.S. 1-year and 10-year government bond rat= es.
	econwpa.wustl.edu /eprints/test/papers/9602/9602004.abs (292 words)

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