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	EXARCHATE OF RAVENNA - LoveToKnow Article on EXARCHATE OF RAVENNA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF, the official name of that part of Italy which remained in the allegiance of the Roman emperors at Constantinople from the closing years of the 6th to the middle of the 8th century.
		Corsica and Sardinia belonged to the exarchate of Africa.
		In its internal history the exarchate was subject to the influences which were everywhere, in central and western Europe at least, leading to the subdivision of sovereignty and the establishment of feudalism.
	46.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RA/RAVENNA_EXARCHATE_OF.htm (777 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Exarchate of Ravenna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thus the Exarchate was formed and organized during the reign of the Eastern emperor Maurice I (additional info and facts about Maurice I) (582 - 602), when the imperial government began to recognize the necessity of providing for a new and a long struggle.
		The Exarchate of Ravenna was not the sole Byzantine province in Italy.
		In its internal history the exarchate was subject to the splintering influences which were leading to the subdivision of sovereignty and the establishment of feudalism throughout Europe.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/E/Ex/Exarchate_of_Ravenna.htm (510 words)

	Exarchate of Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The exarchates were a response to the weakening of imperial authority in the provinces and were part of the overall militarization of the empire that would lead eventually to the creation of the themes or tagmata by Heraclius.
		The African exarchate experienced repeated conflict with the Amazigh (due to imperial rapaciousness and brutality) and with the Visigothic kingdom in Spain which was ever ready to and did invade and lead raids into the exarchate who also lead it's own counterraids against the Visigothic realm.
		The exarchate reverted to imperial rule after Gregory was killed in battle against the invading Muslims under Abdallah ibn al-Sa’ad at Sufetula causing the Arabs to rout the Roman forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa (1516 words)

	Exarchate of Ravenna - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The exarchate was organised into a group of duchies (i.e the Duchy of Rome, Duchy of Venetia, Duchy of Calabria, Lucania, Spoleto etc) which were mainly the coastal cities in the Italian peninsula since the Langobardos or Lombards held the advantage in the hinterland.
		His ally Pippin the Younger, King of the Franks, donated the conquered lands of the former exarchate to the Papacy in 756; this donation, which was confirmed by his son Charlemagne in 774, marked the beginning of the temporal power of the popes as the Patrimony of Saint Peter.
		So the Exarchate disappeared, and the small remnants of the imperial possessions on the mainland, Naples and Calabria, passed under the authority of the Catapan of Italy, and when Sicily was conquered by the Arabs in the 10th century the remnants were erected into the themes of Calabria and Langobardia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna (1062 words)

	Exarchate of Africa: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The African exarchate enjoyed much more stability and peace despite the tense relationship and sometimes violent confrontations that took place with many of the Amazigh tribes in the 7th century., Heraclius' attempt to move the capital from Constantinople to Carthage in 618 is proof of its stability.
		The African exarchate experienced repeated conflict and with the Visigothic kingdom in Spain (additional info and facts about Visigothic kingdom in Spain) which was ever ready to and did invade and lead raids into the exarchate.
		The exarchate reverted briefly to imperial rule after Gregory was killed in battle against the invading Muslims (A believer or follower of Islam) under Abdallah ibn al-Sa’ad at Sufetula causing the Arabs to rout the Roman forces.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/e/ex/exarchate_of_africa.htm (1443 words)

	North Africa during the Classical Period - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aside from Carthage, urbanization in North Africa came in part with the establishment of settlements of veterans under the Roman emperors Claudius, Nerva, and Trajan.
		A division in the church that came to be known as the Donatist controversy began in 313 among Christians in North Africa.
		Although the dispute was resolved by a decision of an imperial commission in Carthage in 411, Donatist communities continued to exist as late as the sixth century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/North_Africa_during_the_Classical_Period (1270 words)

	Wikipedia: Carthage
		Carthage (from the Phoenician Kart-Hadasht, the "New City", written without vowels in Punic as Qrthdst), was a city in north Africa located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis, across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia.
		The Byzantine Exarchate was not, however, able to withstand the Arab invaders of the 7th century.
		In 698 the Exarchate of Africa was finally overrun by the rising forces of Islam.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/c/ca/carthage.html (1873 words)

	History of Libya - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A reminder of the desertification of the area is provided by megalithic remains, which occur in great variety of form and in vast numbers in presently arid and uninhabitable wastelands: dolmens and circles like Stonehenge, cairns, underground cells excavated in rock, barrows topped with huge slabs, and step-pyramidlike mounds.
		An army of 40,000 Arabs, led by Abdallah ibn al-Sa’ad, the son of Said and foster-brother of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, penetrated Libya in 647 CE.
		Tripoli was taken from the Byzantines, followed by Sufetula, a city 150 miles south of Carthage, where the exarch of Africa, Gregory, was killed.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Libya/History (2458 words)

	Read about Exarchate of Africa at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Exarchate of Africa and learn about Exarchate of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phoenician city of Carthage was the main city of the province of Africa.
		The exarchate was reorganized as the catapanate of Italy headquartered in Bari which was lost to the
		The African exarchate experienced repeated conflict and with the Visigothic kingdom in Spain which was ever ready to and did invade and lead raids into the exarchate.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Exarchate_of_Africa (1438 words)

	CARTHAGE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By the late 2nd century, Carthage was the center of the Roman province of Africa, with a population of over 400,000 people.
		During the emperor Maurice's reign, Carthage was made into an Exarchate, as was Ravenna in Italy.
		The Byzantine Exarchate was not, however, able to withstand the Arab conquerors of the 7th_century.
	www.enablepay.com /da:Carthage (3044 words)

	Definition of Byzantine Empire - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Justinian's generals reconquer North Africa and Italy from the Vandals and Ostrogoths.
		The Persians were defeated and the territories were recovered by the emperor Heraclius in 627, but the unexpected appearance of the newly converted and united Muslim Arabs took by surprise an empire exhausted by the titanic effort against Persia, and the southern provinces were all overrun.
		Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, and the Exarchate of Africa were permanently incorporated into the Muslim Empire in the 7th century, a process which was completed with the fall of Carthage to the Caliphate in 698.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Byzantines (3822 words)

	RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF - Online Information article about RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF
		The reorganization of the province of Italy into the exarchate was forced on the emperors by the Lombard invasion, which began in 568, and their permanent See also:
		Ferrara, Ravenna (the exarchate in the limited sense), Pentapolis, Perusia, Rome, the coast of Naples and Calabria (in the sense of the toe and not the heel of the boot) which was being overrun by the Lombards of the duchy of Beneventum, which with Spoletum held the interior.
		Pippin the Carolingian, who was called in by the popes to protect them against the Lombards and the Eastern emperors alike, made a revival of the exarchate impossible.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PYR_RAY/RAVENNA_EXARCHATE_OF.html (1271 words)

	Charter of the Metropolia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The mission of the Metropolia is to proclaim the Gospel of Christ, to teach and spread the Orthodox Christian faith, to vitalize, cultivate and guide the life of the Church in the Diaspora, according to the Orthodox Christian faith and tradition.
		As to its intra-Orthodox, intra-Christian and inter-religious activities, the Metropolia shall be guided by the positions and guidelines established by the hierarchy, in cooperation with the Metropolitan Council and ultimately, the Church Sobor.
		The Exarchate of Germany, with its See in Brandenburg (Berlin), Germany, is an apostolic administration that serves the needs of the faithful living in that region where many Ukrainians first migrated after the Second World War.
	www.uaoc.org /charter.html (4251 words)

	Encyclopedia: Exarchate of Ravenna
		The city remained the capital of the Western Roman Empire until its dissolution in 476, when it became the capital of Odoacer, then of the Ostrogoths under King Theodoric, but in 540 at the close of the Gothic Wars, Ravenna was occupied by the great Byzantine general Belisarius.
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		Due to donations by the Saxon emperors, the archbishop of Ravenna was the richest in Italy after the Papacy, and was thus successfully able to challenge the temporal authority of the Pope on occasion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Exarchate_of_Ravenna (3111 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Six (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Wars against the Avars in the Balkans and the Persians in the East continued and were complicated by the collapse of the military morale and command discipline in the Roman army that eventually led to Maurice's overthrow.
		Exarchates, in Italy (Ravenna) and North Africa (Carthage) were established.
		It should be noted that Maurice decreed an end to the persecution of heretics probably because of the influence of John the Faster, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e06.html (5481 words)

	14. Pope Gregory Against the Donatists
		Most venerable bishops, said the pope, from Africa, have said that the imperial commands for restraining the Donatists are disregarded by the principal men without dissimulation.
		Again, said the pope, these bishops subjoined to their report, that in Africa, amongst the Donatists, the Catholic faith was publicly exposed for sale.
		This was a very troublesome story to the pope, but as it was told by his most venerable bishops, he devised various plans to hinder its injurious influence, especially on the most pious youth of the church.
	www.pbministries.org /History/David%20Benedict/donatists_14.htm (1620 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Crystalinks
		However the reconquest of North Africa would take a few more years to stabilize and it was not until 548 that the main local independent tribes were subdued.
		Maurice reorganized the remaining possessions in the West into two Exarchates, those of Ravenna and Carthage, attempting to increase their capability in self-defence and delegating them much of the civil authority.
		Heraclius and the military governors of Syria were slow to respond to the new threat, and Byzantine Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, and the Exarchate of Africa were permanently incorporated into the Muslim Empire in the 7th century, a process which was completed with the fall of Carthage to the Caliphate in 698.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine.html (3016 words)

	Carthaginians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Exarchate of Africa was finally overrun by the rising forces of
		The urns contained the charred bones of newborns and in some cases the bones of fetuses and 2-year-olds, indicating that if the baby was stillborn, the youngest child would be sacrificed by the parents.
		Rome was painfully strug-gling to obtain the mastery of central and southern Italy, where she had absorbed the power and culture of the Etruscans and gradually forged a fed- eration of small states.
	www.unitedlegions.co.uk /carthaginians.htm (4030 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Under Justinian I, and the brilliant general Belisarius, the empire regained some of the lost Roman provinces in the west, conquering much of Italy, north Africa, and Spain.
		However, the unexpected appearance of the newly converted and united Muslim Arabs took Heraclius by surprise, and the southern provinces were all overrun.
		The Lombards seized northern Italy, taking Ligura in 640 and conquering most of the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Byzantine_Empire (2357 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Justinian's general reconquer North Africa and Italy from the Vandals (Someone who willfully destroys or defaces property) and Ostrogoths (A member of the eastern group of Goths who created a kingdom in northern Italy around 500 AD).
		Justinian left his successors an empty treasury, however, and they were unable to deal with the sudden appearance of new invaders on all fronts.
		Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, and the Exarchate of Africa (additional info and facts about Exarchate of Africa) were permanently incorporated into the Muslim Empire in the 7th century (additional info and facts about 7th century), a process which was completed with the fall of Carthage to the Caliphate in 698 (additional info and facts about 698).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/by/byzantine_empire.htm (3772 words)

	[No title]
		The reorganised exarchate of Ravenna also failed to prevent the establishment of Lombard duchies in central Italy and the southward advance of those forces permanently settled in the Po valley, while in the Balkans, repeated Avar and Slav devastation was followed by occupation.
		He commanded the fleets of Mauretania and Africa manned by Maroi, local Berbers, and protected by the Virgin, whose icon was displayed on their mastheads.
		While the African exarchate, now governed by the new emperor's uncle, Gregory, remained calm and proud of their own consul's success, Ravenna displayed a tendency to independence, which increased throughout the seventh century.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/herrin.html (8885 words)

	Carthage from the Phoenician Phoenician Kart Hadasht the New City... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Byzantine Exarchate was not, however, able to withstand the Arab Arab invaders of the 7th century 7th century.
		The first Arab assault on the Exarchate of Carthage was initiated from Egypt Egypt without much success in 647 647.
		In 698 698 the Exarchate of Africa Exarchate of Africa was finally overrun by the rising forces of Islam Islam.
	www.biodatabase.de /Carthage (2519 words)

	Carthage : QuicklyFind Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The site was too well-chosen to lie waste, however, and a new city grew up there and became the second largest city in the western half of the Roman Empire and the metropolitan city of the Roman Province of Africa.
		By the late 2nd century, Carthage was the center of Roman Africa.
		During Byzantine emperor Maurice I's reign, Carthage was made into an Exarchate, as was Ravenna in Italy.
	www.quicklyfind.com /info/Carthage.htm (2292 words)

	Carthage - Crystalinks
		Non-permanent trade relations were established as far west as Madeira and the Canary Islands, and as far south as southern Africa.
		Although, in that year, the Iberian colonies seceded - cutting off Carthage's major supply of silver and copper - Hannibal Mago, the grandson of Hamilcar, began preparations to reclaim Sicily, while expeditions were also led into Morocco and Senegal, and also into the Atlantic.
		Eventually, the war was taken to Africa and Carthage defeated, being reduced to the city itself and losing all power.
	www.crystalinks.com /carthage.html (3393 words)

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