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Topic: Exarchate of Ravenna

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	Ravenna
		The city of Ravenna is the capital of a province in Romagna, central Italy, on the left of the Rivers Montone and Ronco, the confluence of which is at Ravenna, not far from the mouths of the Po.
		Ravenna is to-day substantially as it was at the beginning of the Byzantine period: subsequent ages have done nothing except to pass by, transforming, not always happily, the work of the fifth and sixth centuries.
		Dante died at Ravenna (1321) and was buried in the vestibule of the Church of San Francesco.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/r/ravenna.html (3742 words)

	Ravenna - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Following the conquests of Belisarius for the Emperor Justinian I in the sixth century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch, and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna.
		Due to donations by the Ottonian emperors, the archbishop of Ravenna was the richest in Italy after the Papacy, and was thus successfully able to challenge the temporal authority of the Pope on occasion.
		Ravenna and the surrounding Romagna area became part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.
	en.wikipedia.2es.com.pl /wiki/Ravenna (1711 words)

	Ravenna, city, Italy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ravenna was the seat of the exarchs (governors of Byzantine Italy) from the late 6th cent.
		Ravenna is famous for its colorful mosaics (see mosaic) of the 5th and 6th cent., which show a strong Middle Eastern influence, and for its Roman and Byzantine buildings.
		Ornamented with mosaics are the mausoleum of Galla Placidia (5th cent.), the octagonal baptistery (formerly a Roman bath), the 6th-century churches of Sant’ Apollinare Nuovo and Sant’ Apollinare in Classe, and, richest of all, the Byzantine Church of San Vitale (consecrated 547).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ra/RavennaIt.html (395 words)

	Exarch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The term usually refers to the Exarch of Ravenna, who governed the area of Italy remaining under Byzantine control after the reconquest by Justinian.
		Ravenna had become the capital of the western Roman Empire in 404 under Honorius.
		Ravenna remained the seat of the Exarch until the revolt of 727 over Iconoclasm.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/e/ex/exarch.html (186 words)

	Kingdoms of Italy - Exarchate
		The Exarchate was the centre of Byzantine rule in Italy, once the country had been regained from the Ostrogothic kingdom.
		The Exarchate is recaptured by the Lombards, ending Byzantine influence in Italy.
		The Exarchate is briefly re captured by the Lombards.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/ItalyRavenna.htm (85 words)

	ItalianVisiits.com - Welcome to Ravenna - Region of Emilia Romagna
		Ravenna, in the eastern part of Emilia Romagna, has a long and storied history as the seat of empires and popes.
		Ravenna's National Museum of Antiquities is housed in the cloisters of the church.
		Ostrogothic rule lasted until Ravenna was conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Justinian in 540, and Ravenna became the capital of Byzantine administration in Italy, known as the Exarchate of Ravenna, under its governor, the Exarch.
	www.italianvisits.com /eromagna/ravenna (835 words)

	Ravenna
		Nowadays the city is land-locked, but Ravenna was an important port on the Adriatic Sea and administrative center in the Roman empire and the early Middle Ages.
		Ravenna was an ancient ally of Rome against the Gauls, and kept its identity as an ally until it sided with Marius in the Civil Wars of the 1st century BCE.
		After the Byzantine withdrawal Ravenna was ruled by legates of the Pope as one of the Papal States.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/r/ra/ravenna.html (902 words)

	Ravenna, Ravenna - Emilia-Romagna - Italy
		Ravenna was an important seaport on the Adriatic, as well as an administrative center of the Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages.
		Ravenna was an ancient ally of Rome against the Gauls.
		Following the conquests of Belisarius for the Emperor Justinian I in the sixth century, Ravenna became the seat of the Byzantine governor of Italy, the Exarch, and was known as the Exarchate of Ravenna.After the Byzantine withdrawal Ravenna was ruled by legates of the Pope as one of the Papal States.
	www.italyworldclub.com /emilia/ravenna/ravenna.htm (1024 words)

	Ravenna, Ancient Ravenna, Ravenna Italy, monuments Ravenna, Ancient Ravenna Italy, Ravenna art city, art Ravenna, ...
		Ravenna is the heir to an important hostorical-cultural and artistic patrimony.
		Ravenna was chosen by Augusto and later by Onorio because of its geograpgical and morphological characteristics.
		The Byzantine town was surrounded by semi-circular walls around the port canal and was crossed by roads, of the same period, one of which connected it to the inland area passing through the roman necropolis area, to the south of the town, and the byzantine church area which encloses the church of Saint Apollinare.
	www.hotelbyron.com /ravenna_antica_eng.htm (467 words)

	EXARCHATE OF RAVENNA - Online Information article about EXARCHATE OF RAVENNA
		About a century later the exarchate had been greatly reduced, though the imperial officials endeavoured to conceal the fact by retaining and transferring names when the reality of possession was lost.
		Ferrara, Ravenna (the exarchate in the limited sense), Pentapolis, Perusia, Rome, the coast of Naples and Calabria (in the sense of the toe and not the heel of the boot) which was being overrun by the Lombards of the duchy of Beneventum, which with Spoletum held the interior.
		Pippin the Carolingian, who was called in by the popes to protect them against the Lombards and the Eastern emperors alike, made a revival of the exarchate impossible.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PYR_RAY/RAVENNA_EXARCHATE_OF.html (1286 words)

	Kingdoms of Italy - The Lombards
		Lombard territorial gains to the south of the Exarchate of Ravenna, are formalised in the shape of the duchies of Benevento and Spoleto.
		Rome is reduced to her ancient territory from Viterbo to Terracina, from Narni to the mouth of the Tiber.
		The ex-Byzantine Exarchate is handed to the Pope as the Papal States.
	www.history.kessler-web.co.uk /KingListsEurope/ItalyLombards.htm (178 words)

	[No title]
		Their immediate jurisdiction, which was afterwards consecrated as the patrimony of St. Peter, extended over the modern Romagna, the marshes or valleys of Ferrara and Commachio, (34) five maritime cities from Rimini to Ancona, and a second inland Pentapolis, between the Adriatic coast and the hills of the Apennine.
		The duchy of Rome appears to have included the Tuscan, Sabine, and Latin conquests, of the first four hundred years of the city, and the limits may be distinctly traced along the coast, from Civita Vecchia to Terracina, and with the course of the Tyber from Ameria and Narni to the port of Ostia.
		Under Maurice, emperor from 582 to 602, the Exarchate of Ravenna was organized[[36]] with the Exarch given entire control over civil and military affairs.
	www.lycos.com /info/lombards--new-rome.html?page=2 (869 words)

	Mosaic - MalibuMountainWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The greatest development of Christian mosaics unfolded in the Byzantine empire including its outpost the Exarchate of Ravenna and its territories in Sicily, and in its rival Venice, where mosaic encrusts the exterior and interior of St Mark's.
		Ravenna (Italy) is known world-wide as the Capital of Mosaic on account of its unique artistic heritage.
		A few miles from Venice and Florence, Ravenna means a fantastic tour to discover a city rich of artistic treasures such as S. Apollinare Nuovo, Basilica di San Vitale, Mausoleo di Galla Placidia.
	www.malibumountaingallery.com /wiki/index.php/Mosaic (985 words)

	[No title]
		In the eighth century, by rooting up and subduing the Exarchate of Ravenna, the kingdom of the Lombards, and the Senate and Dukedom of Rome, he acquired Peter’s Patrimony out of their dominions; and thereby rose up as a temporal Prince or King, or horn of the fourth Beast.
		Thus the Pope became Lord of Ravenna, and the Exarchate, some few cities excepted; and the keys were sent to Rome, and laid upon the confession of St. Peter, that is, upon his tomb at the high Altar, in signum veri perpetuique dominii, sed pietate Regis gratuita,
		The three keys in the lap of Peter signify the keys of the three parts of his Patrimony, that of Rome with its Duchy, which the Pope claimed and was conquering, those of Ravenna with the Exarchate, and of the territories [88] taken from the Lombards; both which he had newly conquered.
	www.isaacnewton.ca /daniel_apocalypse/pt1ch07.html (2858 words)

	Pope Nicholas III
		A born politician, he greatly strengthened the papal position in Italy.
		He concluded a concordat with Rudolph I of Habsburg in May 1278, by which the Romagna[?] and the exarchate of Ravenna were guaranteed to the pope; and in July he issued an epoch-making constitution for the government of Rome, which forbade foreigners taking civil office.
		Nicholas issued the bull Exiit on the 14th of August 1279 to settle the strife within the Franciscan order between the parties of strict and loose observance.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Nicholas_III.html (140 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aistulph
		After taking from the Greeks the Exarchate of Ravenna he was about to seize the Patrimony of St. Peter when Pope Stephen II (or III -- 752-57) appealed for aid to Pepin the Short, King of the Franks.
		Failing to influence the Lombard king by persuasion, Pepin led an army through the passes of the Alps, defeated Aistulph, and besieged him in the city of Pavia (754).
		This time Pepin took care to exact substantial guarantees for the fulfilment of Aistulph's promises; the latter was obliged to pay an indemnity and surrender to his conqueror the town of Comacchio, on the Adriatic, which had not formed part of the Exarchate.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01237d.htm (339 words)

	Roman States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A significant garrison along a major road since Roman times, mention might be made of the heroic (but ultimately unsuccessful) defense of the town by Cia, wife of the Lord of Forli, against beseiging Papal troops in 1357.
		Recaptured by troops of Sir John Hawkwood (an English mercenary and Condottiere who had recently seized and then sold the city of Faenza) under the command of Cardinal Robert of Geneva (late Anti-Pope Clement VII), the place was savagely plundered and thousands killed; the massacre became notorious as the Cesena Bloodbath.
		To the Byzantine Empire (Exarchate of Ravenna)......493-749 with...
	www.hostkingdom.net /rome.html (1970 words)

	The Scarlet Woman
		The Imperial form was destroyed by the barbarian invasions and though Rome was occupied by them for a time it was superseded by government from Constantinople through dukes in Ravenna, called in historical writings the Exarchate of Ravenna.
		One more is yet to come, that is, the Exarchate of Ravenna, through which after the fall of Rome in the West, Rome was ruled from Constantinople.
		This government, since it was isolated from Constantinople, was called an Exarchate, meaning an "outside rule." Because of the continual marauding of national groups, and the inability of Constantinople to protect Rome, the Bishop of Rome appealed to the Frankish kings for protection.
	www.ao.net /~fmoeller/scar-wom.htm (2357 words)

	Aistulph
		A peace was then concluded, Aistulph undertaking to surrender the Exarchate and all other territory conquered by him.
		Constantine Copronymus, the Byzantine Emperor, asserted that the Exarchate of Ravenna was his by right, and had been violently wrested from him by Aistulph.
		Aistulph even yet found pretexts to postpone the actual evacuation of some of the theoretically surrendered places, and it is probable that he contemplated another essay of the chances of war.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/a/aistulph.html (307 words)

	STEPHEN III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Lombards, under fierce King Aistulf, having overrun the exarchate of Ravenna, had their eyes on Rome.
		Pippin replied that it was only for Blessed Peter that he had taken arms, and it was to Blessed Peter he would restore the territory.
		Stephen III was put in control of the exarchate of Ravenna and now in 756 may be considered the first of the papal monarchs.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp93.htm (469 words)

	Part 1, Chapter 7 - Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel. - Historicist.com The Protestant Interpretation of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the year 751 Pope Zechary deposed Childeric, a slothful and useless King of France, and the last of the race of Merovaeus; and absolving his subjects from their oath of allegiance, gave the kingdom to Pipin the majorof the Palace; and thereby made a new and potent friend.
		The three keys in the lap of Peter signify the keys of the three parts of his Patrimony, that of Rome with its Duchy, which the Pope claimed and was conquering, those of Ravenna with the Exarchate, and of the territories taken from the Lombards; both which he had newly conquered.
		These are his three conquests, and he was to hold them of the Emperor for the use of the Church sub integritate, entirely, without the Emperor’s meddling therewith, or with the jurisdiction orpower of the Pope therein, unless called thereto in certain cases.
	www.historicist.com /newton/p1c7.htm (2052 words)

	History of Art: Byzantine Art
		The most important centre of Byzantine art in Italy was that of the exarchate of Ravenna, part of the territory ruled from Constantinople by Justinian from 527 to 565.
		The unrivalled complexity of form, wealth of detail, and visionary expression in the Ravenna mosaics make them the finest examples of Byzantine art from the middle of the fifth century (the so-called Mausoleum of Galla Placidia built at this time still had Roman traits) to the late sixth century (Saints and Virgins in Sant'Apollinare Nuovo).
		The Basilica is thus contemporary to the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna.
	www.all-art.org /history136-2.html (1388 words)

	Bologna - history, art and architecture of Bologna
		After Byzantium had broken the power of the Goths in Italy, Bologna belonged to the Exarchate of Ravenna (536).
		As a result of a donation by Pepin, Bologna was made part of the patrimony of the Holy See, but during the disturbances of the 9 C it was wrested from the popes.
		The only sources for the history of the beginnings of Christianity in Bologna are legendary accounts, according to which St. Apollinaris, disciple of St. Peter and first Bishop of Ravenna, was the first to preach the Gospel in Bologna.
	www.bologna-info.com (1809 words)

	History of Art: Byzantine Art-Basilica of San Vitale
		Suspended in a golden space and identical in posture, the figures are individualized by their faces.
		The Basilica of San Vitale is the most famous monument of Ravenna, Italy and is one of the most important examples of Byzantine art and architecture in western Europe.
		It was begun by Bishop Ecclesio in 527, and completed by the 27th Bishop of Ravenna, Maximian in 548 during the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
	www.all-art.org /history136-1.html (1055 words)

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